A torta de caroço de algodão (TCA) é um coproduto gerado após a extração de óleo desta oleaginosa, que tem sido utilizada como uma das matérias-primas para a produção de biodiesel. O uso de TCA na nutrição animal é restrito, sendo mais utilizado em ruminantes, em função da elevada concentração do fator antinutricional e tóxico, gossipol. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de alguns macrofungos em degradar o gossipol na forma livre, utilizando TCA como substrato após serem esterilizadas por autoclavagem. Trinta e cinco macrofungos foram avaliados quanto asua capacidade de crescimento em meio à base de TCA e redução dos teores de gossipol livre (GL). Treze macrofungos apresentaram capacidade de crescimento micelial em meios de cultura contendo TCA+Agar (placas) ou apenas TCA (frascos de vidro) como fonte nutritiva. Os seis macrofungos com melhor desempenho de crescimento foram avaliados quanto à capacidade degradação do GL em sistema de cultivo por fermentação estado solido (FES). O processo de esterilização por calor úmido (autoclavagem) do TCAapresentou degradação significativa do gossipol, entretanto há níveis consideráveis de GL residual na biomassa.Os seis macrofungos apresentaram capacidade de reduzir até 90% do valor residual de GL após a autoclavagem das TCAs. O Pleutotus ostreatus CC389 foi escolhido dentre os seis macrofungos para realização das atividades para determinação de eficiência biológica e produtividadede cogumelos comestíveis. Também foram feitas análises das atividades enzimáticas e degradação do GL, nas biomassas pós-colheita dos cogumelos (SMS, spent mushrom substrate). O P. ostreatus CC389 quando cultivado em TCA como substrato por 20 dias secretou enzimas lignolíticas como lacase (até 166,67 UI/mL) e manganês peroxidase (até 12,81 UI/mL). Também degradou o GL residual em até 94% ao final dosvinte dias de cultivo. A atividade de manganês peroxidase apresentou correlação coma degradação de GL. A produtividade de cogumelos de P. ostreatus CC389 foi de aproximadamente 20% em quatro formulações de substratos preparados a base de TCA (70%) e 30% de outras fontes de biomassas vegetais (lignocelulósicos). A eficiência biológica foi maior na combinação de TCA com serragem de eucalipto (acima de 67%). Os SMSs e os cogumelos obtidos ao final do sistema de cultivo de P. ostreatusCC389 nas diferentes formulações apresentaram redução de GL acima de 99%. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios com P. ostreatus CC 389 para degradação de GL presentes em TCA e quando enriquecidas com outras fontes lignocelulosicas poderão servir de elo para integração de cadeias produtivas de biocombustíveis (biodiesel), fungicultura (cogumelos comestíveis) e nutrição animal (insumos – enzimas, bioativos, fontes nutricionais – proteína bruta). / Cotton seed cake (TCA, in Portuguese) is a coproduct obtained after the extraction of cottonseed oil, which has been used as one of the raw materials for biodiesel production. TCA is restricted for animal nutrition, being more used for ruminants, due to the high concentration of the antinutritional and toxic factor, gossypol. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ability of some macrofungi species to degrade free gossypol using TCA as substrates after being sterilized by autoclaving process. Thirty-five macrofungi were evaluated for their growth capacity in medium containing TCA and reduction of free gossypol (GL, in Portuguese). Thirteen macrofungus presented mycelial growth capacity in culture media containing TCA+Agar (Petri plates) or only in TCA (glass bottles) as nutritional source. Six macrofungus with best growth performance were selected and evaluated for GL degradation capacity during solid state fermentation (FES, in Portuguese) system.The humid heat sterilization (autoclaving) of the TCA showed significant degradation of free gossypol, however, there were still considerable levels of residual GL in the biomass. The six macrofungus presented capacity to reduce up to 90% of the residual value of GL in autoclaved TCA. Pleurotus ostreatus CC389 was chosen from among the six macrofungus to determination of biological efficiency and productivity of edible mushrooms. It was also analyzed the enzymatic activities and degradation of GL in post-harvested mushroom biomass (SMS, Spent Mushroom Substrate). P. ostreatus CC389, when cultured in TCA as a substrate for 20 days, secreted lignolytic enzymes such as laccase (up to 166.67 IU/mL) and manganese peroxidase (up to 12.81 IU/mL). It also degraded the residual GL by up to 94% at the end of the cultivation period. The activity of manganese peroxidase showed correlation with the degradation of GL. Mushroom productivity of P. ostreatus CC389 was approximately 20% in four different substrate formulations based on TCA (70%) mixed with 30% of different lignocellulosic biomass sources. The biological efficiency was higher when P. ostreatus CC389 was cultured in substrate containing TCA and eucalyptus sawdust (up to 67%). The SMS and the mushrooms obtained at the end of the P. ostreatus CC389 cultivation in the different formulations presented reduction of GL up to 99%. The results obtained with P. ostreatus CC 389 assays for degradation of GL in TCA and when enriched with other lignocellulosic biomass sources could represent an interesting link for the integration of biofuels (biodiesel), fungiculture (edible mushrooms) and animal nutrition (inputs - enzymes, bioactive molecules, nutritional sources - crude protein) production chains.

