Gender in the playground: Ethnographic research This hesis analyses the (re)production of gender stereotypes in the playground. The theoretical framework of the analysis is based on the classical approaches (Renzetti and Curran 2005 Jarkovská 2004) , gender socialization (Giddens 1999, Gilligan 2001 and Bem 2003) and is also inspired by current research on playgrounds (Paetcher, Clark 2003 Millan 2012). The research was conducted at a playground located in Beroun throughout years 2013 and 2014 as a non-participating observation of the visitors of the playground. The work presents a comprehensive view of gender and gender stereotypes reproduced at the playground in two areas: 1) the area of gender stereotypes in the playground reproduced by children and 2) the area of gender stereotypes which adult accompaniment brings to the field. Analysis shows the way in which these categories are (re)constructed and played out in everyday life and how they affect the subculture of the playground. The analysis is mainly based on the surprising finding that the children at the playground were accompanied by almost the same number of men as women. Other findings are related to the children themselves. Children in the playground do a lot of gaming activities, which is no longer so surprising and also proves that...

How can I portray history so that it becomes bodily experienced? This work aims to, with contemporary addition to a site with significant historical value, investigate haptic understanding and the bodily experience of a material. In my memory the brick is hard, cold, sharp and heavy. How will it meet the body? This work is based on a perceived materiality. With the bricks as a starting point, both the theory of the body's meeting with materials and embodied working methods are presented. The work contains studies on the brick that are learned through the perceived meeting with the material, these studies are moreover applied to the final design proposal. By working towards the public space, a playground, this project reflects over the importance of experiencing material in order to trigger imagination.

The prevalence of obesity among young children has markedly increased over the past two decades, with more than one-third of American preschoolers now overweight or obese and at risk for lifelong health problems. Physical activity is a recommended obesity prevention strategy, yet preschoolers typically fail to meet recommended daily physical activity guidelines, spending just 15 minutes engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity, compared to six sedentary hours daily. Unstructured play in settings with varied features, such as childcare center playgrounds, potentially plays a significant role in increasing the amount of time preschoolers spend in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The purposes of this study were first, to compare the intensity and type of preschoolers' physical activity across four distinctly different outdoor play settings; second, to identify particular features in each play setting associated with MVPA and sedentary behavior; and, third, to identify, test, and evaluate environmental modifications to increase preschoolers' MVPA in outdoor play settings. Seventeen 3-5 year-old children participated in repeated unstructured play sessions featuring 16 min of play in each of 4 novel settings: a traditional climber, a wooded natural area, a garden, and an adventure, or "loose parts" playground. Interventions to increase physical activity were introduced to the adventure playground during the first two phases, and to all four settings during the third phase. Physical activity intensity was measured using ActiGraph GT3x+ activity monitors and contextual information concerning motor skills was obtained by trained observers using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), adapted to the age and environment of the study. Results show that both play setting design theme and the composition of specific play features within the setting impact the type of motor skills children perform and the amount of MVPA young children accumulate during unstructured play. Findings additionally demonstrate that simple, low-cost modifications to play settings can increase MVPA for targeted subgroups and individual children; outcomes were setting-specific. Study results may be useful to public health and medical workers, parents, educators, playground designers, community planners, and policy makers who focus on increasing preschool children's daily MVPA and decreasing childhood obesity. / Kinesiology

The purpose of this study was to collect and tabulate material which would be embodied in a revised course of study for the playground activities for grades one, two, and three of the elementary schools of Dallas, Texas.

This diploma thesis defines the basic requirements of running playgrounds from the point of view of European and national legislative, technical standards and a brand of quality "Playground-Sports Ground-Gym - Verified Operation" which has been categorized in the Czech Quality Programme from 2011. The practical part of the diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the quality and safety of the playgrounds in the area of the statutory city of České Budějovice (SM ČB) from the scope of users of the playgrounds, operator, that is the municipality of the city of České Budějovice, and controlling organ (ČOI). To obtain all relevant information about the quality and safety of the playgrounds there was established communication with the Testing Institute of Light Industry, producers and providers of equipment for the playgrounds in the area of SM ČB, the owner of the brand of quality "Playground-Sports Ground-Gym - Verified Operation", operators of the playgrounds awarded by this brand of quality and the Center of Accident Prevention. In the concluding part of this diploma thesis is evaluated the state of the playgrounds in the area of SM ČB from the point of quality and safety and there are suggested some steps toward improving their running.

