Na região da campanha gaúcha, no sudoeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, existem áreas que demonstram fragilidade em relação às características litológicas, pedológicas e da cobertura vegetal, principalmente, quando relacionadas às dinâmicas do clima. Os areais da região têm despertado especial atenção nas últimas décadas, devido a questões históricas, socioeconômicas e ambientais. O processo de arenização está relacionado à dinâmica de fenômenos naturais como as precipitações intensas e período de estiagens, estes associadas à dinâmica dos ventos. Contudo, frente aos estudos de simulação climática que projetam os possíveis cenários climáticos futuros, quais seriam as possíveis dinâmicas processuais na região dos areais? O presente trabalho tem por objetivo geral desenvolver um estudo observacional sobre a dinâmica das precipitações para a região no decorrer do século XX, buscando encontrar possíveis evidências de modificação na sua dinâmica em relação ao processo de arenização. O trabalho, também, analisou os dados de precipitação a partir do modelo downscaling Eta/CPTEC 40 km acoplado ao Modelo Climático Global HadCM3 para o cenário SRES A1B. Foram utilizados dados pluviométricos diários dos postos de Alegrete (RS) disponíveis pela Agência Nacional de Águas, os quais foram tratados estatisticamente (preenchimento de falhas, consistência dos dados, análise dos totais anuais, totais trimestrais, totais mensais, dias com chuvas ≥ 1, 10, 20, 30, 50, 80, 100 mm, índice simples de intensidade diária – SDII, número de dias com chuvas ≤ 1 mm, comprimento máximo do período seco – CDD e o comprimento máximo do período seco mensal – CDDmês), em relação a sua dinâmica no decorrer da série (variabilidade, tendências e ocorrência de eventos extremos) através da aplicação do Teste de Mann-Kendall de significância estatística. Após a aplicação deste teste, os resultados demonstraram que a maior parte da série não apresentou tendência significativa à modificação, sendo encontradas variações normais durante o período analisado. Em relação aos fenômenos climáticos de baixa frequência como o El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) e a Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico (ODP), foram verificadas suas correspondências utilizando o Índice de Anomalia de Chuva. Após sua aplicação, os resultados demonstraram que ambos os fenômenos (ENOS e ODP) modulam as precipitações anuais na região. Verificou-se, também, que as mudanças consideradas significativas pelo Teste de Mann-Kendall no século XX, sobretudo quanto à ocorrência de eventos extremos de precipitação, apresentaram forte relação com os processos de arenização associados à dinâmica hídrica. O aumento da frequência desses eventos no decorrer do século XX pode ter contribuído para a intensificação de parte dos processos de arenização na região. Já os resultados da modelagem climática apontaram para um aumento das precipitações nas estações da primavera, verão e outono, com incrementos pluviométricos nos meses de novembro, janeiro e março, que podem vir a influenciar nos processos arenização associados às precipitações torrenciais. / In the southwestern state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the Campos/grassland there are areas showing fragility related to soil, vegetation and climatic characteristics. The sands of the region in recent decades have attracted special attention due to historical issues, socio economic and environmental factors. The process of sandization is related to the dynamics of natural phenomena such as intense rainfall and drought period, which are associated to winds dynamic. However, compared to studies of climate simulation to design the possible future climate scenarios, which would be possible in the area dynamics of sands? The aim of this study is to develop observational analysis on the dynamics of rainfall for the region during the twentieth century, trying to find possible evidence of change in its dynamics in relation to the process of sandization. The study analyzed rainfall data from climate simulation of the precipitation from the downscaling model Eta / CPTEC 40 km coupled to the Global Climate Model output of HadCM3 for the SRES A1B scenario. Daily rainfall data of stations Alegrete (RS) available through the Agência Nacional de Águas were used, which were statistically (gap filling, data consistency, analysis of annual totals, quarterly totals, monthly totals, days with rainfall ≥ 1, 10, 20, 30, 50, 80, 100 mm, simple daily intensity index - SDII, number of days with rains ≤ 1 mm, maximum length of the dry period - CDD and the maximum length of the dry period monthly – CDDmonthly), analyzed in terms of their dynamic throughout the series (variability, trends and extreme events) by applying the Mann-Kendall. The results showed that most of the series showed no significant tendency to changes, with normal variations encountered during the period. The low frequency climatic phenomena such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) were evaluated for their correspondences using the rainfall anomaly index (RAI). The results showed that both phenomena (ENSO and PDO) modulate annual rainfall in the region. It is also significant that the changes assessed by the Mann-Kendall in the twentieth century, on the occurrence of extreme precipitation events, showed a great relationship with the processes associated with sandization water dynamics. The increased frequency of these events during the twentieth century may have contributed to the intensification of the processes of sandization in the region. The results of climate modeling indicated increased rainfall in the seasons of spring, summer and fall, with increases rainfall in the months of November, January and March what may influence the sandization processes associated with torrential rainfall.