The modernization of agriculture, the integration of the agricultural sector to other sectors of the economy, the emergence of new activities added to the rural economy as it adapts to economic restructuring, and the emergence of new ruralities has changed labor relations and modified the organization of family farming. Based on these changes, the notion of pluriactivity came to be used to understand the multiplicity of forms that labor occur inside and outside of property. Pluriactivity incorporates concepts of productive diversification and part-time farming; pluriactivies are carried out by all members of the household, including self-employed, wage and non-wage labor, performed on and / or outside the farm. In this sense, social capital emerges as a facilitator of the development of pluriactivity. Social capital is based on social organization, trust, norms and systems that are established within the family or between existing communities in order to promote, through coordinated actions, efficiency. Thus, this research assumes that social capital is one of the elements for successful development of pluriactivity and local / rural development. Viewed in this context, this study analyzes the impact of pluriactivity and social capital used by pluriactive families to combat rural poverty and stimulate local development in seven municipalities (Anagé, Campo Belo, Barra do Choça, Caraíbas, Planauto , Tremedal, Vitória da Conquista) Sudoeste Bahiano Victory Identity. To achieve this goal, a theoretical framework based on authors of Geography, Economy and Rural Sociology discussing the categories land, capital, local / endogenous development and pluriactivities was constructed. The thesis sought theoretical support in Raffestin, Haesbaert, Sen, Amaral Filho, Schneider among others, to discuss how the territory can be used by actors to generate better living conditions and combat rural poverty. Indirect research instruments were used (data collection in public institutions and agencies) as well as direct methods (operationalized with social and institutional actors by random sampling); semi-structured questionnaires were applied to pluriactive families and interviews with department representatives of Infrastructure, Agriculture and Planning of Municipalities of the region, trade unions, associations and cooperatives. The findings indicate that there was an improvement in the area of quality of life by adopting pluriactive practices with the presence of social capital among pluriactive families. However, there was no formal and strategic planning in the territories to unite families around pluriactive activities nor to fortify social capital to combat rural poverty. / A modernização da agricultura, a integração do setor agrícola aos demais setores da economia, a emergência de novas atividades que foram acrescidas ao rural em adaptação à reestruturação produtiva da agricultura e o aparecimento de novas ruralidades alteraram as relações de trabalho no campo e também modificaram a forma de organização da agricultura familiar. Com base nessas mudanças, a noção de pluriatividade passou a ser usada para entender a multiplicidade de formas de trabalho que ocorrem dentro e fora da propriedade. Já que a pluriatividade incorpora conceitos de diversificação produtiva e de agricultura em tempo parcial, sendo consideradas atividades pluriativas todas as atividades exercidas por todos os membros dos domicílios, inclusive as ocupações por conta própria, o trabalho assalariado e não assalariado, realizado dentro e/ou fora da exploração agrícola. Nesse sentido, o capital social surge como um elemento facilitador do desenvolvimento da pluriatividade. Uma vez que os fundamentos do capital social são a capacidade da organização social, a confiança, as normas e os sistemas que se estabelecem no âmbito familiar ou entre as comunidades existentes no local, de forma a promover, por meio de ações coordenadas, o aumento da eficiência da sociedade. Sendo assim, a pesquisa parte do princípio de que o capital social é um dos elementos para o desenvolvimento da pluriatividade e do desenvolvimento local/rural. Frente ao contexto apresentado, este estudo analisa a repercussão da pluriatividade e do capital social utilizadas pelas famílias pluriativas para combater a pobreza rural e estimular o desenvolvimento local em sete municípios (Anagé, Belo Campo, Barra do Choça, Caraíbas, Planalto, Tremedal, Vitória da Conquista) do Território de Identidade do Sudoeste da Bahia. Para atingir esse objetivo, foi construída uma concepção teórica fundamentada em autores da Geografia, da Economia e da Sociologia Rural que discutem as categorias território, capital social, desenvolvimento local/endógeno e a pluriatividade. A Tese buscou respaldo teórico em Raffestin, Haesbaert, Sen, Amaral Filho, Schneider dentre outros, para discutir como o território pode ser usado por seus atores para gerar melhores condições de vida e combater a pobreza rural. Como procedimentos metodológicos foram utilizados instrumentos da pesquisa indireta (coleta de dados em instituições e órgãos públicos) e direta (operacionalizada com atores sociais e institucionais por amostragem aleatória); nessas etapas foram aplicados questionários semiestruturados com os pluriativos e realizadas entrevistas com representantes das Secretarias de Infraestrutura, Agricultura e Planejamento das Prefeituras da região, sindicatos, associações e cooperativas. As conclusões apontam que houve no território uma melhoria da qualidade de vida com a adoção de práticas pluriativas e com a presença do capital social entre as famílias pluriativas. No entanto, não existe um planejamento formal e estratégico destinado ao território a fim de unir as famílias em torno da atividade pluriativa e do capital social para combater a pobreza rural.