A vinhaça, o bagaço de cana e corantes têxteis descartados são resíduos econômica e ambientalmente importantes. As enzimas inespecíficas e a capacidade adsortiva dos fungos do gênero Pleurotus e do substrato exaurido da produção de cogumelos (SMS) os destacam na biorremediação. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a produção de ligninases por P. sajor-caju e P. ostreatus em fermentação submersa (SmF) e em fermentação sólida (SSF) e aplicar estas na descoloração e detoxificação da vinhaça e do corante azul índigo. Na SmF, as espécies foram crescidas em vinhaça diluída a 50%, livres ou aderidas (\"bio ball\"). A biomassa e atividade das enzimas lacase, peroxidase e MnP foram medidas. Avaliou-se a descoloração da vinhaça tratada e sua toxicidade (D. similis, 48 h). No primeiro experimento de SSF, as espécies cresceram em bagaço+vinhaça. Examinou-se a produção de lacase e MnP e a descoloração de uma solução de azul índigo (pH 4,5) pelo sobrenadante e em contato com o bagaço inoculado. No segundo experimento, avaliou-se as enzimas lacase, peroxidase e MnP dos SMS 1 e 2 (P. ostreatus) em água destilada, tampão citrato-fosfato (pH 5) e solução de Ringer e a descoloração da mesma solução de corante pelos substratos, irradiados ou não. Caracterizou-se o material irradiado, com e sem corante (FTIR) e determinou-se a toxicidade do índigo (H. attenuata, 96 h). Em 12 dias de SmF, a biomassa das duas espécies, nos dois tratamentos, foi equivalente. P. ostreatus com bio ball exibiu maiores atividades de lacase e MnP em seis dias e de peroxidase e MnP em 12, sendo a ultima semelhante à atividade por P. ostreatus livre. P. sajor-caju aderido teve, aos 12 dias, a maior atividade de lacase. Em todos os ensaios, P. sajor-caju descoloriu mais a vinhaça. A vinhaça tratada se tornou menos tóxica para D. similis. Ao 14° dia de crescimento em bagaço, não detectou-se atividade da MnP e a lacase de P. sajor-caju foi maior do a de P. ostreatus: 14 e 0,4 UI g-1, respectivamente. O azul índigo foi melhor descolorido pelo sobrenadante de P. sajor-caju do que por P. ostreatus; a descoloração com bagaço inoculado foi igual para ambos. Para o SMS, a atividade enzimática foi semelhante em todas as extrações. A lacase se destacou no SMS 1, atingindo 2 UI g-1 com 0,1 g mL-1 de água destilada. Com 2,5 g deste substrato, a descoloração de 20 e 60 mL da solução de índigo foi maior com o material não irradiado do que com o irradiado. Para o SMS 2, essa diferença ocorreu apenas com 60 mL. A análise por FTIR revelou a presença de grupos de ligação com o corante. O espectro do SMS 2 diferiu do material controle (sem corante), sugerindo uma maior interação do que no SMS 1. O corante tratado pelo SMS se tornou muito mais tóxico para H. attenuata. Concluiu-se que os resíduos propiciaram a expressão enzimática em P. sajor-caju e P. ostreatus, a descoloração da vinhaça e do azul índigo e a redução de toxicidade da vinhaça. / Sugarcane bagasse and vinasse, as well as discharged textile dyes, are economically and environmentally important wastes. Pleurotus fungi and their spent mushroom waste (SMS) are noticed for their biosorption capacity and for producing unspecific enzymes. The aim of this work is: a) assess ligninases production by P. sajor-caju and P. ostreatus under submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF); b) perform the discoloration and evaluate the detoxification of vinasse and indigo blue dye by those enzymes. Under SmF, the fungi were grown in vinasse 50% with or without a carrier (bio ball). Biomass and laccase, peroxidase and MnP activities were measured, as well as vinasse discoloration and its toxicity (D. similis, 48 h). At the first SSF experiment, the species were inoculated on bagasse+vinasse and laccase and MnP activities were measured; the discoloration of the indigo blue solution was performer with both the enzymatic broth and the inoculated bagasse. The second SSF experiment regarded two SMS from P. ostreatus (SMS 1 and 2). Laccase, peroxidade and MnP activities were measured after extraction with distilled water, phosphate-citrate buffer (pH 5) and Ringer solution. The discoloration of the same indigo solution (irradiated or not materials), followed by FTIR analysis of the irradiated substrate, were performed. The toxicity of treated and untreated indigo blue was given by H. attenuata (96 h). After 12 days under SmF, both species, grown free or with the carrier, produced the same biomass amount. Immobilized P. ostreatus gave the best results for laccase and MnP (six days), MnP (12 days), along with free P. ostreatus, and peroxidase (12 days). Peroxidase (six days) was better produced by free P. ostreatus; laccase (12 days) was higher for immobilized P. sajor-caju. Vinasse was more extensively discolored by P. sajor-caju in all treatments. Treated vinasse became less toxic for D. similis. After 14 days growing on bagasse, both species produced laccase (14 UI g-1 for P. sajor-caju and 0,4 for P. ostreatus) and no MnP activity was observed. Indigo blue was better discolored by P. sajor-caju enzymatic broth (74% at the proportion of 2:8); the discoloration with inoculated bagasse was statistically the same for both fungi. Regarding the SMS, laccase was the outstanding enzyme for SMS 1, reaching 2 UI g-1 with distilled water 0,1 g mL-1. Non irradiated SMS performed a better discoloration of the indigo dye solution than irradiated SMS 1 with 20 and 60 mL of solution. For SMS 2, a greater discoloration by the non-irradiated material compared to the irradiated one was achieved only with 60 mL of the indigo blue solution. SMS 2 + indigo blue spectra was different than the control material (no dye), suggesting that SMS 2 interacted more with the dye than SMS 1. The indigo blue solution had its toxicity towards H. attenuata increased after interacting with SMS 1 and 2. This work concluded that the studied wastes allowed enzymes expression by P. sajor-caju and by P. ostreatus, the discoloration of vinasse and indigo blue and a decrease in vinasse toxicity.