Introduction: Injuries due to accidents are an underlying cause for a large proportion of the number of health care visits in Sweden every year. According to statistics from the National Board of Health and Welfare in Sweden (socialstyrelsen.se) between 1308,25 and 1405,66 health care visits per 100.000 residents are generated each year for the period 2001-2014 due to accidents, and falling is the largest underlying category. Falling can in turn be studied through a number of subcategories, where fall from equipment on playground is one of them, and this is the subcategory studied in this paper. Statistics from the National Board of Health and Welfare show an increase of the number of health care visits per 100.000 residents in Sweden due to this category during the period 2001-2014, despite the fact that since 1999 there are European standards with the purpose of raising the safety of playgrounds. The statistics also show that in Sweden there are large regional differences in injury prevalence for this category of accidents, which is the reason why this became the focus of this study.   One of the reasons this is an important area for injury prevention work is that it’s a shared societal responsibility, another reason is that the studied population has the largest statistical life expectancy left, so injuries that affect their health can also affect the future wellbeing of the society.  The municipalities’ work regarding this area is dictated by European Standards to ensure the safety of playgrounds. Beyond the specifications for the equipment itself, the standards dictate that a series of inspections of varying degrees are preformed throughout the year to ensure the standards are met.   Aim: The aim of this study is to examine if there are any identifiable and differing factors in the way that municipalities work with playgrounds and playground safety, both practically and theoretically, based on if they are located in a region with high injury prevalence or in a region with low injury prevalence of this type of injury.   Method: The study was designed as a qualitative interview study where representatives of 11 different municipalities were interviewed with the purpose to map out how they worked with playgrounds and playground safety within their municipality. The data collected was then analysed using thematically/ phenomenological content analysis to see if any differing factors between the two groups could be detected.   Results: No major unambiguous differences were discovered between the two compared groups included in the study, but certain tendencies could be found in the material. Four themes were uncovered, enabling factors for the practical work, hindering factors for the practical work, enabling factors for the theoretical work and hindering factors for the theoretical work. These themes in turn produce a number of categories and subcategories. The results show a wider range of both hindering and enabling factors of both the practical and theoretical work in the municipalities from regions with high injury prevalence, compared to the municipalities from regions with low injury prevalence.   Conclusion: The result indicates that there are differences in how the municipalities from regions with low injury prevalence work regarding playground safety compared to municipalities from regions with high injury prevalence. However, further research will be required to fully uncover and explore which these factors are. / Inledning: Skador till följd av olyckor ligger bakom en ansenlig andel av vårdtillfällen i Sverige varje år. Enligt Patientregistret (Socialstyrelsen.se) uppgår dessa skador till mellan 1308,25 till 1405,66 vårdtillfällen per 100 000 invånare och år, under åren 2001–2014. Den olyckstyp som är orsaken till att högst antal personen uppsöker vård är fallolyckor.  Fallolyckor delas i sin tur in i flera underkategorier, varav en är fall från lekredskap på lekplats, vilket är vad denna studie kom att fokusera på. Orsaken till att denna kategori är intressant är att det i statistiken i Patientregistret går att se en ökning av antalet vårdtillfällen per 100 000 invånare för åren 2001–2014, detta trots att det sedan 1999 finns europeiska standarder med syfte att höja säkerheten på lekplatser. I statistiken går också att utläsa att det finns stora regionala variationer i skadeprevalensen för denna olyckskategori i Sverige, vilket är huvudområdet för denna studie.   Något som gör detta till ett viktigt område för skadeprevention är dels att det är ett samhällsansvar, ansvaret för barnens hälsa och välmående kan inte läggas varken på barnen själva eller uteslutande på deras föräldrar; dels på grund av att skador i denna population kan få stora effekter på sikt då barn är den grupp som statistiskt sett har flest levnadsår kvar och i framtiden kommer bära ansvaret för det gemensamma samhället. Kommunerna idag är ålagda enligt de europeiska standarderna att se till att lekplatser följer vissa standarder för att lekplatserna ska anses säkra. Utöver de specifikationer som finns för själva utrustningen så utförs uppdraget genom att ett antal inspektioner och besiktningar görs för att säkerställa att standarden på lekplatserna löpande efterses.   Syfte: Målet med studien är således att undersöka och försöka kartlägga om det finns skillnader i arbetssätt, både praktiskt och teoretiskt, mellan kommuner som ligger i län med hög skadeprevalens inom denna olyckskategori jämfört med kommuner som ligger i län med låg dito som kan förklara skillnaderna i fallskadeprevalens mellan de båda grupperna.   Metod: Studien utfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie där representanter för totalt 11 kommuner intervjuades kring hur de inom den egna kommunen arbetade med lekplatser och lekplatssäkerhet. Insamlade data analyserades sedan med tematisk/ fenomenologisk innehållsanalys för att se om några skillnader kunde upptäckas.   Resultat: Inga större, konkreta skillnader kunde upptäckas mellan de två grupperna som jämfördes i studien, däremot kunde vissa tendenser skönjas. Fyra teman vaskades fram genom analysen, vilka var goda förutsättningar för det praktiska arbetet, faktorer som hindrar det praktiska arbetet, goda förutsättningar för det teoretiska arbetet samt faktorer som hindrar det teoretiska arbetet. Dessa teman är i sin tur indelade i ett antal kategorier och underkategorier. Resultatet visar att bland kommuner som ligger i län med hög skadeprevalens är en större spridning på hindrande och underlättande faktorer för såväl det praktiska som det teoretiska arbetet med lekplatssäkerhet, jämfört med kommuner från län med låg skadeprevalens.   Slutsats: Resultatet indikerar att det finns faktorer kring arbetet med lekplatssäkerhet som skiljer sig åt i hur kommuner från län med hög skadeprevalens arbetar kring lekplatssäkerhet, kontra kommuner från län med låg skadeprevalens. Dock krävs vidare forskning för att se en tydlig kartläggning av dessa faktorer.