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-13T18:34:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão final impressa.pdf: 3412882 bytes, checksum: dec9624f6912de6df9fc6499743eda18 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-16T19:15:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão final impressa.pdf: 3412882 bytes, checksum: dec9624f6912de6df9fc6499743eda18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T19:15:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão final impressa.pdf: 3412882 bytes, checksum: dec9624f6912de6df9fc6499743eda18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Na região sul do estado do Amazonas, o arroz de terras altas normalmente é produzido no período chuvoso, com produtividade média inferior à de outros estados, a exemplo do Rio Grande do Sul. Nesse período, o elevado índice de precipitação pluviométrica na região provoca a subida do lençol freático, o que tende a favorecer o cultivo de arroz irrigado com irrigação suplementar e aumento da produtividade. No entanto, os solos apresentam elevada acidez potencial e quando submetidos ao alagamento, não apresentam um aumento adequado do pH. Nesse sentido, os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar atributos do solo e do arroz em função da calagem e do manejo de água; atributos agronômicos em função do manejo de água e cultivares de arroz irrigado no período chuvoso e seco. Para isso foi conduzido um experimento com arroz irrigado em casa de vegetação e dois experimentos à campo. Os resultados do experimento com calagem e manejo de água em casa de vegetação revelaram que, a calagem é necessária e promove o maior estado de redução e um aumento mais acentuado do pH da solução do solo em relação ao manejo alagado e saturado sem calagem. Os resultados do experimento à campo no período chuvoso mostraram que, com níveis adequados de nutrientes no solo e no tecido das plantas de arroz, as produtividades foram semelhantes entre os manejos aeróbio, saturado e alagado em condições de elevada precipitação pluvial. Os manejos de água proporcionaram teores de nutrientes variáveis no tecido, porém todos em níveis adequados ou superior. O manejo alagado proporcionou de forma mais pronunciada que o manejo saturado, a diminuição da severidade de brusone e mancha parda na folha do arroz. Os manejos saturado e aeróbio proporcionaram uma economia aproximada de 75 e 100% respectivamente, de água aplicada em relação ao manejo alagado. Os resultados do experimento à campo no período seco mostraram que, o manejo alagado promoveu a maior produtividade de grãos em relação aos manejos saturado e capacidade de campo. Conclui-se que, a calagem é indispensável nos solos dos campos naturais no cultivo de arroz por alagamento. No período chuvoso, os manejos aeróbio, saturado e alagado proporcionam produtividades semelhantes em condições de elevada precipitação pluvial e elevação natural do lençol freático. Os manejos saturado e aeróbio propiciam o menor volume total de água consumida no cultivo do arroz e maior eficiência do uso da água. No período seco, o manejo alagado promove maior produtividade de grãos em relação aos manejos saturado e capacidade de campo. Os valores do consumo de água nos manejos alagado e saturado são extremamente elevados no período seco, devido às perdas de água por fluxo lateral e por percolação em profundidade. O manejo de água capacidade de campo propicia o menor consumo de água e maior eficiência do uso da água no período seco. / In the southern region of the state of Amazonas, upland rice is normally produced in the rainy season, with average productivity lower than that of other states, such as Rio Grande do Sul. During this period, the high rainfall index in the region causes the water table to rise, which tends to favor irrigated rice cultivation with additional irrigation and increased productivity. However, the soils present high potential acidity and when submitted to flooding, do not present an adequate increase of pH. In this sense, the objectives of the work were to evaluate attributes of soil and rice as a function of liming and water management; agronomic attributes as a function of water management and irrigated rice cultivars in the rainy and dry season. For this, an experiment was conducted with irrigated rice in a greenhouse and two field trials. The results of the experiment with liming and greenhouse water management revealed that liming is necessary and promotes a higher state of reduction and a more pronounced increase in pH of the soil solution in relation to flooded and saturated management without liming. The results of the field experiment in the rainy season showed that, with adequate levels of nutrients in soil and rice plant tissue, yields were similar between aerobic, saturated and flooded managements under conditions of high rainfall. Water management provided variable nutrient contents in the tissue, but all at appropriate levels or higher. The flooded management provided in a more pronounced way than the saturated handling, the reduction of the severity of blast and brown spot in the rice leaf. The saturated and aerobic managements provided an approximate saving of 75 and 100%, respectively, of applied water in relation to the flooded management. The results of the field experiment in the dry period showed that, the flooded management promoted the highest grain yield in relation to the saturated managements and field capacity. It is concluded that liming is indispensable in soils of natural fields in rice cultivation by flooding. In the rainy season, aerobic, saturated and flooded managements provide similar productivity in conditions of high rainfall and natural elevation of the water table. Saturated and aerobic management provide the lowest total volume of water consumed in rice cultivation and greater water use efficiency. In the dry season, flooded management promotes higher grain yield in relation to saturated management and field capacity. The values of water consumption in flooded and saturated water management are extremely high in the dry period, due to losses of water by lateral flow and percolation in depth. The management of water field capacity provides the lowest water consumption and greater efficiency of water use in the dry period.