Cai Yi Jin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-128). / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Importance and Cultivation history of edible mushroom --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Variety and structure of growth substrates for mushroom --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Mushroom growth and substrate-degrading enzymes --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Purpose of study --- p.15 / Chapter 2. --- Methods and Materials / Chapter 2.1 --- Organisms --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Media --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Culture conditions --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Growth temperature --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Growth Studies --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Effect of pH on mycelial growth --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Effect of different carbon sources on mycelial growth --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Effect of lignin-related phenolic monomers and tannin derivatives on fungal growth --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Culture conditions for production of extracellular enzymes --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Tyrosinase --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Laccase --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Manganese-dependent Peroxidase and Lignin Peroxidase --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.3.4 --- Cellulytic and Xylanolytic enzymes --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.3.5 --- Lipase --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Culture conditions for studying properties of cellulases of V. volvacea --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- CMCase --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- "CMCase, FPase and β-Glucosidase" --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.4.3 --- β-Glucosidase --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4 --- Enzyme assay --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Tyrosinase --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Laccase --- p.27 / Chapter a. --- o-Tolidine Method --- p.27 / Chapter b. --- ABTS Method --- p.28 / Chapter c. --- Syringaldazine Method --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Lignin peroxidase --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Manganese-dependent peroxidase --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Exoglucanase (avicelase) --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Endoglucanase (carboxymethylcellulase or CMCase) --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Filter paper digesting enzyme (FPase) --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- P-Glucosidase --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.9 --- Xylanase --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.10 --- β-Xylosidase --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.11 --- Lipase --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5 --- Other analytical methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Determination of phenol oxidase activity by the Bavendamm reaction --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Qualitative evaluation of CMCase by Congo red staining --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Effect of phenolic monomers and tannic acid on CMCase activity of V. volvacea --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Protein determination --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Non-denaturing gel electrophoresis pattern of fungal laccases --- p.39 / Chapter 2.6 --- Chemicals --- p.39 / Chapter 3. --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Growth and Nutritional characteristics --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Fungal growth on defined and non-defined culture media --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effect of carbon source on fungal --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Effect of pH on fungal growth --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of lignin-related phenolic monomers and tannin derivatives on fungal growth --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effect of lignin-related phenolic monomers on fungal growth --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Effect of tannin derivatives on fungal growth --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3 --- Phenol Oxidase --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Phenol oxidase --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Guaiacol-reacting enzyme --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- o-Anisidine oxidizing enzyme --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Tyrosinase --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Laccase --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- "Laccase detected by o-Tolidine, ABTS Syringaldazine" --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Effect of pH on laccase activity --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4 --- Lignin-Transforming Enzymes --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Lignin peroxidase (LP) --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5 --- Cellulases --- p.78 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Cellulases of V. volvacea --- p.78 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Qualitative estimation of cellulose-degrading enzymes of V. volvacea grown on different substrates --- p.78 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- Influence of pH and temperature --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5.1.3 --- Cellulolytic activities in cultures grown on cellulose --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.1.4 --- Cellulolytic activities in cultures grown on paddy straw --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.1.5 --- β-Glucosidase activity in cultures grown on cellobiose --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.1.6 --- Effect of lignin-related phenolic monomers and tannic acid on CMCase of V. volvacea --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Cellulases of P.sajor-caju --- p.96 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Cellulases of L. edodes --- p.96 / Chapter 3.6 --- Xylanase --- p.96 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- "Xylanase of V. volvacea, strain V34" --- p.96 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Xylanase of P.sajor-caju --- p.100 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Xylanase of L. edodes --- p.100 / Chapter 3.7 --- Lipase of V. volvacea --- p.103 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1. --- Carbon nutrition and pH for fungal growth --- p.104 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Carbon nutrition --- p.104 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- pH --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2 --- "Effect of lignin-related phenolic monomers and tannin derivatives on fungal growth of L. edodes, P. sajor-caju and V, volvacea" --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Lignin-related phenolic monomers --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Tannin derivatives --- p.107 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Production of phenoloxidases by V. volvacea, L. edodes and P. sajor-caju" --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Guaiacol- and Anisidine reacting enzymes and Tyrosinase --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Laccase --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4. --- "Lignin-degrading Enzymes of V. volvacea, P. sajor-caju and L. edodes" --- p.110 / Chapter 4.5. --- "Cellulolytic and Hemicellulolytic Activity of V. volvacea, P.sajor-caju and L. edodes" --- p.113 / References --- p.118 / Appendix1 --- p.129

