No description available.

O conhecimento dos custos das doenças imunopreveníveis, em especial os custos hospitalares da meningite pneumocócica, objeto de estudo desta tese, são de grande importância para os processos de tomada de decisão no que se refere a intervenções ou estratégias de saúde pública. O objetivo desta tese foi estimar os custos hospitalares relacionados à meningite pelo Streptococcus pneumoniae em crianças com idade até 13 anos (inclusive), na cidade de São José dos Campos, nos últimos dez anos. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de custo-de-doença, a partir dos casos notificados de meningite pneumocócica ocorridos de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2008. O cálculo da estimativa de custos hospitalares foi realizado de acordo com o método misto para a mensuração das quantidades dos itens de custos identificados e também para atribuição de valor aos itens consumidos, fazendo uso do micro-costing quando este era possível, e do gross-costing, como alternativa de viabilidade. Todos os custos foram calculados com os valores monetários referentes a novembro de 2009, e expressos em reais. Para análise das freqüências e médias, foi usado o programa Epi-Info versão 3.5.1. Resultados: De 1999 a 2008, foram notificados ao núcleo municipal de vigilância epidemiológica 41 casos de meningite pneumocócica em menores com até 13 anos de idade (média = 4,8 anos), a maior parte meninos (65,6%; n=27). A prevalência variou entre 0,48 e 5,96%, ao longo do período de estudo, e o número de casos variou de 1 a 9 por ano. O tempo de internação variou entre 8 e 47 dias (média = 23,1 dias). Dez casos evoluíram para o óbito (24,4%; 95%IC = 12,4% - 40,3%). Dois pacientes evoluíram com hidrocefalia já durante a internação por meningite aguda (11,1%; 95% IC = 1,4% - 34,7%). A complicação mais comum foi a infecção secundária ocorrida em 22,2% dos casos (95% IC = 6,4% - 47,6%), sendo um caso de infecção osteo-articular em paciente com anemia falciforme e deficiência de complemento (fração C2), um caso de pericardite purulenta, e dois casos de pneumonia associada a ventilação mecânica. Os custos hospitalares diretos variaram de R$1.277,9 a R$19.887,56, com média de R$5.666,43. Os custos dos honorários profissionais foram os mais relevantes, e variaram de R$311,00 a R$3.844,95 (média = R$1.211,30), seguidos pelos custos dos medicamentos (de R$60,14 a R$2.602,85; média = R$632,95), procedimentos (de R$7,04 a R$1.655,24; média = R$846,77), materiais (de R$15,42 a R$1.083,08; média = R$210,24), e exames laboratoriais (de R$18,3 a R$ 324,67; média = R$161,32). A falta de padronização nas condutas diagnósticas e terapêuticas, somada às diferenças na gravidade e na evolução clínica entre os casos, fez com que os custos fossem muito variáveis caso a caso, e mesmo ano a ano. Conclui-se, então, que os custos do tratamento hospitalar da meningite pneumocócica em São José dos Campos foram muito variáveis, e dependeram da conduta médica e das variações dos casos quanto a gravidade e evolução clínica. Em todos os casos foram considerados altos, cerca de 10 a 20 vezes maiores que o custo médio de internações pago pelo SUS por AIH / The knowledge of the costs of immuno-preventable diseases, mainly the hospital costs of pneumococcal meningitis, object of study of this thesis, are of great importance to the processes of decision making regarding public health interventions or strategies. The aim of this thesis was to estimate the direct hospital costs related to pneumococcal meningitis in children until 13 years of age, in the city of São José dos Campos, from January 1999 to December 2008. A retrospective cost-of-illness study was performed, from the notified cases of pneumococcal meningitis which happened in the period of study. The estimate calculation of the hospital costs was carried out according to the mixed method for the measurement of the quantities of the items of identified costs, and also to value attribution to the items consumed, making use of micro-costing when this was possible, and of the gross-costing, as a viability alternative. All costs were calculated according to the monetary values of November 2009, and