A escassez de água no planeta já é uma realidade pontual, inclusive já despontando no horizonte, em nosso país, fora do polígono da seca: na região metropolitana de São Paulo, o modelo de adução, a partir de bacias circunvizinhas, está perto de exaurir, pelos custos que esse tipo de solução adotada desde a época do império romano acarreta nas tarifas para o consumidor final. Assim, a busca pelas chamadas soluções racionais têm, cada vez mais, ganhado adeptos e, dentre estas, a que se tem mostrado mais eficiente e mais eficaz é a tecnologia do esgotamento sanitário a vácuo, visto ser a bacia sanitária a responsável por aproximadamente 40% do consumo residencial de água, e por um percentual semelhante também em edifícios comerciais. A partir do estudo de caso no edifício-sede da Secretaria de Orçamento Federal SOF, em Brasília, foi constatada economia de 30% no consumo médio de água, medido em metros cúbicos, depois da implantação do sistema a vácuo - em substituição ao sistema gravitacional, ocorrida em janeiro de 2008 a par de um aumento de apenas 2% no consumo de energia elétrica, medido em kWh, não produzindo ônus, por força do contrato com a concessionária local de eletricidade, do tipo azul. Foram feitas, ainda, comparações com alternativas de abastecimento, quais sejam água de reuso e o aproveitamento de águas pluviais, este mais comum no Brasil embora nitidamente mais recomendável para construções com até dois pavimentos, enquanto aquele, por enquanto, pode ser considerado uma prospecção teórica para as condições de nosso país / The water shortage in the planet is already a punctual reality that is already rising in our country outside the drought polygon (in northeastern part of Brazil). In the metropolitan area of São Paulo the adduction model coming from the neighboring basins is on the brinks of exhaustion, because this kind of solution costs, adopted since the Roman Empire times, brings up to tariffs to the final customer. In this manner, the search for the so called rational solutions has gained more and more followers and among these the one that has shown more efficiency and accuracy is the vacuum sewerage technology, considering that sanitary basin is responsible for almost 40% of the residential water consumption and a similar percentage occurs also in trade buildings. Taking the case study in the headquarter building of Secretaria de Orçamento Federal (SOF), in Brasília, it was verified a 30% economy in the average water consumption, measured in cubic meters, since the vacuum system was established (replacing the gravitational system), on January 2008, informed about only 2% increase in the electricity consumption, measured in kWh, it means that there was no effective increase in the electricity bill, once the local provide company contract, of the blue type, has foretold small oscillations in the supply without deduction on the bill. It was still done some comparative descriptions with others alternatives water supplies, whichever be grey water and rainwater harvesting, this one widely used in Brazil although it is more suggested to up to two floor buildings while the other, for the time being, can be considered as a theoretical prospection in our country

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:25:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_daniel_souza_cardoso.pdf: 4876863 bytes, checksum: f5480536e10753263d2ac710e5a3c660 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-24 / Whereas the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), have an economy directly dependent on agriculture and livestock sectors, which in different studies are reported as dependent on the variability of certain climatological elements, and the RS element water is regarded as fundamental. We conducted a study of the monthly total rainfall, to long 60 years (1948/2007), collected from 31 meteorological stations (EMs) and distributed geographically in the state. In the interest of contributing to the local society to predict possible shortages, and / or development of public policies for the use of water resources in urban and rural areas. In order to obtain a model that can provide an approximation of the behavior of the average rainfall for each of the six homogeneous regions, as defined in the literature (Marques, 2005), held has an harmonic analysis of the data previously adjusted to 30-day months. Before the analisys, the properties were checked for normality, homogeneity of variance and stationarity. The data tested for normality and homogeneity of variances, have not passed satisfactory in these tests and, hence, there was a transformation of data, generating new data sets that met the conditions of homogeneity of variance and normality. The relative increase in the trend, to long 60 years, ranged from 2,7 to 13,3% in the six homogeneous regions. Through harmonic analysis was obtained models that adequately represent the behavior of the average rainfall for the six homogeneous regions of RS, consisting of 3 or 4 sine waves, with one representation from 81 to 95% of the variability of the data. It was possible to found that some harmonics stood out, by have higher representation of the variability of the observed data, and the harmonic half stood out, in 50% of the models, and the harmonics quarterly and annual stood out, in 33,33% and 16,66% of, respectively. The