by Law Wing Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-206). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of Figures --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.xii / Abbreviations --- p.xv / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1. --- Pesticides --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Types and uses --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Development of pesticides --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3. --- The case against pesticides --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2. --- Pentachlorophenol --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Production --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Toxicity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Persistency --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3. --- Methyl-parathion --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Production --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Toxicity --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Environmental fate --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4. --- Conventional methods dealing with pesticides --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5. --- Bioremediation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6. --- Spent mushroom compost --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.1. --- Background --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.2. --- "Physical, chemical and biological properties of SMC " --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.3. --- Recycling of agricultural residuals --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.3.1. --- Definition --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.3.2. --- Types of recycling --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.4. --- Potential uses of SMC as bioremediating agent --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.4.1. --- Use of microorganisms in SMC --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.4.2. --- Use of ligninolytic enzymes in SMC --- p.24 / Chapter 1.7. --- Ligninolytic enzymes --- p.28 / Chapter 1.7.1. --- Background --- p.28 / Chapter 1.7.2. --- What are white rot fungi? --- p.29 / Chapter 1.7.3. --- Why is lignin so difficult to degrade? --- p.29 / Chapter 1.7.4. --- Three main ligninolytic enzymes --- p.32 / Chapter 1.7.4.1. --- Lignin peroxidases (LiP) --- p.32 / Chapter 1.7.4.2. --- Manganese peroxidase (MnP) --- p.36 / Chapter 1.7.4.3. --- Laccase --- p.37 / Chapter 1.8. --- Why SMC was chosen to be the bioremediating agent in my project? --- p.40 / Chapter 1.9. --- Bioremediation of chlorophenols and PCP --- p.44 / Chapter 1.9.1. --- Bacterial system --- p.44 / Chapter 1.9.2. --- Fungal system --- p.45 / Chapter 1.10. --- Bioremediation of methyl-parathion --- p.49 / Chapter 1.10.1. --- Bacterial system --- p.49 / Chapter 1.10.2. --- Fungal system --- p.51 / Chapter 1.11. --- Proposal and experimental plan of the project --- p.51 / Chapter 1.11.1. --- Study the removal of pesticides in both aquatic and soil system --- p.52 / Chapter 1.11.2. --- Research strategy --- p.52 / Chapter 1.11.3. --- Optimization of pesticide removal --- p.53 / Chapter 1.11.4. --- Identification of breakdown products --- p.54 / Chapter 1.11.5. --- Toxicity assay --- p.54 / Chapter 1.11.6. --- Isotherm plot --- p.55 / Chapter 1.12. --- Objectives of the study --- p.56 / Chapter 2. --- Material and Methods --- p.58 / Chapter 2.1. --- Material --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2. --- Production of Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC) --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3. --- Characterization of SMC --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- PH --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Electrical conductivity --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- "Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur contents " --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- Ash content --- p.61 / Chapter 2.3.5. --- Metal analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 2.3.6. --- Anion content --- p.62 / Chapter 2.3.7. --- Chitin assay --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4. --- Characterization of soil --- p.63 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Soil texture --- p.63 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Moisture content --- p.64 / Chapter 2.5. --- Basic studies on the removal capacity of pesticides by SMC --- p.65 / Chapter 2.5.1. --- Preparation of pentachlorophenol and methyl- parathion stock solution --- p.66 / Chapter 2.6. --- Experimental design --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.2. --- In soil system --- p.68 / Chapter 2.7. --- Extraction of pesticides --- p.68 / Chapter 2.7.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.68 / Chapter 2.7.2. --- In soil system --- p.69 / Chapter 2.8. --- Quantification of pesticides --- p.69 / Chapter 2.8.1. --- By high performance liquid chromatography --- p.69 / Chapter 2.8.2. --- By gas chromatography-mass spectrometry --- p.71 / Chapter 2.9. --- Optimization of pesticides degradation by SMC in both aquatic and soil systems --- p.72 / Chapter 2.9.1. --- Effect of initial pesticide concentrations on the removal of pesticides --- p.72 / Chapter 2.9.2. --- Effect of amount of SMC used on the removal of pesticides --- p.73 / Chapter 2.9.3. --- Effect of incubatoin time on the removal of pesticides --- p.73 / Chapter 2.9.4. --- Effect of initial pH on the removal of pesticides --- p.73 / Chapter 2.9.5. --- Effect of incubation of temperature on the removal of pesticides --- p.74 / Chapter 2.10. --- The study of breakdown process of pesticides --- p.74 / Chapter 2.10.1. --- GC/MS --- p.74 / Chapter 2.10.2. --- Ion chmatography --- p.74 / Chapter 2.11. --- Microtox® assay --- p.75 / Chapter 2.12. --- Assessment criteria --- p.75 / Chapter 2.12.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.75 / Chapter 2.12.2. --- In soil system --- p.76 / Chapter 2.13. --- Statistical analysis --- p.77 / Chapter 3. --- Results / Chapter 3.1. --- Characterization of SMC and soil --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2. --- Quantification of pesticides by HPLC and GC/MS --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3. --- Extraction efficiencies of pesticides with hexane --- p.82 / Chapter 3.4. --- Stability of pesticides against time --- p.82 / Chapter 3.5. --- Effect of sterilization of soil in the removal abilities of pesticides…… --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6. --- Optimization of removal of pentachlorophnol --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.88 / Chapter 3.6.2. --- Effect of initial PCP concentrations and amout of SMC used --- p.91 / Chapter 3.6.