in the Brazilian currency (Real). As for the analysis of frequencies and averages, the Epi-Info program, version 3.5.1, was used. Results: From 1999 to 2008, 41 cases of pneumococcal meningitis in minors until 13 years of age (average = 4.8 years of age), mostly boys (65.6%; n=27) were notified to the municipal nucleus of epidemiological vigilance. The prevalence varied between 0.48 and 5.96%, during the period of study, and the number of cases varied from 1 to 9 per year. The period of permanence in hospital varied between 8 and 47 days (average = 23.1 days). Ten cases resulted in death (24.4%; 95%IC = 12.4% - 40.3%). Two patients acquired hydrocephalus during acute meningitis (11.1%; 95% IC = 1.4% - 34.7%). However, the most common complication was the secondary infection which occurred in 22.2% of the cases (95% IC = 6.4% - 47.6%). There was one case of osteo-articular infection in patient with sickle cell anemia and complement deficiency (C2 fraction), a case of purulent pericarditis, and two cases of pneumonia associated to mechanic ventilation. The direct hospital costs varied from R$1,277.9 to R$19,887.56, with an average of R$5,666.43. Labor costs were more relevant, and varied from R$311.00 to R$3844.95 (average = R$1,211.30), followed by medication costs (from R$60.14 to R$2,602.85; average = R$632.95), procedures (from R$7.04 to R$1,655.24; average = R$846.77), supplies (from R$15.42 to R$1,083.08; average = R$210.24), and lab exams (from R$18.3 to R$ 324.67; average = R$161.32). The lack of standardization in the approach to diagnosis and therapy, added to the differences on the level of seriousness and clinic evolution between the cases, made the costs vary depending on the case, and even to the year. In conclusion, hospital costs for treatment of pneumococcal meningitis in São José dos Campos were very variable, and depend on the medical approach and the variability of clinic conditions. All cases are considered around 10 to 20 times as expensive as the average cost of admissions paid by government for average hospitalization due to other causes

O conhecimento dos custos das doenças imunopreveníveis, em especial os custos hospitalares da meningite pneumocócica, objeto de estudo desta tese, são de grande importância para os processos de tomada de decisão no que se refere a intervenções ou estratégias de saúde pública. O objetivo desta tese foi estimar os custos hospitalares relacionados à meningite pelo Streptococcus pneumoniae em crianças com idade até 13 anos (inclusive), na cidade de São José dos Campos, nos últimos dez anos. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de custo-de-doença, a partir dos casos notificados de meningite pneumocócica ocorridos de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2008. O cálculo da estimativa de custos hospitalares foi realizado de acordo com o método misto para a mensuração das quantidades dos itens de custos identificados e também para atribuição de valor aos itens consumidos, fazendo uso do micro-costing quando este era possível, e do gross-costing, como alternativa de viabilidade. Todos os custos foram calculados com os valores monetários referentes a novembro de 2009, e expressos em reais. Para análise das freqüências e médias, foi usado o programa Epi-Info versão 3.5.1. Resultados: De 1999 a 2008, foram notificados ao núcleo municipal de vigilância epidemiológica 41 casos de meningite pneumocócica em menores com até 13 anos de idade (média = 4,8 anos), a maior parte meninos (65,6%; n=27). A prevalência variou entre 0,48 e 5,96%, ao longo do período de estudo, e o número de casos variou de 1 a 9 por ano. O tempo de internação variou entre 8 e 47 dias (média = 23,1 dias). Dez casos evoluíram para o óbito (24,4%; 95%IC = 12,4% - 40,3%). Dois pacientes evoluíram com hidrocefalia já durante a internação por meningite aguda (11,1%; 95% IC = 1,4% - 34,7%). A complicação mais comum foi a infecção secundária ocorrida em 22,2% dos casos (95% IC = 6,4% - 47,6%), sendo um caso de infecção osteo-articular em paciente com anemia falciforme e deficiência de complemento (fração C2), um caso de pericardite purulenta, e dois casos de pneumonia associada a ventilação