Submitted by Maria Rita Nastasi (mrita.biblio@unisantos.br) on 2018-09-25T18:19:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HUMBERTO PEREIRA DA CUNHA.pdf: 1882924 bytes, checksum: 24e2eb65c0a7264c2a9a70ce79b2338e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T18:19:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HUMBERTO PEREIRA DA CUNHA.pdf: 1882924 bytes, checksum: 24e2eb65c0a7264c2a9a70ce79b2338e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-17 / Esta pesquisa trata do processo de constituição do parque infantil na cidade de Santos, de 1931 a 1952. Santos não apenas foi uma referência estadual no movimento de expansão e organização de Parques Infantis. Mais ainda, a própria cidade abrigava o seu parque, sobre o qual ainda não se encontraram pesquisas sobre a sua história, o que indica a relevância do tema escolhido. O Parque Infantil era uma instituição extraescolar que, no município de Santos, se originou a partir da Escola de Saúde. Essa instituição foi criada pelo Rotary Club de Santos, em que tiveram participação a Professora Diva Fialho Duarte e o Rotariano Dr. Bernard. O primeiro parque infantil teve a professora e educadora Diva Fialho Duarte na função de Inspetora, o que indica tanto que a nova instituição incorporava e sucedia a Escola de Saúde, mantida pelo Rotary, quanto o reconhecimento da atuação dessa educadora. Em 15 de outubro de 1942, já com 150 crianças matriculadas foi fundado o primeiro Parque Infantil de Santos que inicialmente recebeu o nome de Parque Infantil ¿Presidente Getúlio Vargas¿, até que, em 1947, passou para Parque Infantil ¿Leonor Mendes de Barros¿. As fontes para a realização da pesquisa foram documentos da Secretaria de Educação do Município, do acervo pessoal da família de Diva Fialho Duarte, o boletim O PARQUEANO, os jornais Diário Nacional e A Tribuna de Santos, as Folhas Diárias de Serviços do Departamento de Assistência e Educação, e Decretos Municipais que estão no acervo histórico da cidade de Santos. Com base em informações desses documentos, procurou-se registrar, interpretar e compreender os acontecimentos que possibilitaram a construção dos PIs no município de Santos naquele contexto histórico social, assim como as ideias e práticas pedagógicas existentes nessa instituição. Essa investigação histórica acredita no individuo enquanto ser social, organizador de suas ações e parte da própria construção do conhecimento histórico. Os referenciais teóricos adotados são: Carlos Bacellar, Marc Bloc, Jacques Le Goff, Moysés Kuhlmann Junior que acreditam numa história não linear, que o documento histórico é um produto da sociedade criado a partir das relações de forças, e situa a educação no quadro das relações sociais. O estudo mostra que nos Parques Infantis de Santos estavam contempladas a educação, a cultura e a saúde das crianças que lá frequentavam. / This research deals with the process of constitution of the playground [Parque Infantil] in the city of Santos, from 1931 to 1952. Santos not only was a reference to São Paulo state in expansion and organization of playgrounds. Moreover, the city housed its Park. There was no historical research on this institution, which indicates the relevance of the theme chosen. The Parque Infantil was an extracurricular institution originated from the Health School [Escola de Saúde]. It was created by the Rotary Club of Santos, where participated the teacher Diva Fialho Duarte and the Rotarian Dr. Bernard. Diva Fialho Duarte was also the first Playground Inspector, which indicates both that the new institution ncorporated the Health School, as the recognition of the performance of this educator. Santos first playground was founded on 15 October 1942, with 150 children enrolled. Initially, it received the name Playground "President Getúlio Vargas" until, in 1947, moved to Playground ¿Leonor Mendes de Barros¿. The sources for this research were documents from the municipal Secretary of education, the personal collection of the family of Diva Fialho Duarte, the bulletin "O PARQUEANO", the newspapers Diario Nacional, and Tribuna de Santos, the Daily Sheets of Department of assistance and education, and Municipal Decrees from the city of Santos. Based on information from these documents, it was sought to record, interpret and understand the events that made possible the construction of PIayground in the municipality of Santos in the social and historical context, as well as the ideas and teaching practices in this institution. This historical research believes in the individual as social organizer of their actions and part of own construction of historical knowledge. Theoretical references adopted were: Carlos Bacellar, Marc Bloc, Jacques Le Goff, and Moysés Kuhlmann Junior. They point to a non-linear history, to the historical document as a social product from power relations, and to the study of education in the framework of social relations. The study shows that the Playgrounds of Santos combined education, culture, and health to children attended.

