Typescript (photocopy)

High mast illumination poles (HMIPs) are tall cantilevered structures used to efficiently illuminate large portions of highways and interchanges. Great interest in the performance of HMIPS has arisen from the discovery of extensive premature cracking at the toes of base plate to pole shaft welds of poles currently in service. These cracks, in some cases, have become so severe that HMIPs have actually collapsed, and therefore present a great threat to public safety. Previous research at the University of Texas at Austin sought to solve the design problems posed by these pole failures by conducting both full-scale and analytical tests on optimized designs of HMIPs for fatigue loads. These studies indicated that using full penetration welds to connect 3" thick base plates to relatively thin shaft walls minimized warping of the base plate during fatigue loading, and maximized fatigue performance. Toward the end of these studies when researchers sought to test an uncoated optimized HMIP back-to-back against a galvanized HMIP of the same design and material, researchers discovered the galvanized specimen had cracked during the galvanizing process. This finding prompted an in-depth study to determine the cause of these cracks, and to determine if practices could be implemented to prevent crack formation. Initially, bend radius, chemistry, and shaft to base plate thickness studies were conducted to find how these parameters affect HMIPs during galvanizing. These parameters were found to play a minor role in the cracking of HMIPs relative to the thermal effects induced during the galvanizing process. Full-scale and analytical tests verified the impact of thermal straining within HMIPs during galvanizing. Instrumenting HMIPs and smaller HMIP stub sections with thermocouples and strain gages provided temperature and initial strain gradients resulting from exposure to the molten zinc bath. This data, as well as observations of cracks in the tested HMIP sections, aided the development of a finite element parametric study comparing HMIPs of the same 150' length and 80 mph design but varying shaft thicknesses. This research concludes that reducing the pole shaft diameter to thickness ratio reduces the likelihood of galvanizing crack formation. / text

This thesis examines the conflicted relationships between the construction of a national culture and identity located in landscape painting and the continuing presence of Native art and identity in Canada in the 1920s. It contends that the first was predicated on the assumed disappearance of the second. The first of five case studies examines and questions the validation of the Group of Seven at the imperial centre: the British Empire Exhibitions held at Wembley in 1924 and 1925, from which Native presence was excluded. The critical responses, collected and republished in Canada, are analyzed to show the unspoken influences of British landscape traditions, the means by which Group paintings were used to re-territorialize the nation, and to destabilize the myth of an essential Canadian national consciousness. The first confrontation between Canadian native and Native art occurred when a small group of Northwest Coast carvings was included within a related exhibition in Paris in 1927. The French critical responses validated the Native pieces but withheld recognition of the Group's works as national and modern. The reviews were collected but suppressed. The third study examines the work of the American artist Langdon Kihn. He was employed by the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railways to work with the folklorist/ethnologist Marius Barbeau in producing images of the Stoney in Alberta and Gitksan in British Columbia. His ambiguous works supported claims to Native presence and cultural continuity, which ran contrary to repressive government policies, but were critically disciplined to ensure a message of discontinuity. The fourth investigates a program to restore the poles of the Gitksan, while changing their meaning to one signifying cultural decrepitude. Gitksan resistance testified to their agency, cultural continuity and identity. The fifth examines a program fostered by Barbeau to turn the Gitksan and their poles into the subjects of Canadian painting as "background" for the emerging nation's identity. This confrontation, which included Jackson, Carr and others, foregrounded all the problems. The exhibition which resulted in 1927 unsuccessfully attempted to join Canadian native and Native art and effect closure on the "narration of the nation".