mecânica. Os custos hospitalares diretos variaram de R$1.277,9 a R$19.887,56, com média de R$5.666,43. Os custos dos honorários profissionais foram os mais relevantes, e variaram de R$311,00 a R$3.844,95 (média = R$1.211,30), seguidos pelos custos dos medicamentos (de R$60,14 a R$2.602,85; média = R$632,95), procedimentos (de R$7,04 a R$1.655,24; média = R$846,77), materiais (de R$15,42 a R$1.083,08; média = R$210,24), e exames laboratoriais (de R$18,3 a R$ 324,67; média = R$161,32). A falta de padronização nas condutas diagnósticas e terapêuticas, somada às diferenças na gravidade e na evolução clínica entre os casos, fez com que os custos fossem muito variáveis caso a caso, e mesmo ano a ano. Conclui-se, então, que os custos do tratamento hospitalar da meningite pneumocócica em São José dos Campos foram muito variáveis, e dependeram da conduta médica e das variações dos casos quanto a gravidade e evolução clínica. Em todos os casos foram considerados altos, cerca de 10 a 20 vezes maiores que o custo médio de internações pago pelo SUS por AIH / The knowledge of the costs of immuno-preventable diseases, mainly the hospital costs of pneumococcal meningitis, object of study of this thesis, are of great importance to the processes of decision making regarding public health interventions or strategies. The aim of this thesis was to estimate the direct hospital costs related to pneumococcal meningitis in children until 13 years of age, in the city of São José dos Campos, from January 1999 to December 2008. A retrospective cost-of-illness study was performed, from the notified cases of pneumococcal meningitis which happened in the period of study. The estimate calculation of the hospital costs was carried out according to the mixed method for the measurement of the quantities of the items of identified costs, and also to value attribution to the items consumed, making use of micro-costing when this was possible, and of the gross-costing, as a viability alternative. All costs were calculated according to the monetary values of November 2009, and in the Brazilian currency (Real). As for the analysis of frequencies and averages, the Epi-Info program, version 3.5.1, was used. Results: From 1999 to 2008, 41 cases of pneumococcal meningitis in minors until 13 years of age (average = 4.8 years of age), mostly boys (65.6%; n=27) were notified to the municipal nucleus of epidemiological vigilance. The prevalence varied between 0.48 and 5.96%, during the period of study, and the number of cases varied from 1 to 9 per year. The period of permanence in hospital varied between 8 and 47 days (average = 23.1 days). Ten cases resulted in death (24.4%; 95%IC = 12.4% - 40.3%). Two patients acquired hydrocephalus during acute meningitis (11.1%; 95% IC = 1.4% - 34.7%). However, the most common complication was the secondary infection which occurred in 22.2% of the cases (95% IC = 6.4% - 47.6%). There was one case of osteo-articular infection in patient with sickle cell anemia and complement deficiency (C2 fraction), a case of purulent pericarditis, and two cases of pneumonia associated to mechanic ventilation. The direct hospital costs varied from R$1,277.9 to R$19,887.56, with an average of R$5,666.43. Labor costs were more relevant, and varied from R$311.00 to R$3844.95 (average = R$1,211.30), followed by medication costs (from R$60.14 to R$2,602.85; average = R$632.95), procedures (from R$7.04 to R$1,655.24; average = R$846.77), supplies (from R$15.42 to R$1,083.08; average = R$210.24), and lab exams (from R$18.3 to R$ 324.67; average = R$161.32). The lack of standardization in the approach to diagnosis and therapy, added to the differences on the level of seriousness and clinic evolution between the cases, made the costs vary depending on the case, and even to the year. In conclusion, hospital costs for treatment of pneumococcal meningitis in São José dos Campos were very variable, and depend on the medical approach and the variability of clinic conditions. All cases are considered around 10 to 20 times as expensive as the average cost of admissions paid by government for average hospitalization due to other causes

No description available.