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.91 / Chapter 3.6.2.2. --- In soil system --- p.94 / Chapter 3.6.3. --- Effect of pH --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6.4. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.97 / Chapter 3.6.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.101 / Chapter 3.6.5. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.101 / Chapter 3.6.5.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.101 / Chapter 3.6.5.2. --- In soil system --- p.104 / Chapter 3.7. --- Microtox® assay of PCP --- p.110 / Chapter 3.7.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.110 / Chapter 3.7.2. --- In soil system --- p.110 / Chapter 3.8. --- Optimization of removal of methyl-parathion --- p.113 / Chapter 3.8.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.113 / Chapter 3.8.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.113 / Chapter 3.8.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.113 / Chapter 3.8.2. --- Effect of initial concentration and amount of SMC --- p.115 / Chapter 3.8.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.115 / Chapter 3.8.2.2. --- In soil system --- p.117 / Chapter 3.8.3. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.120 / Chapter 3.8.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.120 / Chapter 3.8.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.120 / Chapter 3.8.4. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.121 / Chapter 3.8.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.121 / Chapter 3.8.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.124 / Chapter 3.9. --- Microtox ® assay of methyl-parathion --- p.133 / Chapter 3.9.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.133 / Chapter 3.9.2. --- In soil system --- p.133 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1. --- Characterization of SMC and soil --- p.137 / Chapter 4.2. --- Stability of pesticides against time in aquatic and soil system --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3. --- Effect of sterilization of soil in the removal abilities of pesticides --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4. --- Optimization of removal of PCP --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.142 / Chapter 4.4.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.143 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Effect of initial PCP concentrations and amount of SMC --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.2.2. --- In soil system --- p.147 / Chapter 4.4.3. --- Effect of pH --- p.149 / Chapter 4.4.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.149 / Chapter 4.4.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.4. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.152 / Chapter 4.4.5. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.152 / Chapter 4.4.5.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.152 / Chapter 4.4.5.2. --- In soil system --- p.158 / Chapter 4.5. --- Microtox® assay of PCP --- p.159 / Chapter 4.5.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.159 / Chapter 4.5.2. --- In soil system --- p.160 / Chapter 4.6. --- Removal of PCP by the aqueous extract of SMC --- p.162 / Chapter 4.7. --- Optimization of removal of methyl-parathion --- p.164 / Chapter 4.7.1. --- Effect of incubation time --- p.164 / Chapter 4.7.1.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.164 / Chapter 4.7.1.2. --- In soil system --- p.165 / Chapter 4.7.2. --- Effect of initial methyl-paration concentrations and amount of SMC used --- p.165 / Chapter 4.7.2.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.165 / Chapter 4.7.2.2. --- I in soil system --- p.166 / Chapter 4.7.3. --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.168 / Chapter 4.7.3.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.168 / Chapter 4.7.3.2. --- In soil system --- p.169 / Chapter 4.7.4. --- Potential breakdown intermediates and products --- p.169 / Chapter 4.7.4.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.169 / Chapter 4.7.4.2. --- In soil system --- p.170 / Chapter 4.8. --- Microtox® assay of Methyl-parathion --- p.173 / Chapter 4.8.1. --- In aquatic system --- p.173 / Chapter 4.8.2. --- In soil system --- p.174 / Chapter 4.9. --- Removal of methyl-parathion by the aqueous extract of SMC --- p.174 / Chapter 4.10. --- The ability of different types of SMC in the removal of organic pollutants --- p.176 / Chapter 4.11. --- The storage of SMC --- p.178 / Chapter 4.12. --- The effect of scale in the removal of pesticides --- p.180 / Chapter 4.13. --- Cost-effectiveness of using SMC as crude enzymes sources --- p.180 / Chapter 4.14. --- The effect of surfactant on the removal of PCP --- p.182 / Chapter 4.15. --- Prospects for employment SMC in removal of pollutants --- p.185 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusions --- p.186 / Chapter 6. --- Future investigation --- p.190 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.192

Lau Kan Lung. / Thesis submitted in: November 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 286-312). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / List of Symbols and Abbreviations --- p.I / List of Figures --- p.III / List of Tables --- p.XII / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of PAHs --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Formation of PAHs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Sources of PAHs --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Regulations for contamination of PAHs --- p.13 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Pollution of PAHs in environments of Hong Kong --- p.17 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- Toxicity of PAHs --- p.18 / Chapter 1.1.7 --- Fate of PAHs --- p.22 / Chapter 1.1.7.1 --- Sorption --- p.24 / Chapter 1.1.7.2 --- Volatilization --- p.25 / Chapter 1.1.7.3 --- Photooxidation --- p.25 / Chapter 1.1.7.4 --- Chemical oxidation --- p.27 / Chapter 1.1.7.5 --- Microbial degradation --- p.28 / Chapter 1.1.8 --- General principles of metabolism of PAHs --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2 --- Spent mushroom compost (SMC) --- p.35 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Production of SMC --- p.35 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Physical and chemical properties of SMC --- p.36 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Availability of SMC --- p.40 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Conventional applications of SMC --- p.43 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Alternate use of SMC --- p.44 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of the study --- p.48 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research strategy --- p.51 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Effect of initial PAH concentration --- p.51 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.52 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.53 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.54 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.54 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.55 / Chapter 1.4.6.1 --- Langmuir isotherm --- p.56 / Chapter 1.4.6.2 --- Freundlich isotherm --- p.58 / Chapter 1.4.7 --- Toxicological study by Microtox test --- p.59 / Chapter 1.4.8 --- Removal of PAH mixtures --- p.60 / Chapter 1.4.9 --- Specific goals of the study --- p.61 / Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.62 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2 --- Physical and chemical analysis of SMC --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- pH --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Salinity --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Ash content --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Metal contents --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Water-soluble anion contents --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- "Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur contents" --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Infrared spectroscopic study --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Chitin content --- p.66 / Chapter 2.3 --- Soil collection and characterization --- p.67 / Chapter 2.4 --- Optimization for extraction --- p.67 / Chapter 2.5 --- Removal of PAHs --- p.68 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Experimental design --- p.68 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Pretreatment and incubation --- p.68 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Extraction of sorbed PAHs in soil system or in SMC --- p.69 / Chapter 2.5.1.3 --- Extraction of PAHs in water system --- p.70 / Chapter 2.5.1.4 --- Putative identification and quantification of PAHs --- p.71 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Assessment criteria --- p.72 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Stability of PAHs --- p.77 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Optimization for removal of PAHs --- p.78 / Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Effects of initial PAH concentration and amount of SMC --- p.78 / Chapter 2.5.4.2 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.79 / Chapter 2.5.4.3 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.79 / Chapter 2.5.4.4 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.79 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.80 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.80 / Chapter 2.5.6.1 --- Langmuir isotherm --- p.80 / Chapter 2.5.6.2 --- Freundlich isotherm --- p.81 / Chapter 2.5.7 --- Toxicological study of Microtox® test --- p.82 / Chapter 2.5.8 --- Removal ability of SMC towards PAHs in single and in a mixture --- p.82 / Chapter 2.5.9 --- Removal abilities of different sorbents towards PAHs in water --- p.83 / Chapter 2.5.10 --- Removal abilities of raw and autoclaved SMC towards PAHs in water --- p.83 / Chapter 2.5.11 --- Statistical validation --- p.83 / Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of soil --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of soil --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- GC-MS analysis of soil --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2 --- Calibration curves of PAHs --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3 --- Optimization for extraction --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4 --- Stability of PAHs --- p.101 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Soil system --- p.101 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.101 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.101 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Water system --- p.103 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.103 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5 --- Characterization of SMC --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Physical and chemical properties of SMC --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- GC-MS analysis of SMC --- p.106 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Infrared spectroscopic study and chitin content --- p.106 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Removal abilities of different sorbents towards PAHs in water --- p.121 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Removal abilities of raw and autoclaved SMC towards PAHs in water --- p.121 / Chapter 3.6 --- Optimization for removal of PAHs --- p.124 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Naphthalene --- p.124 / Chapter 3.6.1.1 --- Soil system --- p.124 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.1 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.124 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.2 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.128 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.128 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.128 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.131 / Chapter 3.6.1.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.131 / Chapter 3.6.1.2 --- Water system --- p.134 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.1 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.134 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.2 --- Effects of initial naphthalene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.137 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.137 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.139 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.139 / Chapter 3.6.1.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.143 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Phenanthrene --- p.145 / Chapter 3.6.2.1 --- Soil system --- p.145 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.1 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.145 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.2 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.145 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.148 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.148 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.151 / Chapter 3.6.2.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.151 / Chapter 3.6.2.2 --- Water system --- p.155 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.1 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.155 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.2 --- Effects of initial phenanthrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.155 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.157 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.157 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.161 / Chapter 3.6.2.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.163 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Benzo[a]pyrene --- p.163 / Chapter 3.6.3.1 --- Soil system --- p.163 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.1 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.163 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.2 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.167 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.167 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.168 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.168 / Chapter 3.6.3.