Wood poles are popular and widely used in the Power Supply Industries in all over the world because of their high strength per unit weight, low installation and maintenance costs and excellent durability. Reliability of these components depends on a complex combination of age, usage, component durability, inspection, maintenance actions and environmental factors influencing decay and failure of components. Breakdown or failure of any one or more of these components can lead to outage and cause a huge loss to any organisation. Therefore, it is extremely important to predict the next failure to prevent it or reduce its effect by appropriate maintenance and contingency plans. In Australia, more than 5.3 million wooden poles are in use. This represents an investment of around AU$ 12 billion with a replacement cost varying between AU$1500-2500 per pole. Well-planned inspection and maintenance strategies considering the effect of environmental and human factors can extend the reliability and safety of these components. Maintenance and sophisticated inspection is worthwhile if the additional costs are less than the savings from the reduced cost of failures. Objectives of this research are to: * Investigate decay patterns of timber components based on age and environmental factors (e.g. clay composition) for power supply wood pole in the Queensland region. * Develop models for optimizing inspection schedules and Maintenance plans. Deterioration of wood poles in Queensland is found mostly due to inground soil condition. It is found that the moisture content, pH value (Acidity/ alkalinity), bulk density, salinity and electrical conductivity have influence over the deterioration process. Presence of Kaolin or Quartz has some indirect effect on the degradation process. It allows more water to be trapped inside the soil that cause algae, moss and mould to grow and attack the wood poles. On the other hand, by virtue of permeability, soils with high quartz content allows more water to infiltrate, preventing the growth of micro-organism. This research has increased fundamental understanding of inground wood decay process, developed testing methods for soil factors and proposed integrated models for performance improvement through optimal inspection, repair and replacement strategies considering durability, environmental and human factors in maintenance decisions. A computer program is also developed to analyse "what if" scenario for managerial decisions. This research has enhanced knowledge on the wood decay process in diverse environmental conditions. The outcomes of this research are important, not only to users of timber components with ingrond decay but also to the wood industry in general (the housing sector, railways for wooden sleepers and other structural applications such as timber bridges). Three refereed conference papers have already come out of this research and two more papers for refereed journal publication are in the process. This research can be extended to develop models for: * Qualitative as well as quantitative research database on lab/field wood decay process; * Assessment of the residual life of timber infrastructure; * Optimal condition monitoring and maintenance plans for timber components showing inground decay; And * Cost effective decisions for prevention of timber components and mitigation. Findings of this research can be applied to other equipment or assets showing time dependent failure rate and can be extended further to consider age/usage replacement policies, downtime and liability costs.

Overhead power lines are more reliable and cost effective than underground cables when it comes to power transmission. The overhead power lines are often suspended above ground using timber pole supports. As the placement of each support depends upon topography amongst other things the conditions for most of the supports will be different and each pole can be viewed as a unique object. This requires that each support is dimensioned individually. The purpose of the project is to clarify how the dimensioning of a support should be performed. The main objective for the project is to develop an analytical model and simulation tool which can be used to dimension timber pole supports. Octave, a scientific programming language, is used for the simulation tool and to visualize the analytical model for the timber pole supports. The analytical model is validated by a finite element analysis, which is applied using the program ABAQUS/CAE. From the analytical model nomograms, which are diagrams that relate the parameters of the support, can be constructed. A nomogram is another tool that can be used when dimensioning timber supports. Many relevant design aspects are treated in the standard SS-EN 50341 and serves as the basis for the analytical calculation model. The supports can be divided into three main types; tangential supports, where the conductors continue straight at the support, angle supports, where the conductors make an angle at the support, and terminal supports, which are used at the endpoint of the conductors. Loads taken into account are: self-weight of components, wind, ice, conductor tension and maintenance. The loads are combined using a design equation which takes into account the probability of certain events occurring simultaneously using combination factors. Partial safety factors are also used to take into account possible deviations in loads, material or geometry. The failure modes of interest are rupture due to excessive bending loads and buckling due to excessive axial loads in the support legs. In the analytical calculations the timber is considered to be isotropic in accordance with the standard while the timber is modeled both as isotropic and orthotropic in the finite element analysis. The analytical model assumes that the cross-arm, which is the horizontal part of the support, only acts to distribute the load between the legs of the support without providing any extra