Streptococcus pneumoniae est une bactérie cocci gram positif commensale de la flore oropharyngée qui colonise le rhinopharynx de l’Homme et dont près de 100 sérotypes sont connus. Les nourrissons et les jeunes enfants représentent son réservoir principal. Le pneumocoque peut être à l’origine d’infections graves, telles que la méningite, les bactériémies et la pneumonie, et moins graves mais plus courantes comme la sinusite et l’otite moyenne aiguë. Deux vaccins anti-pneumococciques conjugués ont été introduits en France : le PCV7 (couvrant contre 7 sérotypes) en 2003 et le PCV13 (couvrant contre 6 sérotypes supplémentaires) en 2010. L’objectif général de ce travail de thèse est d’évaluer l’impact des politiques vaccinales sur les infections invasives à pneumocoque en France, en s’intéressant principalement aux évolutions temporelles et géographiques des plus graves : les méningites à pneumocoque (MP). Un premier travail a étudié les dynamiques temporelles des MP sur la période 2001–2014 afin d’identifier l’impact de l’introduction des vaccins conjugués. Des techniques statistiques de modélisations adaptées aux séries temporelles ont été utilisées. Les résultats de ce travail retrouvent des effets rapportés dans la littérature : une réduction des MP à sérotypes vaccinaux mais aussi une augmentation des MP dues aux sérotypes non inclus dans le vaccin (phénomène de « remplacement sérotypique »).Par conséquent, le premier bénéfice, à l’échelle de la population générale, de l’introduction de cette vaccination a été observé seulement onze ans après l’introduction du PCV7, et principalement suite à l’introduction du PCV13 en 2010, avec une diminution de 25% du nombre de MP en 2014. La composante géographique a ensuite été prise en compte afin d’étudier le rôle de la de couverture vaccinale dans la variabilité des MP annuelles entre les départements sur la période 2001-2016. Les résultats confirment l’efficacité des deux formulations du vaccin sur les MP dues aux sérotypes vaccinaux et suggèrent une certaine homogénéité de cet effet entre les différents départements. Inversement, le remplacement sérotypique a été confirmé mais uniquement suite à l’introduction de la première formulation du vaccin et ces effets présentent une répartition géographique hétérogène et variable. La variabilité de la couverture vaccinale entre les départements n’explique pas celle observée dans le nombre de MP, ce qui suggère l’intervention d’autres facteurs tel que la densité géographique. Enfin, une modélisation dynamique, permettant de prendre en compte des aspects fondamentaux des dynamiques de transmission et d’infection du pneumocoque non intégrés dans les méthodes de modélisation statique, a été proposée afin de prédire l’impact de différentes stratégies de vaccination pour les adultes de 65 ans et plus et ainsi évaluer leur rapport coût-utilité. / Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive commensal bacterium of the oropharyngeal flora usually colonizing human’s rhino pharynx, of which almost 100 serotypes are known. Infants and young children constitute its main reservoir. Pneumococcus may cause serious infections, such as meningitis, bacteremia and pneumonia, or less serious but more common such as sinusitis and acute otitis media (AOM). Two conjugate pneumococcal vaccines have been introduced in France: PCV7 (covering 7 serotypes) in 2003 and PCV13 (covering 6 additional serotypes) in 2010. The overall objective of this thesis is to assess the impact of vaccination policy on invasive pneumococcal diseases in France, by focusing on temporal and geographical trends of the most serious of them: pneumococcal meningitis (PM). An initial study of PMs temporal dynamics over the 2011-2014 period assessed the impact of conjugate vaccines’ introduction. Statistical modeling techniques were used for time series analysis. The results confirm the effects found in literature: a reduction of vaccine serotypes PMs but at the same time an increase of PMs, due to non-vaccine serotypes (effect of “serotype replacement”). Therefore, the first benefit of vaccine introduction at population scale has been observed no less than 11 years after PCV7 introduction, and then principally after PCV13 was introduced in 2010, with a 25% decrease in PMs in 2014. The geographic component was then implemented to analyze the role of vaccine coverage in annual PM variability between geographic units over the 2001-2016 period. Results confirm the effectiveness of both vaccine compositions on vaccine serotypes PMs and suggest homogeneity of this effect among geographic units. Conversely the serotype replacement has been confirmed only after the first vaccine composition was introduced and presents a variable and heterogeneous geographical repartition. Variability in vaccine coverage among geographic units doesn’t explain the differences in PMs, which could suggest the role of others factors such as demographic density. Finally, a dynamic modeling capable of taking into consideration fundamental aspects of pneumococcus transmission and infection mechanisms not integrated in static modeling has been proposed in order to predict the impacts of different vaccination strategies for 65+ adults and therefore assess their cost-utility ratios.

No description available.