models were tested to forecast, within the interval of 2003/2007, evolving in time according to the trend of time series of each region, being validated in residual analysis, by of residuals autocorrelation . Showing up as appropriate for forecast of future values. / Considerando que o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), possui uma economia diretamente dependente dos setores pecuário e agrícola, que em diferentes estudos são apontados como dependentes da variabilidade de alguns elementos climatológicos, e que no RS o elemento hídrico é considerado como fundamental. Realizou-se um estudo dos totais mensais de chuva ao longo de 60 anos (1948/2007), coletados de 31 estações meteorológicas (EMs) bem distribuídas, geograficamente, no Estado. Com o interesse de contribuir para a sociedade local, na previsão de possíveis racionamentos, e/ou na elaboração de políticas públicas para o uso dos recursos hídricos, nas áreas urbana e rural. Com o objetivo de obter um modelo, que possa apresentar uma aproximação do comportamento da precipitação pluvial média de cada uma das seis regiões homogêneas, já definidas na literatura (Marques, 2005), realizou-se uma análise harmônica dos dados previamente ajustados à meses de 30 dias. Antes da análise foram verificadas as propriedades de normalidade, homogeneidade de variâncias e estacionariedade. Os dados submetidos aos testes de normalidade, e de homogeneidade de variâncias, não obtiveram aprovação satisfatória nestes testes e, daí, realizou-se uma transformação de dados, gerando novos conjuntos de dados, que satisfizeram as condições de homogeneidade de variâncias e normalidade. O aumento relativo da tendência ao longo de 60 anos, variou de 2,7 a 13,3% nas seis regiões homogêneas. Através da análise harmônica obteve-se modelos que representam adequadamente o comportamento da precipitação pluvial média para as seis regiões homogêneas do RS, constituídos por 3 ou 4 ondas senoidais, apresentando uma representatividade de 81 a 95% da variabilidade dos dados. Foi possível constatar que alguns harmônicos destacaram-se por apresentar maior representatividade da variabilidade dos dados observados, sendo que o harmônico semestral destacou-se em 50% dos modelos, e que os harmônicos quadrimestral e anual destacaram-se em 33,33% e 16,66% destes, respectivamente. Os modelos foram testados para previsão, compreendida no intervalo de 2003/2007, evoluindo no tempo de acordo com a tendência das séries temporais de cada região, sendo validados na análise residual pela autocorrelação dos resíduos. Mostrando-se como adequados para previsão de valores futuros.

Les bassins de gestion des eaux pluviales, dont l’horizon de surface est parfois fortement contaminé, peuvent être naturellement ou volontairement colonisés par la végétation. L’objectif de ce travail est de mieux comprendre le rôle de la végétation dans le contrôle de la mobilité des métaux lourds comme le Zinc, le Cuivre et le Cadmium. Le premier volet de ces travaux, consacré à la caractérisation de la végétation se développant dans ces bassins, a montré que ces ouvrages abritaient une flore diversifiée, allant d’une végétation rudérale éparse à une végétation dense caractéristique de zones humides. Ensuite, une analyse physico-chimique multiparamétrique d’échantillons prélévés à la surface de bassins colonisés par des espèces végétales dominantes a été réalisée. Nous avons montré que les carbonates et la matière organique contrôlaient particulièrement la mobilité du Cu, Cd et Zn dans ces milieux. Les paramètres les plus variables temporellement et spatialement, sont essentiellement liés au cycle de la matière organique (nitrates, fraction métallique lié à la matière organique) mais également à l’apport de particules anthropiques (texture, métaux). Lorsque la plante est à son maximum de croissance, la mobilité potentielle des métaux est la plus élevée alors que la phase de sénescence de la plante semble conduire à un meilleur piégeage de ces contaminants. Cette thèse invite à considérer la végétation comme un agent de transformation de l’horizon de surface et à intégrer cette composante dans les futurs travaux sur la contamination des ouvrages d’assainissement urbain. / Urban stormwater basins surfaces can be highly contaminated and can be spontaneously or intentionaly vegetated. The aim of this work is to better characterize the role of the vegetation on heavy metal (Zn, Cd, Cu) mobility. Firstly, vegetation inventory has pointed out the high species diversity in these devices (from ruderal vegetation to wetland plants). Then, a physico-chemical characterization of surface samples vegetated by dominant species has been carried out. We have shown that carbonates and organic matter play a major role in the control of heavy metal mobility. The parameters which are the most spatially and temporally variable are essentially related to organic matter cycle (nitrate, heavy metal fraction bound to organic matter), and to the introduction of stormwater suspended matter (heavy metals, texture). At the maximum of plant growth phase, heavy metal mobility is enhanced and the period of plant death leads to a better heavy metal retention in the basin surface. This thesis invites us to consider plants as agents of surface stormwater basin transformation and to include plants in future research work.