stability by linking them together. In the finite element analysis the legs of the support are considered both individually and linked together by a cross-arm to test the validity of the assumption. To compare the results from the analytical model with finite element analysis one support of each type; tangential, angular and terminal is selected. An Octave script is written and applied to the selected supports to calculate their necessary dimensions. Based on the calculated dimensions 3D-models are created using PTC Creo Parametric 3.0 which then are imported into ABAQUS/CAE where the supports are subjected to finite element analysis. In addition to using the analytical model directly expressions that can be used to create nomograms for timber supports are also derived. Comparing results from FEM with the analytical model showed that the tangential and angular supports were over-dimensioned while the terminal supports were under-dimensioned in the analytical model. This means that a smaller dimension could be used for the tangential and angular supports. For the terminal support the analytical model needs to be altered so that failure will not occur. Changing the buckling mode for the terminal support in the analytical solution fixed the under-dimensioning issue. The finite element calculations where a cross-arm was used to link the legs of the support together showed no increased stability for buckling but showed lower bending stresses in the support legs. Using an orthotropic material model for the timber did not effect the calculations greatly as the properties in the length direction of the pole were significantly more important than the properties in the perpendicular directions. Dimensioning using nomograms is less accurate, as it only narrows the results down to a timber pole grade rather than a specific diameter. This decrease in accuracy is not cause for concern as the timber poles are ordered by grade and not a specific diameter. Using nomograms can give quick results when it comes to dimensioning. / Luftledningar är mer tillförlitliga och kostnadseffektiva än markkablar när det kommer till kraftöverföring. För att hålla luftledningar ovan mark används ofta trästolpar. Placeringen av varje stolpe beror bland annat på topografin vilket gör att villkoren för nästan varje stolpe skiljer sig åt. Detta gör att varje stolpe måste dimensioneras individuellt. Projektets syfte är att klargöra på vilket sätt dimensionen för en stolpe ska bestämmas. Det huvudsakliga målet är att utveckla en analytisk modell som kan användas för att dimensionera trästolpar. Octave, ett vetenskapligt programspråk, används för att tillämpa den analytiska modellen på trästolparna. Den analytiska modellen valideras med finit elementanalys, som tillämpas genom användandet av ABAQUS/CAE. Från den analytiska modellen kan också nomogram konstrueras vilket är ett annat sätt att dimensionera stolpar genom att används diagram som relaterar stolparnas parametrar. Många av de relevanta designaspekterna som berör stolpar behandlas i standarden SS-EN 50341 och ligger till grund för den analytiska modellen. Stolparna kan delas in i tre huvudtyper; raklinjestolpar, där ledarna fortsätter rakt vid stolpen, vinkelstolpar, där ledarna avviker med en vinkel, och ändstolpar, som används vid avslut av ledarna. De laster som beaktas är egenvikt hos komponenter, vind, is, spänning i ledare och underhåll. För att kombinera lasterna används en designekvation som tar hänsyn till sannolikheten att vissa händelser sker samtidigt genom att applicera kombinationsfaktorer. Dessutom används partialsäkerhetsfaktorer för att kompensera för eventuella avvikelser i last, material eller geometri. Stolparna dimensioneras mot brott på grund av för hög böjande belastning och knäckning på grund av för hög axialbelastning. I de analytiska beräkningarna antas trä vara ett isotropt material i enlighet med standarden medan det modelleras både som isotropt och ortotropt vid analys med finita elementmetoden. Vidare antas att regeln, den horisontella delen av stolpen, endast fördelar lasten mellan stolpens ben utan att bidra med någon extra stabilitet genom att länka benen samman. För att testa detta antagande modelleras stolpbenen både individuellt och sammanlänkade med en regel vid analys med finita elementmetoden. För att kunna jämföra resultatet från den analytiska modellen med finit elementanalys väljs en stolpe av varje typ; raklinje-, vinkel-, och ändstolpe, ut. Ett skript skrivs i Octave och tillämpas på de utvalda stolparna för att bestämma vilka dimensioner som krävs. Baserat på de beräknade dimensionerna skapas 3D-modeller i PTC Creo Parametric 3.0 vilka sedan importeras till ABAQUS/CAE för analys med finita elementmetoden. Förutom att tillämpa den analytiska modellen direkt härleds uttryck för att kunna generera nomogram. En jämförelse av resultaten från FEM med den analytiska modellen visade att raklinje- och vinkelstolpar blev överdimensionerade medan ändstolpar blev underdimensionerade. Detta innebär att en mindre dimension kan användas för raklinje- och vinkelstolpar. För ändstolpar måste modellen korrigeras för att stolpen ska hålla. Genom att ändra knäckningsfall för ändstolpen i den analytiska modellen löstes problemet med underdimensionering. Beräkningarna i finita elementmetoden där en regel användes för att sammanlänka stolpbenen visade ingen ökad stabilitet för knäckning men böjspänningarna i stolpbenen blev lägre. Att använda en ortotrop materialmodell påverkade inte beräkningarna nämnvärt eftersom egenskaperna i längsriktningen var mycket mer signifikanta än egenskaperna i tvärriktningarna. Vid dimensionering med hjälp av nomogram fås en sämre noggrannhet, eftersom resultatet endast blir en viss stolpklass istället för en specifik diameter. Denna minskade noggrannhet är ingen anledning till oro eftersom trästolparna beställs utifrån klass och inte utifrån specifik diameter. Användandet av nomogram kan ge snabba resultat vid dimensionering.

