O presente trabalho é o resultado de um estudo sobre a implantação de parques infantis na cidade de Ribeirão Preto a partir da década de 1950, tendo como fonte de pesquisa documentos de natureza oficial, além de jornais, legislação e fotografias encontrados no Arquivo Público e Histórico do município. Objetivando analisar a gênese da instituição na cidade e identificar as bases sobre as quais o atendimento à criança se deu no interior dos parques, foi necessário buscar as origens da proposta parqueana e cotejar os diferentes modelos que foram implantados. Para tal, contou-se com um levantamento bibliográfico de dissertações, teses e outros trabalhos de pesquisa acerca do conceito de Parques Infantis que colaborou no sentido de evidenciar que o modelo precursor, instalado na capital paulista na década de 1930 por orientação do então Chefe do Departamento de Cultura Mário de Andrade, apresentava pontos em comum com algumas iniciativas que vinham sendo articuladas em outros países desde o século XIX. Além disso, a bibliografia delineou aspectos acerca do Departamento de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo (DEF-SP) que permitiram situar melhor este órgão no contexto da construção dos parques não apenas em Ribeirão Preto, mas em outras cidades do interior paulista, onde orientava a construção dos prédios e difundia um modelo mais voltado para a Educação Física. Para atingirmos os resultados obtidos na presente pesquisa foi realizado, ainda, um levantamento sistemático de cada instituição que funcionou na cidade a partir de 1951 dados acerca do terreno e da localização dos parques, dos diferentes espaços e atividades desenvolvidas, dos funcionários e suas atribuições, entre outros. A leitura das fontes oficiais que consultamos, guardadas no Arquivo Municipal, sugere fortemente o protagonismo do Departamento de Educação Física do Estado na mobilização das autoridades políticas locais para a instalação dos parques e dizem respeito ao contexto político e social da cidade, que recebeu seu primeiro parque infantil em 1951. As fontes evidenciam que o modelo de instituição instalado em Ribeirão Preto se diferenciou do projeto criado por Mário de Andrade, em São Paulo, especialmente sob os aspectos culturais, que eram pouco ou quase nada considerados na rotina das crianças que frequentavam os parques da cidade em estudo. / This work is the result of a study on the implementation of children\'s playgrounds in the city of Ribeirão Preto from the 1950s, and has as source official documents, and journals, legislation and photographs found in the Public Archives and History about the city. Aimed at analyzing the genesis of the institution in the city and identify the basis on which to attendance the child took place inside the playground, it was necessary to seek the origins of playground proposal and collate the different models that have been deployed. To this end, counted on a literature review of dissertations, thesis and other research papers about the concept of playgrounds that collaborated in order to show that the precursor model, installed in São Paulo in the 1930s under the guidance of then Chief Department of Culture Mário de Andrade, had points in common with some initiatives that were being articulated in other countries since the 19th century. In addition, the literature outlined aspects about the Department of Education of São Paulo State Physics (DEF-SP) that allowed better situate this organ in connection with the construction of playground not only in Ribeirão Preto but in other cities of São Paulo, where directed the construction of buildings and diffused a friendlier model for Physical Education. To achieve the results obtained in this study , was conducted, a systematic survey of each institution that worked in the city since 1951 - data about the terrain and location of playgrounds, different spaces and developed activities , employees and their assignments , among others. Reading the official sources we consulted, stored in the Municipal Archive, strongly suggests the role of the state Department of Physical Education in the mobilization of local political authorities for the installation of playground and concern the political and social context of the city, which received its first playground in 1951. The sources show that the institution model installed in Ribeirao Preto differed design created by Mário de Andrade, in São Paulo, especially in the cultural aspects which were little or nothing considered in the routine of the children attending the city\'s playgrounds studied.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka förskollärares uppfattningar om hur de förhåller sig till utomhuspedagogiska aktiviteter i sin dagliga verksamhet.   Studien genomfördes med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra förskollärare i en stor stad. De har varierad tillgång till egen förskolegård och därmed varierande förutsättningar till utomhuspedagogik. Deltagarna har varit verksamma inom yrket mellan 2 till 18 år. Resultatet presenteras baserat på studiens två frågeställningar och visar att alla fyra deltagare anser att de utövar, en för dem, god utomhuspedagogik på ett eller annat sätt. De menar att de planerar in sin uteverksamhet spontant och den baseras på barnens inflytande och intressen. Att pedagogerna har en stor roll i utomhuspedagogiken är något som framgår tydligt och att de måste vara närvarande och öppensinnade i deras ledarroller och bli medforskare tillsammans med barnen. I resultatet framgår även att man faktiskt inte behöver en egen gård för att bedriva en god utomhuspedagogik. Att låta barnen få upptäcka sin närmiljö och besöka olika museer eller andra verksamheter är något som gör barns lärande meningsfullt. Alla fyra förskollärare är rörande överens om att utemiljön är viktig och att det är ett extra ”rum” på förskolan, gård eller inte, som man måste ta vara på. / The purpose of this study was to study preschool teacher’s perceptions of how they relate to outdoor education in their daily activities.   The study was completed with qualitative interviews with 4 preschool teachers working in a big city and they have a varied access to their own pre-school yard and different qualifications to perform outdoor educations. The participants have been working in preschools between 2 -18 years.   The results are presented based on the studies two questions of issues and shows that all 4 participants consider that they perform good outdoor education in one way or another. They mean that they plan their outdoor activities spontaneous and based on the influence of the children and their interest. In outdoor education, the teachers have a big roll. They need to be absent, openminded in their roll and become co- researchers with the children. In the results you can see that you don’t need your own pre- school yard to have a good outdoor education. If you let the children discover their local environment and visit museums or other places, makes the education more meaningful. All four pre- school teachers agree that the outdoor space is important, and it should be used as an extra room at the pre-school, with a yard or not, that you have to take care of.