Les contours théoriques en hydrologie, hydraulique et les outils de calcul correspondants sont largement développés et utilisés dans le monde. Cependant en parallèle, des problématiques importantes surviennent pendant les crises sans pouvoir être résolues et des solutions développées peinent à être implémentées. En plus, le changement climatique ne va pas faciliter les choses. Pour noircir le tableau, les moyens économiques locaux en France ne vont pas augmenter pour aider les communes à s’attaquer au problème. L’objectif de cette thèse est de conduire une investigation des moyens à disposition pour améliorer notre connaissance locale des concepts en lien avec le pluvial pour permettre une modélisation efficiente. La méthodologie proposée est composée de trois étapes évolutives incluant : 1. Une analyse approfondie des données topographiques locales ; 2. L’évaluation des interactions entre les écoulements de surface et le souterrain ; 3.Une approche intégrée permettant de modéliser les inondations générées par la pluie en zone urbanisée. Les résultats de l’étape 1 montrent que la donnée topographique est essentielle pour la définition des chemins d’écoulement et impactent significativement les résultats de modélisation hydrauliques. Ceci conduit à l’étape 2 lors de laquelle on observe que les débordements provenant du réseau souterrain contribuent à l’inondation mais seulement en partie. Les volumes d’inondations générés par le ruissellement de surface devraient être inclus dans les modèles d’inondation. L’étape 3 présente une configuration possible de modèle intégré permettant de mieux représenter les processus réels en jeu. / Theoretical background about hydrology, hydraulics and computational tools and methods are widely developed and worldwide used. In the same time however, important issues during flood crisis are not solved and practical solutions take time to be implemented. On top of that, ongoing climatic change will not make things easier and intense events will increase in frequency. To worsen the picture, local economic means in France will not increase to help municipalities and local communities to tackle the issue. The objective of this thesis is to investigate on the available ways to improve our local knowledge of stormwater related concepts to allow an efficient modelling. The proposed methodology consists in a three-step-approach including: 1. A thorough analysis of local topography data; 2. The assessment of sewer-surface interactions; 3. An integrated approach to model pluvial flood in urban areas. The results of Step 1 show that topography data is essential in flow path definition and significantly impacts hydraulic modelling results. This leads to Step 2 where it is seen that sewer overflow is one aspect of urban flood issues but represents only part of flood sources. Overland flow generated by runoff should be included in flood models. Then Step 3 presents that integrated urban pluvial modelling is possible with existing tools and can represent the real processes better. This proposed modelling approach should not be disconnected from the reality of stormwater management practical aspects and current constraints. It is shown how complementary actions can be taken to enrich local knowledge and memory thus allowing a more efficient and wiser modelling process.

During intensive rainfall, the ground is at risk of flooding if the water has no opportunity to infiltrate into the ground or drain. Cities are most heavily affected by such pluvial floods due to their predominantly solid surfaces. An example of such a city is Umeå, which experienced extensive floods causing up to 40 million Swedish kronor in damages. During the period 1970 to 2020, the population of Umeå has increased from 70,000 to 130,000 inhabitants, which means that both housing demand and thus the proportion of hardened surfaces in the municipality increased rapidly. To avoid future flooding problems, studying intensive precipitation trends as well as factors that affect the risk of pluvial floods is of the utmost importance. The purpose of this research is thus to investigate heavy precipitation trends as well as study how climate change and hardened surfaces affect the risk of flooding in Umeå. This study shows that the frequency of intense rainfall in Umeå has increased compared to the mean of the period 1963-1987 and that climate change could lead to an even higher frequency. Increased frequency of intensive precipitation in combination with an increased proportion of hardened surfaces increases the risk of flooding problems. Furthermore, heavy rainfalls, defined as precipitation above ten millilitres a day, occurred eighteen times a year during the period 1996-2020, which is four days more than the 1963-1987 average. By the end of the twenty-first century, climate change is expected to increase these number of days by a further 20-30% (equivalent to 7-12 days) according to SMHI predictions. Intense rainfall is likely to become more common in the future and population growth in Umeå will likely lead to an increase in the number of paved areas. These changes, in combination, place high demands on Umeå municipality to work efficiently with urban planning and climate adaptation.