Le travail des artistes en général, constitue un champ scientifique peu étudié en sciences sociales, particulièrement en ce qui a trait aux conditions d’effectuation du travail des musiciens. Cela explique notre raison d’étudier les conditions de travail des musiciens qui résident à Montréal. En effet, notre étude se base sur deux questions fondamentales, c’est-à-dire, la précarité de l’emploi oblige-t-elle les musiciens montréalais à opter pour un modèle de vie professionnel pluriactif et polyactif? Et quelle signification attribuent ces professionnels à cette pluriactivité et polyactivité? Ce projet se base sur deux axes. Le premier concerne la précarité d’emploi qui caractérise le marché du travail musical et le recours contraint à la pluriactivité et à la polyactivité, et le second axe concerne le recours des musiciens montréalais à ces deux phénomènes comme une stratégie et une opportunité professionnelle. L’incertitude quant à l’avenir professionnel et au revenu qui caractérise le travail des musiciens montréalais, joue un rôle important dans la précarisation du travail de ces professionnels. En effet, la précarité d’emploi est un facteur fondamental qui pousse ceux-ci vers un cumul d’emplois. En ce qui concerne la pluriactivité, celle-ci regroupe toutes les ressources de revenus du musicien venant des emplois artistiques liés à son champ d’expertise. En ce qui concerne la polyactivité, celle-ci regroupe toutes les activités qui sont en dehors de son champ d’expertise principal (artistique et non-artistique). Malgré la nature contrainte de ce modèle de vie pluriactif et polyactif, celui-ci présente une stratégie efficace face aux défis qui existent sur le marché du travail musical et aborde une opportunité de socialisation pour ces professionnels. Notre recherche étant de nature qualitative, nous optons pour une approche empirique exploratoire hybride. Nous avons réalisé dix entrevues semi-dirigées portant sur la vie professionnelle de nos participants. / The work of artists in general constitutes a scientific field that has been under-researched in social sciences, particularly regarding the conditions under which musicians work. This explains our reason for studying the working conditions of musicians who reside in Montreal. Indeed, our study is based on two fundamental questions, that is to say, does the precariousness of employment among Montreal musicians force them to opt for pluriactivity and polyactivity in their professional life? And what significance do these professionals attribute to this pluriactivity and polyactivity? This project is based on two axes. The first concerns the precariousness of employment that characterizes the musical labor market and the forced recourse to pluriactivity and polyactivity, and the second axis concerns the recourse of Montreal musicians to these two phenomena as a strategy and a professional opportunity. The uncertainty about the professional future and the income that characterizes the work of Montreal musicians plays an important role in the precariousness of the work of these professionals. Indeed, job insecurity is a fundamental factor that pushes them towards multiple job holding. Regarding pluriactivity, this brings together all of the musician's income resources from artistic jobs linked to his field of expertise. As for polyactivity, this includes all activities that are outside of his main field of expertise (artistic and non-artistic). Despite the constrained nature of this pluriactive and polyactive model of professional life, it presents an effective strategy to face the challenges that exist in the musical labor market and addresses a socialization opportunity for these professionals. Our research follows a qualitative approach in which we opt for an exploratory and hybrid empirical technique. We have also conducted ten semi-structured interviews concerning the professional life of our participants. / کار هنرمندان به طور کلی یک زمینه علمی است که در علوم اجتماعی ، خصوصاً با توجه به شرایط کاری موسیقی دانها ، به طور کمی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. این امر دلیل ما را برای مطالعه شرایط کار نوازندگان ساکن مونترال توضیح می دهد. بدون شک، تحقیق ما بر دو سوال اساسی استوار است. به این معنا که آیا نا امنی شغلی در بین نوازندگان مونترآلی، آنها را مجبور به چندکاری می کند؟ و این که این‌چند کاری چه معنی برای این نوازنده ها دارد؟ این پروژه بر دو محوراستوار است. اولین مورد مربوط به ناامنی شغلی است که مشخصه بازار کار موسیقی دانان و توسل اجباری به چند فعالیتی می باشد و محور دوم مربوط به توسل موسیقیدانان مونترال به این پدیده به عنوان یک استراتژی و یک فرصت حرفه ای است. عدم اطمینان در مورد آینده شغلی و درآمد که ویژگی کار نوازندگان مونترال است ، نقش مهمی در به خطر افتادن کار این متخصصان دارد. در واقع ، عدم امنیت شغلی عاملی اساسی است که آنها را به سمت نگهداری چند شغلی سوق می دهد. چند شغلی این امکان را به نوازنده می دهد تا منابع مختلف درآمد را در اختیار داشته باشد که مرتبط با شغل اصلی وی به عنوان نوازنده می باشند. در مورد نوع دیگری از چند فعالیتی باید ذکر کرد که ، شامل کلیه فعالیتهایی است که خارج از حوزه اصلی تخصص نوازنده (هنری و غیر هنری) است. علیرغم ماهیت محدود کننده این مدل زندگی حرفه ای چندمنظوره و چند فعالیتی ، این یک استراتژی موثر برای مقابله با چالشهایی که در بازار کار موسیقی وجود دارد و همچنین فرصتی برای اجتماعی شدن این متخصصان به حساب می آید. تحقیق ما از یک رویکرد کیفی پیروی می کند که در آن ما یک روش تجربی اکتشافی را انتخاب می کنیم. ما همچنین ده مصاحبه نیمه ساخت یافته در مورد زندگی حرفه ای شرکت کنندگان خود انجام داده ایم.