Childhood obesity and physical inactivity are serious threats to the health and wellness of our schoolchildren. Research has shown that play and physical activity are important in development, behaviour and academic achievement. Through the efforts of coordinated school health program and a Physical Education for Progress grant, a county school system in a southern state was able to construct multiple innovative playground systems at schools and combine them with various academic units in a cross-curricular effort to address the wellness needs of students. Exploratory research using pedometers, accelerometers and an observation method examined physical activity intensity levels during cross-curricular sessions. Results indicated that this type of physical activity might be a viable supplement to daily school-based physical activity needs.

This thesis was rendered for the client HAGS Aneby AB that is a global leader in playground equipment. The goal of this project was to develop a seesaw that is available for children aged 5-12 years; both with and without disabilities. The project has aimed to develop a seesaw that fits everyone in the target group without looking specially adapted. Children with disabilities have difficulty using today's seesaws because they consist of only a seat and a handle on each side. It requires that the user has strong arms and legs and can sit up without support. HAGS Aneby AB would like to change this. To gain knowledge of the target group and on the different types of disabilities information was sought for on the internet including the RBU's and UNICEF's websites. During implementation several concepts was developed and screened off to finally get the final result. Methods such as QFD, feasibility assessment and Go/No-Go-screening have been implemented. The instructions in the safety standard EN 1176 has been closely followed in the development of the seesaw. The final concept shows a broad seat with handles, seat backs and footrests on each side of a central section that is in the form of a U. On the sides of the seats there is a high lateral support, to lean against, and a low lateral support. Entry and exit will happen on the side where the low lateral support is situated. Rubber buds are placed on the back of the seats and on the outside of the high lateral support, so that an assistant could be able to assist with entry and exit and also to provide extra speed in use. A rubber suspension unit, that makes the seesaw move, restricts the movement to ± 30˚. In order to stimulate the senses, such as vision and hearing, a ballgame was placed in the middle part of the platform.

Det finns många situationer där anläggningar inte kan inrymmas på den egna fastigheten och där flera fastigheter har behov av att använda anläggningen. En gemensamhetsanläggningkan vara ett sätt att lösa situationen på. Det förekommer ofta att flera ändamål ingår i en och samma gemensamhetsanläggning, inte minst inom detaljplanerade områden.Det ska föreligga båtnad för att kunna inrätta en gemensamhetsanläggning, vilket betyder att fördelarna av ekonomisk eller "annan art" överväger de kostnader och olägenheter som åtgärden innebär. Båtnad kan anses vara uppenbar för vissa anläggningar, t ex tillfartsväg för fastigheter från allmän väg. Det kan anses vara mindre klart att båtnad uppnås för t ex lekplatser, vilket är anledningen till varför just detta ändamål är en förutsättning för studiens genomförande. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur båtnaden prövas vid bildande av gemensamhetsanläggning. De centrala frågeställningarna är: Kan det i förrättningsprotokollet utläsas attförrättningslantmätaren prövat båtnaden? Om förrättningslantmätaren prövat båtnaden med en vidare motivering, nämns fördelar av "annan art" eller sociala fördelar i denna? Innehåller förrättningsakten någon båtnadskalkyl? Kan det utläsas att förrättningen berörs av en gällande detaljplan? Studien baseras på kvantitativ undersökning av förrättningsakter. För att få en fördjupad förståelse av det insamlade materialet används hermeneutisk (texttolkande) metod och intervjuer. Studien har kommit fram till att förrättningslantmätaren inte prövar båtnaden med en vidare motivering. "Annan art" nämns inte alls i de studerade akterna och endast en av akterna har en partiell båtnadskalkyl redovisad. Det är tydligt att båtnadsbedömningen genomförs schablonmässigt, oavsett om uppenbar båtnad föreligger eller inte. Det tillsynes enkla syftet att undersöka hur förrättningslantmätare formulerar båtnad i anläggningsbeslut kan besvaras på olika vis. Hinder