Bakgrund: Klimatförändringarnas effekter globalt som på lokal nivå, kan redan noteras. För skyfallsöversvämningar har det ökat och kommer öka än mer framöver. Olika sektorer i ett samhälle påverkas när en stad översvämmas, varav en stor grupp består av samhällets medborgare. Individer upplever skyfall som oförutsägbara och slumpmässiga. Konsekvenserna efter en skyfallsöversvämning har effekt på både de sociotekniska och socioekonomiska dimensionerna för en individ på kort och lång sikt. Med detta perspektiv anses det intressant att undersöka hur individer resonerar kring framtida skyfallsöversvämningar på lokal nivå. Studien avgränsas till privata fastighetsägare, då tidigare forskning pekar på att de som äger sin egen bostad är mer benägna att anta skyddande anpassningar på sina enskilda fastigheter, vilket antas bidra till den totala samhällssäkerheten. Syftet: Syftet med studien var att öka förståelsen för privata fastighetsägares syn på skyfall som leder till översvämning och hur det motiverar dem att vilja skydda sin privata fastighet innan en översvämning sker. Metod: Studiens kvalitativa forskningsinriktning utgick från en hermeneutisk vetenskapsteori med inriktning åt samhälls- och beteendevetenskap. Datainsamlingen genomfördes som semi-strukturerade intervjuer som analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ konventionell innehållsanalysmetod med induktiv ansats. Totalt genomfördes sex kvalitativa intervjuer. Områdesurvalet utgick från ett strategiskt icke-sannolikhetsbaserat urval medan respondenturvalet var ett icke-slumpmässigt bekvämlighetsurval. En testintervju genomfördes innan själva studien påbörjades, för att säkerställa att frågorna var relevanta. Som teoretiskt ramverk valdes Protection motivation theory för att fånga upp likheter och skillnader i individers resonemang kopplat till skyfallsöversvämningar. Resultat: Det induktiva analysförfarandet resulterade i tre huvudkategorier och nio underkategorier. Förmågor, riskhantering och samhällspåverkan belyser olika perspektiv hur privata fastighetsägare resonerar kring sin kapacitet innan en skyfallsöversvämning sker. Kunskapsbrist och individnivån; intra- och interpersonlighet inverkar på individernas förmågor och beslut. Medan valet av anpassningar av fastigheten vägdes mellan kostnaden i relation till tid och nyttovärdet. Vidare pekade resultatet på att samhällspåverkan var bidragande till en känsla av utsatthet, detta främst inom ansvarsfördelning och information hos respondenterna då de upplevde ett beroendesamband till kommunen och försäkringsbolagen. Utmärkande för studien: Respondenterna upplever skyfallsöversvämningar som ett abstrakt fenomen, vilket påvisas av en uttalad kunskapsbrist kopplat till området. Vidare har tidsfaktorn tillsammans med ansvarskostnaden inverkan på hur nyttovärdet av en anpassning upplevs. Mest framträdande är hur den sociala omgivningen tillsammans med individens självförmåga kan påverka riskbedömning och hanteringsförmåga i relation till skyfallsöversvämningar. Slutligen upplever den undersökta populationen privata fastighetsägare samhällspåverkan i form av beroendesamband och utsatthet till både kommun och försäkringsbolag, vilket pekar på att individperspektivet med inriktning på hantering av skyfallsrisker bör inkluderas i framtida forskning. / Background: The effects of climate change globally as well as at the local level can already be noted. Pluvial flood events have increased and will increase even more in the future. Different sectors of a society are affected when a city is flooded, of which a large group consists of the citizens of the society. Individuals experience extreme rains as unpredictable and random. The consequences after pluvial floods have an effect on both the socio-technical and socio-economic dimensions of an individual in the short and long term. With this perspective it is considered interesting to do research, to capture how individuals reason about future pluvial floods, at the local level. The study is limited to private property owners, as previous research indicates that those who own their home are more aware and prone to adopt protective adaptations to protect their property, which is assumed to contribute to overall social security. Purpose: The aim of the study was to increase the understanding of private property owners´ views on pluvial floods that lead to flooding and how it motivates them to want to protect their private property before a flood occurs. Method: The qualitative research was based on a hermeneutic theory of science with a focus on social and behavioural sciences. The data collection was conducted as semi-structured interviews. The collected data material was analyzed by applying a qualitative conventional content analysis method with an inductive approach. A total of six qualitative interviews were conducted. The area of the sample was based on a strategic non-probability sample, while the respondent sample was a non-random convenience sample. A test interview was conducted before the actual study began, to ensure that the questions were relevant. The Protection Motivation Theory, was chosen as the theoretical framework to capture similarities and differences in the individuals´ reasoning, linked to pluvial floods. Results: The inductive analysis procedure resulted in three main categories and nine sub-categories. Abilities, risk management and societal impact shed light on perspectives on how private property owners’ reason about their abilities before a pluvial flood occurs. Lack of knowledge and the level of the individual; intra- and interpersonal levels affect individuals´ inner abilities and decisions. While the choice of adaptations of the property was weighed between the cost in relation to time and utility value. Furthermore, the results indicated that social impact was contributing to a feeling of vulnerability, mainly within the division of responsibilities and information among the respondents when they experienced a dependency relationship with the municipality and the insurance companies. Characteristic of the study: The respondents experience pluvial floods as an abstract phenomenon, which is expressed as a lack of knowledge linked to the area of research. Furthermore, the time factor together with the cost of liability has an impact on how the utility value of the adaptation measure is perceived. Most prominent is how the social environment together with the individual´s self-efficacy can affect risk assessment and coping ability in relation to pluvial floods. Finally, the surveyed population of private property owners’ experiences societal impact in the form of dependency and vulnerability to both municipality and insurance companies, which indicates that the individual perspective with a focus on managing pluvial flood risks, should be included in future research.