High-mast light poles are used frequently to illuminate large areas such as motorways and parking lots. These poles are extremely tall with respect to their cross-section, reaching heights of more than 40 meters. These structures undergo a strong aeroelastic response due to wind, oftentimes resulting in fatigue cracking at the base. The purpose of the research is to better understand the effects of wind-induced vibrations of tall flexible structures using a combination of computational fluid dynamics and structural finite element codes. Field results of existing high-mast poles will be used to calibrate and verify the theoretical modeling.Periodic vortex shedding is observed to occur on these structures at certain wind velocities. The shedding of vortices causes pressure differences across the pole, resulting in a net driving force perpendicular to the direction of the wind. When the frequency of shedding, and thus the driving force, matches the natural frequency of the pole, excitation of the structure can be significant. This phenomenon is called lock-in. Poles that are repeatedly subjected to wind at lock-in velocity may suffer excessive deformation and fatigue damage. The aeroelastic response is especially significant, since the damping of the structural system is so small.In order to model the fluid-structure interaction, OpenFOAM libraries were compiled into a single application that combined a structural dynamic finite element code along with a mesh movement algorithm. The loosely coupled system applies the driving forces (integrated pressures) to the structure in a conventional serial staggered procedure. The coupling of the two domains and the mesh deformation calculationswere software written by the author. The 3-field solution formulation is implemented using a mesh movement algorithm based on a pseudo-elastic approach. Incompressible flow is assumed, as the lock-in velocities for the first three natural frequency modes ofthe pole are relatively low. Large Eddy Simulation is used for turbulence modeling.In conjunction with the University of Wyoming, two existing steel hexadecagonal high-mast poles in Wyoming, USA, were instrumented with accelerometers and anemometers. These data were used to calibrate and verify the structural, stiffness, damping, and response characteristics.A series of 14 simulations were run that increased in the difficulty of the domain being simulated. Different aspects of the pole aparatus were investigated individually, such as the taper and angle of incidence of flow. An atmospheric boundary layer model was incorporated. The final case resulted in the simulation of a 16-sided tapered pole subject to flow from an atmospheric boundary layer inlet, incorporating large eddy simulation turbulence modeling. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Orientador: Raquel Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T08:01:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GiaconJunior_Milton_M.pdf: 1896488 bytes, checksum: 79f0b46b132ced75cc6c5b25d89a7c45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Os postes de concreto apresentam, para os diferentes fabricantes, grande variabilidade em termos de qualidade e resistência inicial. Essas diferenças, provenientes de problemas durante a fabricação, têm se refletido na vida útil dos postes instalados na rede de distribuição de energia. Para ser aceito como fornecedor de poste de uma determinada concessionária, o fabricante deve submeter um poste de cada modelo que deseja comercializar a ensaios destrutivos de flexão. Os fabricantes tomam inúmeros cuidados durante a produção deste poste padrão, mas nem sempre estes cuidados são usuais durante o processo rotineiro de industrialização. Como conseqüência, muitos postes apresentam problemas de qualidade e de durabilidade quando em serviço. Assim, o ensaio por amostragem tem se mostrado pouco eficaz. A adoção de sistema de classificação que permita avaliar a qualidade dos postes de forma individualizada poderia minimizar os problemas relativos à qualidade inicial e consequentemente, aumentar a vida útil dos mesmos. No entanto, para viabilizar este procedimento é necessário o uso de ensaio não destrutivo cuja realização seja fácil e rápida. O ultra-som é um ensaio que já tem sido utilizado, principalmente em outros países, em avaliações de peças de concreto em estruturas convencionais (vigas, lajes, pilares). No entanto, o poste tubular é uma estrutura diferenciada, pois apresenta uma pequena camada de concreto na qual é inserida uma grande quantidade de aço, além de ter grande porcentagem de sua seção transversal oca. Dessa forma, para a aplicação do método na classificação de postes tubulares novos, torna-se necessário conhecer a influência das armaduras e do vazio interno na propagação das ondas de ultra-som. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a influência desses dois aspectos peculiares do poste de concreto tubular na propagação de ondas de ultra-som e propor faixas de classificação utilizando a velocidade de propagação. Paralelamente foi realizada avaliação da possibilidade de se utilizar o ultra-som como ferramenta de caracterização do concreto em corpos-de-prova cilíndricos ou cúbicos. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram efetuadas medições de velocidade de propagação das ondas de ultra-som em protótipos de postes tubulares de três diferentes formas: direta (VL), indireta ou superficial (VS) e radial (VR), utilizando transdutores de onda longitudinal de 45 kHz de freqüência. Nos corpos de prova as medições foram realizadas somente de forma direta (VL) e utilizando-se transdutores de 100 kHz longitudinal e de cisalhamento. No caso dos corpos-de-prova, além da velocidade, foi obtida também a matriz de rigidez [C] e, por meio da sua inversa, a matriz de flexibilidade [S], que permitiu a obtenção dos módulos de elasticidade longitudinal (Eus), transversal (Gus) e coeficiente de Poisson (u). Os corpos-de-prova foram também ensaiados a compressão para a determinação da resistência (fc) e dos módulos de deformação inicial (Ei) e módulo de deformação tangente inicial (Eci). Com os resultados foi possível propor faixas de classificação de postes tubulares utilizando as velocidades VL e VS. A armadura não teve influência em VL, VS ou VR e o vazio interno só teve influência na VR, de forma que este tipo de medição deve ser evitado na classificação. Também foi possível concluir que a aplicação do ensaio de ultra-som em corpos-de-prova cúbicos permite a caracterização do concreto, uma vez que os resultados de Eus, Ei e Eci foram estatisticamente equivalentes. / Abstract: The concrete poles present, in the different manufacturers, great variability in quality and initial strength. Those differences, coming from problems during the production, have consequences in the useful life of the poles in the network. To be accepted as poles supplier of a certain one concessionary, the manufacturer should submit a pole, of each model that wants to market, to a destructive testing in bending. The manufacturers are countless careful during the production of this standard post, but not always these cares are usual during the routine process of industrialization. Consequently, many poles present quality problems and have its useful live reduced when in service. For these reasons, the tests using sampling are not effective. The adoption of classification system that allows evaluating the quality of the poles in an individualized way could minimize the problems related to the initial quality and, consequently, could increase the useful life of the concrete poles. However, to make possible this procedure it is necessary the use of non destructive tests whose execution was easy and fast. The ultrasound has been already used, mainly in other countries, to evaluate conventional reinforced concrete structures (beams, slabs and columns). However, the tubular pole is a differentiated structure; hence it presents a small concrete layer in which a great amount of steel is inserted, besides having a hollow in its traverse section. So, for the application of the method in the classification of new tubular poles, it is necessary to know the influence of the steel and of the internal hole in the ultrasonic wave propagation. The objectives of this work was to evaluate the influence of those two peculiar aspects of the tubular concrete poles in the ultrasonic waves propagation and to propose a tubular concrete poles classification using ranges of velocity of waves propagation. Additionally it was evaluate the use of ultrasound to determine properties of strength and rigidity of the concrete in cylindrical and cubic specimens. For the development of the research, measurements of velocity of wave propagations were made in prototypes of tubular poles in three different ways: direct (VL), indirect or superficial (VS) and radial (VR), using transducers of longitudinal wave with 45 kHz frequency. In the specimens the measurements were only accomplished in a direct way (VL) and using 100 kHz longitudinal and transverse transducers. For the specimens, besides the velocity, it was also obtained the stiffness matrix [C] and, through your inverse, the compliance matrix [S], that