föreligger ej enligt 6 § anläggningslagen, är det korta svaret. Det långa svaret handlar om att det korta svaret innefattar många påverkande faktorer. En av dem är att förrättningslantmätaren ska arbeta snabbt, kostnadseffektivt och ge en god service åt medborgarna, i egenskap av myndighetsperson. / There are many situations where facilities cannot be accommodated within the confines of the property itself and where several properties have the need to use the facility. A joint facility can be a solution to the situation. There are often several facility purposes within the same joint facility, in zoning planed areas not the least. There has to be advantage when forming a joint facility, which means that the economic advantage or advantage of"alternate nature" must weigh more than the costs and inconveniences. Advantage can be considered as apparent for some facilities, for example road-access for properties from a public road. It can be considered to be less clear that advantage can be attained for children's playgrounds for example, which is the reason why this particular purpose is a prerequisite for the implementation of this study. The aim of this study is to examine the trial of the advantage when forming a joint facility. The core questions are: Can the cadastral surveyors trial of the advantage be deduced in the document records? If the cadastral surveyors trial of the advantage is further justified, is advantage of "alternate nature" or social advantages then mentioned? Do the documentcontain a calculation regarding the advantage? Can it be deduced that the cadastral procedure is affected by an operative zoning plan. The study is based upon a quantitative examination of cadastral procedure documents. Hermeneutical method and interviews have been used to acquire a deeper understanding ofthe collected materials. The study concludes that the cadastral surveyors trial of the advantage is not further justified. "Alternate nature" is not mentioned at all in the studied documents and only one document has declared a partial calculation. It is clear that the judgement of the advantage has been implemented with some kind of "copy-paste" template, regardless of whether advantage is apparent or not. The seemingly simple aim to examine how cadastral surveyors, in their decision regarding the facility,formulate their judgement of the advantage can be answered in different ways. The short answer is: No obstacles exist, according to the 6 § of the Swedish equivalence to the jointfacilities act (1973:1149). The story of the long answer is that the short answer includes many influencing factors. One of them is that the cadastral surveyor should work quickly,cost effectively and provide good service to citizens, as a government official.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the use of funds from EU funds and public budgets drawn on the construction and reconstruction of playgrounds in the South Bohemian Region in the period 2007-2013. Evaluate how effectively EU funds were used and what impact they had on the development of municipalities in the South Bohemian region. The project describes the realized projects aimed at the construction and reconstruction of playgrounds in the South Bohemian Region. A secondary analysis of the data of realized projects and a comparative analysis of the use of funds from EU funds and public budgets are carried out. The drawing of funds for the construction and reconstruction of children's playgrounds in the South Bohemian Region in 2007-13 with the strategic goals of the South Bohemian Region for 2007-2013 is evaluated. At the end of the thesis there are mentioned recommendations for more efficient use of funds for the construction and reconstruction of playgrounds in the South Bohemian Region in 2014-2020.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 9230248 bytes, checksum: 996dd78e079b800bb2d33589b2db214a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The object of this essay are children, especially those who live in rural areas. The theme highlights the importance of seeing children and adolescents as subjects of rights that need special attention because they are in the development process. Leisure is one of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (ECA), because at this stage of life, playing it is something serious, in the sense that the child, through social interaction, develops physically and mentally. The research was done from three analytical categories: rural children, leisure and tradition and modernity in the playground. The literature revealed that