Intense but short-term cloudbursts may cause severe flooding in urban areas. Such short-term cloudbursts mostly are of convective character, where the rain intensity may vary considerably within relatively small areas. Using uniform design rains where maximum intensity is assumed over the whole catchment is common practice in Sweden, though. This risks overestimating the hydraulic responses, and hence lead to overdimensioning of stormwater systems. The objective of this study was to determine how the hydraulic response to cloudbursts is affected by the spatial variation of the rain in relation to the catchment size, aiming to enable improved cloudburst mapping in Sweden. Initially, the spatial variation of heavy rains in Sweden was investigated by studying radar data provided by SMHI. The distribution of rainfall accumulated over two hours from heavy raincells was investigated, based on the assumption that the intensity of convective raincells can be approximated as spatially Gaussian distributed. Based on the results, three Gaussian test rains, whose spatial variation was deemed a representative selection of the radar study, were created. In order to investigate how the hydraulic peak responses differed between the Gaussian test rains and uniform reference rains, both test and reference rains were modeled in MIKE21 Flow model. The modelling was performed on an idealised urban model fitted to Swedish urban conditions, consisting of four nested square catchments of different sizes. The investigated hydraulic peak responses were maximum outflow, proportion flooded area and average maximum water depth. In comparison with spatially varied Gaussian rains centered at the outlets, the uniform design rain with maximum rain volume overestimated the peak hydraulic response with 1-8%, independent of catchment size. Uniform design rains scaled with an area reduction factor (ARF), which is averaging the rainfall of the Gaussian rain over the catchment, instead underestimated the peak response, in comparison with the Gaussian rains. The underestimation of ARF-rains increased heavily with catchment size, from less than 5 % for a catchment area of 4 km2 to 13 - 69 % for a catchment area of 36 km2. The conclusion can be drawn that catchment size ceases to affect the hydraulic peak response when the time it takes for the whole catchment to contribute to the peak response exceeds the time it takes for the peak to be reached. How much the rain varies over the area which is able to contribute to the peak response during the rain event, can be assumed to decide how much a design rain without ARF overestimates the peak responses. If the catchment exceeds this size, an ARF-scaled rain will underestimate the peak responses. This underestimation is amplified with larger catchments. The strong pointiness of the CDS-hyetograph used in the study risks underestimating the differences in hydraulic peak responses between the test rains and a uniform rain without ARF, while the difference between test rains and uniform rains with ARF risks being overestimated. / Intensiva men kortvariga skyfall kan orsaka omfattande översvämningsproblematik i urbana områden. Trots att sådana kortvariga skyfall oftast är av konvektiv karaktär, där regnintensiteten kan variera avsevärt inom relativt små områden, används idag uniforma designregn där maxintensitet antas över hela avrinningsområdet. Detta riskerar att leda till en överskattning av hydrauliska responser, och följaktligen överdimensionering av dagvattensystem. Denna studie syftar till att utreda hur den hydrauliska responsen av skyfall påverkas av regnets spatiala variation, i relation till avrinningsområdets storlek. Ytterst handlar det om att möjliggöra förbättrad skyfallskartering i Sverige. Initialt undersöktes den spatiala variationen hos kraftiga regn i Sverige, genom en studie av radardata tillhandahållen av SMHI. Utbredningen av regnmängd ackumulerad över två timmar från kraftiga regnceller undersöktes utifrån antagandet att intensiteten hos konvektiva regnceller kan approximeras som spatialt gaussfördelad. Baserat på resultatet skapades tre gaussfördelade testregn vars spatiala variation ansågs utgöra ett representativt urval från radarstudien. För att undersöka hur de hydrauliska responserna skiljer sig åt mellan de gaussfördelade testregnen och uniforma referensregn, modellerades såväl test- som referensregn i MIKE 21 Flow model. Modelleringen utfördes på en idealiserad stadsmodell anpassad efter svenska urbana förhållanden, bestående av fyra nästlade kvadratiska avrinningsområden av olika storlekar. De hydrauliska responser som undersöktes var