臺灣兒童樂園型態的演進，受氣候、地域、服務等因素影響，從戶外逐漸轉型為室內，並不斷納入各種新元素，形成多元化類型。兒童教育方面，品格教育長期推動，教育部自2004年起推動「品格教育促進方案」、2000年起推動「臺灣有品運動」。另一方面，室內兒童樂園鼓勵孩童利用遊具，能夠盡情的活動，促進肢體與生理均衡發展。騎士堡國際事業股份有限公司進一步將遊具結合學習體適能、品格教育等內容，特別是品格教育為其重要特色之一。此企業經營模式的創新，藉由導入多元教育體驗服務模式，為臺灣室內兒童樂園帶入新的發展方向。 　　本研究的主要目的有三：第一為瞭解國內兒童品格教育推動的現況、問題、困難及突破的方法；第二藉由文獻蒐集及深度訪談，分析室內兒童樂園推動品格教育體驗活動的效益；第三探討室內兒童樂園導入品格教育結合商業平臺經營模式創新策略。 　　本研究為探索性個案研究（case study method），選擇體驗式服務極具代表性的騎士堡公司為個案研究對象，除了擁有兒童品格教育結合商業平臺的豐富經驗外，更創造出經營模式創新的實績。在經營模式及營運成效構面部份，選擇哈佛大學學者Applegate（2001）提出的經營模式，以概念、能力與價值三要素組成，探討室內兒童樂園導入品格教育對經營模式創新的影響。 　　研究結果發現，室內兒童樂園導入品格教育經營模式創新的策略有： 一、結合遊戲中學習「玩中學」經營策略，啟發孩童身心發展，創造安全遊戲、快樂學習的環境。 二、結合品格教育體驗活動策略，對孩童具有提升真實的體驗效果，從中得到快樂滿足，達到品格教育的目的，並吸引更多孩童參與體驗的機會。 三、結合童話主題遊具研發策略，以童話主題創新研發獨一無二的創意遊具，打造充滿創意、想像情境的兒童育樂環境，提升孩童學習動力。 四、結合體驗行銷提升品牌形象策略，將企業社會責任及創新的兒童生活教育體驗服務的理念傳遞給社會大眾，在行銷與商業交易過程中，與孩童、家長、通路產生新的互動與溝通模式。 五、結合產學合作與研究計畫策略，增進產業既有服務內容、元素、規格及組合，建立了新的服務運作方式、經營制度、作業程序與營運系統，改變現有的經營模式，形成了創新的經營技術。 六、結合異業結盟創造商機策略，創造企業和合作品牌的雙贏策略，不但發揮回饋社會的企業社會責任外，更建立騎士堡的品牌公益形象，提高品牌延展性，創造雙贏效益。 七、結合兒童生活教育體驗服務創新策略，能夠產生獨特的競爭優勢，成為一個全方位兒童品格教育體驗平臺；達到孩童、家長、通路、騎士堡四方共贏的經營模式創新效益。 關鍵字：室內兒童樂園、品格教育、經營模式創新、騎士堡