the rural area has undergone changes over the years, and cultural urbanization that has taken place in the field, especially in places nearby towns and also due to the access to media that has contributed to this. Considering that the study communities are close to the urban center, we investigate the spaces and forms of recreation for children in rural areas with the following objectives: identify traditions and modernity in forms of recreation for children in rural areas; analyze how the socializing institutions conceive playground in rural areas; investigate public policies aimed at playground in rural areas; investigate spaces of imagination and creativity of the rural child. The investigation was a descriptive method with inductive approach. The survey data for documentary research was conducted through a literature review. The analysis included children from first to fifth year of primary School Municipal José Valente Lopes Nephew which is located in Old Station - Rural Zone of Viçosa. Participants were 59 children who come from communities Buieié, Santa Tereza, Silencio, Zig Zag, Estação Velha and Violeira. In addition, some of the children's parents and school teachers also collaborated through questionnaires. Through research it was concluded that school and home are the main recreational areas used by children and the fear of violence, revealed by many parents, destroying the idyllic vision that many urban usually do in rural areas. Furthermore, it was found that most have difficulties accessing various types of leisure for reasons such as the lack of public transportation, lack of public places safe for the experience of pleasure, thus highlighting the neglect of local government. / O objeto desta dissertação são as crianças, especificamente aquelas que vivem no meio rural. A escolha do tema revela a importância de enxergar a criança e o adolescente como sujeitos de direitos que necessitam de atenção especial por estarem em processo de desenvolvimento. O lazer é um dos direitos fundamentais assegurados pelo Estatuto da criança e do adolescente (ECA), pois nessa fase da vida, o brincar se constitui algo sério, no sentido de que a criança, através da interação social, se desenvolve física e mentalmente. A investigação se fez a partir de três categorias analíticas: crianças rurais, lazer e tradição e modernidade no lazer infantil. A bibliografia consultada revelou que o meio rural vem passando por mudanças ao longo dos anos, e que vem ocorrendo uma urbanização no campo no sentido cultural principalmente em locais próximos às cidades e devido, também, ao acesso às mídias que tem colaborado para isso. Levando em consideração que as comunidades pesquisadas ficam próximas ao centro urbano, procuramos investigar os espaços e formas de lazer infantil no mundo rural tendo como objetivos específicos: identificar tradições e modernidade nas formas de lazer infantil no meio rural; analisar como as instituições socializadoras concebem o lazer infantil no meio rural; investigar políticas públicas voltadas ao lazer infantil no mundo rural; investigar espaços de imaginação e criatividade da criança rural. A investigação teve caráter descritivo com método de abordagem indutivo. Utilizou-se de pesquisa documental e de pesquisa bibliográfica para o levantamento de dados. A pesquisa de campo incluiu crianças do primeiro ao quinto ano do ensino fundamental da Escola Municipal José Lopes Valente Sobrinho que se localiza na Estação Velha Zona Rural do município de Viçosa. Participaram da pesquisa 59 crianças que provêm das comunidades do Buieié, Santa Tereza, Silêncio, Zig Zag, Estação Velha e Violeira. As atividades desenvolvidas com elas constituíram em desenhos, entrevistas coletivas realizadas em sala de aula e diários que contribuíram para conhecermos suas rotinas de lazer. Pais das crianças e professores da escola colaboraram através de questionários. Através da pesquisa concluiu-se que a escola e a casa são os principais espaços de lazer utilizados pelas crianças e que o medo da violência, revelado por muitos pais, destrói a visão idílica que muitos urbanos costumam fazer do meio rural. Além disso, foi constatado que a maioria possui dificuldades de acesso aos diversos tipos de lazer por motivos como a falta de transporte e locais seguros para a vivência do lazer, xievidenciando assim o descaso do poder público local. Outra conclusão é a de que há uma mescla de fontes de lazer tradicionais e modernos entre as crianças e que a maioria delas se auto representa nas atividades sozinhas, o que denota uma semelhança com as crianças urbanas.