maximalt utflöde, maximal andel översvämmad yta samt medelvärdesbildat maximalvattendjup, alltså toppresponser. Jämfört med spatialt varierade gaussregn centrerade kring utloppen överskattade ett uniformt designregn med testregnens maximala volym de hydrauliska toppresponserna med 1-8 %, oberoende av avrinningsområdets storlek. Uniforma designregn skalade med area reduction factor (ARF), vilken medelvärdesbildar gaussregnets nederbörd över avrinningsområdet, underskattade istället toppresponsen jämfört med gaussregnen. ARF-regnets underskattning ökade kraftigt med avrinningsområdets storlek, från mindre än 5 % för ett avrinningsområde på 4 km2, till 13 - 69 % för ett avrinningsområde på 36 km2. Slutsatsen kan dras att avrinningsområdets storlek upphör att påverka den hydrauliska toppresponsen, då tiden det tar för hela avrinningsområdet att samverka till toppresponsen överstiger tiden till denna respons. Hur mycket regnet varierar över det område som under regnhändelsen hinner samverka till toppresponsen, kan antas avgöra hur mycket ett designregn utan ARF överskattar toppresponserna. Överstiger avrinningsområdet denna storlek kommer ett ARF-regn att underskatta toppresponserna, och underskattningen förstärks med ökande avrinningsområdesstorlek. Den kraftiga temporala toppigheten hos den CDS-hyetograf som användes i studien riskerar att underskatta skillnaderna i hydraulisk topprespons mellan testregnen och ett uniformt regn utan ARF, medan skillnaden mellan testregn och uniforma regn med ARF istället riskerar att överskattas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudete Gebara Jose Callegaro.pdf: 32253053 bytes, checksum: fc08e149c9973e9e45ffe5687f131952 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-04 / There are many centuries that the rain, in the city, is not understood as life ; it incorporates road and health infrastructure, confined to gutters, manholes, underground galleries, returning to people perception like floods. Nowadays, the understanding about eco-systemic relationships brings new models for managing urban storm water, in the way of bioclimatic architecture, designing with nature, with contemporary principles of environmental comfort in the cities, i. e., sustainable urban development. The speech is ready; how to transfer theory into practice is one of the objectives of this work. Some places in the world have adopted this paradigm and developed methodology for public and private actions, according to a model called the green infrastructure system. Professionals in individual works also believe in that path, contributing with creative design, showing the model potential. By this principle, every place has its unique design, according to its physical territory and the cultural characteristics of its society. Considering that joint urban operations are the most advanced in urban policy for development, in Brazil, do they incorporate the urban sustainability principles brought by the green infrastructure model? That is what will be analyzed, in reference to the Água Espraiada Joint Urban Operation, in São Paulo. / A chuva, nas cidades, deixou por muitos séculos de ser entendida como vida e passou a incorporar a infraestrutura viária e sanitária, confinada a sarjetas, bueiros, galerias subterrâneas, retornando à percepção da população sob a forma de enchentes. Com a compreensão que se tem hoje sobre as relações ecológico-sistêmicas, novos modelos de gestão das águas pluviais urbanas surgem, consonantes com a arquitetura bioclimática, com a linha de pensamento de desenho com a natureza, com os preceitos contemporâneos do conforto ambiental nas cidades, ou seja, do desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. O discurso está pronto; como transferir a teoria para a prática é um dos objetivos deste trabalho. Alguns lugares no mundo já adotam tais paradigmas e vêm desenvolvendo metodologia para ações públicas e privadas, segundo um modelo denominado sistema de infraestrutura verde. Profissionais em obras individuais também apostam nesse caminho, contribuindo com projetos criativos, mostrando o potencial do modelo. Por esse princípio, cada lugar tem seu projeto único, seja pelas condições físicas de seu território, seja pelas características culturais de sua sociedade. Considerando-se que as operações urbanas consorciadas são o instrumento mais avançado como política urbana em prol do desenvolvimento, no Brasil, até que ponto elas incorporam os preceitos de sustentabilidade urbana trazidos pelo modelo de infraestrutura verde? É o que se analisará, tomando como referência a Operação Urbana Consorciada Água Espraiada, em São Paulo.