In the nineteenth century, specialization and segregation of land uses necessitated to identify formal spaces for child&rsquo / s play activity in the cities. In the late nineteenth century, &lsquo / &lsquo / traditional playgrounds&rsquo / &rsquo / were provided for children. However, formally designed, spatially segregated play space brought its own problems itself. Rapid changes in the urban pattern and dominance of cars in the urban environment restricted the safe accessibility of children to such play spaces by themselves. Also, &lsquo / &lsquo / traditional playground&rsquo / &rsquo / has been criticized because of its inefficiency to answer the needs of children and to contribute to the continuity of play activity. Due to the inefficiency of &lsquo / &lsquo / traditional playgrounds&rsquo / &rsquo / for the continuity of &lsquo / &lsquo / play&rsquo / &rsquo / , children prefer to establish their own informal play spaces, as it was before the introduction of formal ones. However, parental concerns regarding child&rsquo / s safety in the urban environment restrict the use of outdoor play spaces, especially the residential street which is the oldest traditional informal play space. For these reasons, children&rsquo / s play habits changed and children today are becoming more dependent to indoors. If child&rsquo / s developmental needs are considered, the contribution of outdoor environment to the development of children should be reevaluated by making comparison between formal and informal play spaces. Regarding children&rsquo / s needs and the contribution of outdoor environment to their development, some approaches have been developing and changing to design better play spaces. Thus, this thesis tries to clarify that what kind of approach would be efficient in order to provide permanent answers for the needs and rights of children and for the continuity of &lsquo / &lsquo / play&rsquo / &rsquo / in today&rsquo / s urban pattern.

This Thesis is focused on analysis of real project in Studený village. In introductory chapter there is detailed analysis and evaluation of the implemented project of multipurpose playground, using project management tools. Current situation of Studený village is ilustrated by using SWOT analysis. On the real project of the multipurpose playground there are also explaind strog and week parts of future using of the playground and it draws attention on its threats and opportunities. In theoretical part there are described methods of multicriterial decision making, expert team selection models, theory of social selection and project managment methods. In the following chapter there is shown practical utilization, on the real projetct of multipurpose playground in Studený, according to TOPSIS, AHP and ORESTE methods. Attention is drawn on possible problems with social selection using Dodgsons examples and there are suggested countermeasures with help of Condorcets funcion and SPAN method. The Thesis shows the necessity of these methods and their application on a real project.