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Syftet med studien är att undersöka  hur pedagoger  i förskolan  förstår, motiverar  och  beskriver  deras  individuella  syn på  syftet med utomhusaktiviteterna i relation till de  fysiska miljöer som står tillbuds.  Samt ifall vi kan se några tydliga variationer mellan pedagogerna på förskolor med gård tillika utan gård. Undersökningens frågeställningar är följande: Hur beskriver pedagogerna att den fysiska och materiella miljön kan skapa förutsättningar för utomhusaktiviteter? Vad uttrycker pedagogerna som betydelsebärande för hur de arrangerar utomhusaktiviteter?  Hur speglas pedagogernas attityd och förhållningssätt i  deras motivering av val av utomhusaktivitet i relation till  miljön  och  styrdokument?  Metoderna som används i studien är semistrukturerade intervjuer och observationer. Sju informationer intervjuades från fyra olika förskolor, två med förskolegård och två utan förskolegård. Den insamlade empirin analyserades sedan ur en fenomenografisk analysmetod där resultatet delades in i fem beskrivningskategorier. Det teoretiska ramverket utgjordes av en socialkonstruktivistisk utgångspunkt med särskilt fokus på ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv. Vidare har Foucaults perspektiv på makt använts. Den kvalitativa studiens huvudsakliga resultat är att informanternas individuella syn på syftet med utomhusaktiviteter varierar. Vi har kunnat tyda att informanterna gett uttryck för tre olika syften i relation till de utomhusaktiviteter och de fysiska miljöer som stått tillbuds; ett omsorgssyfte, ett lärandesyfte och ett säkerhetssyfte. Majoriteten av informanterna beskrev också att den pandemiska samtiden påverkat utbildningen och gjort att utomhusaktiviteternas syfte har förbättrats. En tydlig variation mellan informanterna på förskolor med gård och informanterna på förskolor utan gård är att utomhusaktiviteternas framtagning tycks tendera att bli individbundna på förskolegården medan informanterna på förskolor utan gård synliggör en tydligare struktur och att utomhusaktiviteterna upprätthålls kollegialt. Däremot blir barnen på förskolor utan gård i viss mån begränsade i och med att de inte kan välja mellan flera olika aktiviteter som barnen på förskolor med gård kan göra. / The aim of the study is to investigate how preschool pedagogues understand, motivate and describe their individual views of the purpose of outdoor activities in relation to the physical environments available. This study further aims to locate obvious differences between pedagogues at preschools with a playground and preschools without a playground. The following research questions are addressed: How do the pedagogues experience the physical and material environment as a prerequisite for outdoor activities? What do the pedagogues describe as significant to how they arrange outdoor activities? How are the pedagogues’ attitudes and approaches reflected in their motivations of their chosen outdoor activities in relation to the environment and policy documents? Semi-structured interviews and observation were chosen as the methods of data collection. Seven participants were interviewed from four different preschools, two with a playground and two without a playground. The collected data was then analyzed using a phenomenographic method of analysis. The theoretical framework takes social constructivism as its point of departure, with a particular focus on a phenomenological perspective. Additionally, Foucault’s perspective on power were used. The main results of the study are that the informants’ individual views of the purpose of outdoor activities vary. The participants have expressed three different aims in relation to the outdoor activities and the physical environments available: a care aim, a learning aim and a safety aim. A majority of the participants also described that the pandemic has improved the aim of the outdoor activities. A clear difference can be distinguished between participants in that the arrangement of outdoor activities tend to become reliant on certain individuals at the preschools with a playground, while the activities are maintained collegially at the preschools without a playground. Children attending preschools without a playground are limited in that they cannot choose between multiple different activities, which children at preschools with a playground can.

SAMMANFATTNING Ett av de valbara kandidatprojekten på KTH 2014 var att utifrån ett ganska detaljerat program utforma en stor förskola i Tantolunden i Stockholm. Åtta avdelningar, det vill säga 130 barn och 30 anställda. Dessutom en så kallad plusfunktion med avsikt att ge byggnaderna användning även när förskolan var stängd.   Min ambition var att göra en pedagogisk arkitektur på barnens villkor och med ständigt prioritet på barnens bästa. Efter en serie workshops med barnen på Ragvalds förskola utkristalliserade sig tre bärande idéer.   – Förskolan ska ha torn att leka i. – Tegel är det bästa byggmaterialet. – Det ska vara enkelt att gå in och ut.   Detta lovade jag dem att ha med i mitt förslag. Resultatet blev en serie byggnader, sammanlagt 8 stycken sammanbundna av lider och lektorn, över en av de befintliga stigarna i Tantolunden.  Även barn som inte går på förskolan har tillgång till de fyra lektornen individuellt utformade. Periskopen, Borgen, Solsystemet och Rutschkanan. Vidare utformas övervåningarna på ett sådant sätt att de blir lämpliga att hyra ut till andra barn- eller ungdomsverksamheter. Eller bara till födelsedagskalas. / ABSTRACT One of the options of the main project at the bachelor degree level at KTH 2014 was to design a large pre school based on quite detailed proposal situated at Tantolunden, Stockholm. The building was to fit eight classes i.e. 130 children and 30 staff. An additional request was to take into consideration that the buildings were supposed to be used for other activites when the pre school was closed.   My ambition was to design a building based on pedagogy of play and learn and the terms decided by the children themselves. Three clear key ideas came out from the progress of a series of workshops with the children from Ragvald’s preschool.   - The preschool should have towers to play in - Bricks are the best material to use - It should be easy to walk in and out   I made a promise to make sure the three  ideas would be incoperated in my proposal/design. The result was a series of buildings, eight in total, linked by towers and overbuilt passages stretching over one of the existing paths in the park. The individually designed towers were made so that the public could use them outside opening hours. The towers were namned the Periscope, the Castle, The Solar system and the Slide . Furthermore the upper floors were designed so it would be easy  to rent them out to external children- or youthgroups. Or just to hire for a birthday party.