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.172 / Chapter 3.6.3.2 --- Water system --- p.172 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.1 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency --- p.172 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.2 --- Effects of initial benzo[a]pyrene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity --- p.176 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.178 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.178 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.181 / Chapter 3.6.3.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.183 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- "Benzo[g,h,i]perylene" --- p.183 / Chapter 3.6.4.1 --- Soil system --- p.183 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.1 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency" --- p.183 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.2 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity" --- p.187 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.187 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.187 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.189 / Chapter 3.6.4.1.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.189 / Chapter 3.6.4.2 --- Water system --- p.192 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.1 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal efficiency" --- p.192 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.2 --- "Effects of initial benzo[g,h,i]perylene concentration and amount of straw SMC on removal capacity" --- p.196 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.3 --- Effect of initial pH --- p.198 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.4 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.198 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.5 --- Effect of incubation temperature --- p.198 / Chapter 3.6.4.2.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.201 / Chapter 3.7 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.205 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Sorption of naphthalene --- p.205 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Sorption of phenanthrene --- p.205 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Sorption of benzo[a]pyrene --- p.208 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- "Sorption of benzo[g,h,i]perylene" --- p.208 / Chapter 3.8 --- Toxicological study of Microtox test --- p.208 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- Soil system --- p.214 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Water system --- p.214 / Chapter 3.9 --- Operable conditions of SMC for removal of PAHs --- p.214 / Chapter 3.10 --- Removal ability of SMC towards PAHs in single and in a mixture --- p.214 / Chapter 3.10.1 --- Soil system --- p.216 / Chapter 3.10.2 --- Water system --- p.216 / Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.221 / Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of SMC --- p.221 / Chapter 4.2 --- Removal abilities of different sorbents towards PAHs in water --- p.223 / Chapter 4.3 --- Removal abilities of raw and autoclaved SMC towards PAHs in water --- p.226 / Chapter 4.4 --- Extraction efficiencies of PAHs --- p.227 / Chapter 4.5 --- Factors affecting removal of PAHs by SMC --- p.229 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Initial PAH concentration and amount of straw SMC --- p.229 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Initial pH --- p.237 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Incubation time --- p.237 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Incubation temperature --- p.242 / Chapter 4.6 --- Putative identification of intermediates and/or breakdown products --- p.247 / Chapter 4.7 --- Isotherm plots and fitting into monolayer models --- p.257 / Chapter 4.8 --- Toxicological study of Microtox® test --- p.258 / Chapter 4.9 --- Removal ability of SMC towards PAHs in single and in a mixture --- p.261 / Chapter 4.10 --- Comparison of removal efficiencies of benzo[a]pyrene by layering and mixing of straw SMC with soil --- p.265 / Chapter 4.11 --- Comparison of removal efficiencies of benzo[a]pyrene in different scales of experiment setup --- p.267 / Chapter 4.12 --- Effect of age of straw SMC on removal of PAHs --- p.270 / Chapter 4.13 --- Removal of benzo[a]pyrene by an aqueous extract of SMC --- p.270 / Chapter 4.14 --- Advantages of using SMC in removal of PAHs --- p.273 / Chapter 4.15 --- Limitations of the study --- p.278 / Chapter 4.16 --- Further investigation --- p.280 / Chapter 5 --- Summary --- p.282 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.285 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.286

The main topic of this work is food supplements, their legislation and other theory connected with them, the main focus is on plant nutraceuticals, of which are chosen food supplements marketed to support immunity system - echinacea, sea buckthorn and oyster mushroom, food supplements to support psyche - St. John's wort, ginkgo and valerian and dietary supplements to support body fitness - tribulus, garcinia and psyllium. Subsequently, the topic focuses on the marketing of nutraceuticals, its modern ways and the possibilities of increasing the students' awareness in this field through the principles of media education. In the practical part, 112 students aged 15-19 are presented with a lecture presenting the topic and inviting students to raise their interest in the subject. The feedback of the lecture is provided by a questionnaire whose questions correspond to the hypotheses set by the author. KEYWORDS nutraceuticals, media education, marketing, Echinacea, Garcinia, Pleurotus, Hippophae, Gingko, Plantago, Hypericum, Valeriana, Tribulus

Gong Jun. / "March 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 254-294) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

No description available.

Orientador : Profª. Drª. Célia Regina Cavichiolo Franco / Coorientador : Prof. Dr. Edvaldo da Silva Trindade / Autor não autorizou a divulgação de impresso e digital / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Defesa: Curitiba, 29/02/2012 / Inclui referências : f. 105-109 / Área de concentração: Biologia celular e molecular / Resumo: Sete milhões e seiscentos mil pessoas no mundo morreram de câncer em 2008. Câncer é uma doença que apresenta controle anormal da divisão celular, resultando em crescimentos invasivos, ou formação de tumores, que podem se difundir por todo o corpo. Desde tempos antigos há uma busca por compostos naturais para a cura de doenças, sendo associado à medicina popular, assim pesquisas científicas têm sido intensificadas por todo o mundo. Drogas extraídas de diferentes fontes naturais podem ser utilizadas na quimioterapia para o câncer e no combate a outras doenças. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial biológico de diferentes polissacarídeos, obtidos de cogumelos dos gêneros Pleurotus, Lentinus e Agaricus, em células de melanoma murino, linhagem B16F10. Quatro diferentes polissacarídeos foram empregados nesta pesquisa, denominados de P1, P2, P5 e P6. Após os experimentos realizados, os resultados demonstram que o P1 não apresenta citotoxicidade, não altera a proliferação celular, aumenta o espraiamento celular e reduz a capacidade invasiva das células. Já o polissacarídeo P2, também reduz a capacidade invasiva das células e aumentou a capacidade de adesão celular em laminina. O P6 modificou a morfologia celular visualizada em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Já o P5 foi o menos promissor, pois modificou apenas o espraiamento celular. Evidências na literatura atual demonstram corroborar com nossos resultados, visto que muitos polissacarídeos apresentam as mesmas alterações em células tumorais, sendo promissores também em análises in vivo. Assim podemos concluir que os polissacarídeos P1, P2 e P6 serão possíveis agentes antitumorais. Estes resultados alcançados com os respectivos polissacarídeos, de forma promissora, nos dão motivação para seguir com estudos posteriores, que possam comprovar a eficiência desses compostos em modelos tumorigênicos in vivo. Palavras-chave: Melanoma. Polissacarídeos. Cogumelos. Pleurotus. Lentinus. Agaricus. B16F10. / Abstract: Seven and six hundred thousand million people worldwide died from cancer in 2008. Cancer is a disease that shows abnormal control of cell division, resulting in invasive growth or tumor formation which can spread throughout the body. Since ancient times there is a search for natural compounds for curing diseases being associated to popular medicine as well scientific research have intensified worldwide. Drugs extracted from different natural sources can be used in chemotherapy for cancer and to combat other diseases. This study aimed to assess the biological potential of different polysaccharides obtained from mushrooms of the genera Pleurotus, Lentinus and Agaricus; in murine melanoma cells, B16F10 line. Four different polysaccharides were used in this study, called P1, P2, P5 and P6. After the experiments, the results show that P1 non-cytotoxic, does not alter cell proliferation, increased cell spreading and reduces the invasiveness of cells. Since P2 polysaccharide also reduces the invasiveness of the cells and increase cell adhesiveness laminin. The P6 modified cell morphology displayed in scanning electron microscopy. But the P5 was the least promising because only modified cell spreading. Evidence in the literature demonstrates corroborate our results, as many polysaccharides have the same changes in tumor a cell, also promising and in vivo analyzes. Thus we conclude that the polysaccharides P1, P2 and P6 are possible antitumor agents. These results achieved with the respective polysaccharides, promisingly, give us motivation to continue with further studies that can demonstrate the effectiveness of these compounds in vivo tumorigenic models. Keywords: Melanoma. Polysaccharides. Mushrooms. Pleurotus. Lentinus. Agaricus. B16F10.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-04-12T11:40:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1237400 bytes, checksum: 6d36a4f8cf8daa7846559164f0554f1d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T11:40:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1237400 bytes, checksum: 6d36a4f8cf8daa7846559164f0554f1d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Cogumelos são considerados alimentos saudáveis devido ao baixo teor calórico, além de possuir alto teor de proteínas e minerais, podendo, assim, serem utilizados como fontes de diversos nutrientes. As principais técnicas utilizadas para o preparo do substrato para o cultivo de cogumelos são a pasteurização e a esterilização. Entretanto, estas técnicas são onerosas. Neste estudo, visando criar alternativas para cultivo de cogumelos de seis espécies do gênero Pleurotus, avaliou-se a utilização de técnicas alcalinas, utilizando bagaço de cana, capim elefante, casca de café Conilon e Arabica e serragem com farelo de arroz. Esta técnica já vem sendo utilizada com sucesso no México, entretanto sem qualquer padronização. As técnicas alcalinas testadas permitiram boa produção de cogumelos, inclusive com composição nutricional similar aos substratos esterilizados, mostrando o potencial da utilização destas técnicas. Além disso, demonstramos que estas técnicas apresentam custo de implementação e manutenção bem menor que a esterilização. Os substratos mais adequados para o cultivo foram o capim elefante, bagaço de cana e serragem com farelo de arroz. A casca de café foi o substrato em que mais se observou o aparecimento dos contaminantes, mostrando a importância da escolha do substrato para a utilização destas técnicas. Em relação às técnicas alcalinas, observamos que a imersão em solução de cal hidratada 2% por 4 h é efetiva para evitar o aparecimento de contaminantes, com redução de até 99% da microbiota residente e a efetiva alcalinização do substrato. Por fim, algumas espécies de cogumelos não foram capazes de serem cultivadas utilizando técnicas alcalinas por inibição da formação dos corpos de frutificação ou do crescimento micelial. Dessa forma, as técnicas alcalinas, principalmente imersão em 2% da solução de cal hidratada, demonstram apresentar potencial para serem utilizadas para produção de diferentes espécies de cogumelos. Assim, os cogumelos podem se tornar fonte de renda e alimentar para as populações, melhorando a qualidade de vida, principalmente das regiões carentes, pois utilizando esta técnica pode-se produzir cogumelos em diferentes resíduos agrícolas com baixo investimento. Entretanto, deve ser salientado que a escolha do substrato e espécies de fungos adaptadas às condições alcalinas é fundamental para cultivo de cogumelos utilizando as técnicas alcalinas. / Mushrooms are health food due to low calories content and high level of minerals and proteins, thus it can be used as source of nutrients. The main techniques used to treat substrate for mushrooms growth are pasteurization and sterilization, however they are expensive. In this study, we evaluated the technical viability of alkaline techniques, which has been successfully used in Mexico, to cultivate mushrooms of six Pleurotus species using as substrates: sugar cane bagasse, elephant grass, sawdust/rice bran and Conilon and Arabica coffee husk. The alkaline techniques had productivity and produced mushroom with nutritional composition as well as sterilization method, showing the potential of these techniques. We also showed that the cost of implementation and maintenance were lower than sterilization method. The most suitable substrates were sugar cane bagasse, elephant grass and sawdust/rice bran. Coffee husk substrate was that present higher contamination, showing the importance of choosing the substrates for use alkaline method. Comparing the alkaline techniques, we observed that soaking in 2% lime solution for 4 h was efficient, avoiding avoid contaminants growth by reduction until 99% of resident microbiota found in the substrate and was also effective alkalization. Finally, some mushrooms species were not able to be cultivated using alkaline techniques, due to inhibition of fruiting bodies formation or mycelial growth. Therefore, alkaline techniques, mainly soaking in 2% lime solution, show potential to be used to mushrooms cultivation of different species of Pleurotus in deprived regions. So, mushrooms can be a good source of funds and food for the population, increasing their quality of life, mainly in deprived region, since these alkaline methods can use different agricultural residue with low investment. However, it should be pointed that the choosing of suitable substrate and mushrooms species adapted to alkaline conditions are essential to cultivate mushrooms using alkaline techniques.