allowed the obtaining the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (Eus), traversal modulus of elasticity (Gus) and coefficient of Poisson (u). The specimens were also tested in compression for the determination of the strength (fc) and of the initial modulus of deformation (Ei) and tangent modulus of deformation (Eci). With the results it was possible to propose ranges of tubular poles classification using ranges of VL or VS. The reinforced steel didn't have any influence in VL, VS or VR and the internal hole only had influence in VR, so this type of measurement should be avoided in the pole classification. It was also possible to conclude that the use of ultrasonic wave propagation in cylindrical concrete specimens allows determining the strength and rigidity characteristics of the concrete, once the results of Eus, Ei and Eci were statistically equivalent. / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

This thesis examines the conflicted relationships between the construction of a national culture and identity located in landscape painting and the continuing presence of Native art and identity in Canada in the 1920s. It contends that the first was predicated on the assumed disappearance of the second. The first of five case studies examines and questions the validation of the Group of Seven at the imperial centre: the British Empire Exhibitions held at Wembley in 1924 and 1925, from which Native presence was excluded. The critical responses, collected and republished in Canada, are analyzed to show the unspoken influences of British landscape traditions, the means by which Group paintings were used to re-territorialize the nation, and to destabilize the myth of an essential Canadian national consciousness. The first confrontation between Canadian native and Native art occurred when a small group of Northwest Coast carvings was included within a related exhibition in Paris in 1927. The French critical responses validated the Native pieces but withheld recognition of the Group's works as national and modern. The reviews were collected but suppressed. The third study examines the work of the American artist Langdon Kihn. He was employed by the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railways to work with the folklorist/ethnologist Marius Barbeau in producing images of the Stoney in Alberta and Gitksan in British Columbia. His ambiguous works supported claims to Native presence and cultural continuity, which ran contrary to repressive government policies, but were critically disciplined to ensure a message of discontinuity. The fourth investigates a program to restore the poles of the Gitksan, while changing their meaning to one signifying cultural decrepitude. Gitksan resistance testified to their agency, cultural continuity and identity. The fifth examines a program fostered by Barbeau to turn the Gitksan and their poles into the subjects of Canadian painting as "background" for the emerging nation's identity. This confrontation, which included Jackson, Carr and others, foregrounded all the problems. The exhibition which resulted in 1927 unsuccessfully attempted to join Canadian native and Native art and effect closure on the "narration of the nation". / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

No / In recent years, several accidents in pioneer gas processing industries led industries to put emphasis on real-time fault detection. Neural Network (NN) based fault (abnormal situation) detection technique played an important role in monitoring industrial safety. In this work, an attempt has been made to study the fault detection of Brahmanbaria gas processing plant using multi layered feed forward NN based system. NN based fault detection system is trained, validated and tested using data generated using the dynamic model. Preliminary results show that NN based method is able to detect the faults of Brahmanbaria Gas processing plant for fewer no of faults.

Knowing and understanding the sapwood and heartwood functions and properties are crucial in pressure-treating southern pine. It is very difficult to penetrate heartwood with chemicals. Therefore, knowing heartwood content before treatment will benefit companies in chemical consumption, treating cycles, and, foremost, cost. In this study, two different assessments were conducted in which lumber and pole heartwood/sapwood data was collected from eight treating plants across five Southeastern states. In both assessments, the data indicated some significant differences between similar products from different vendors, but there was no significant difference in heartwood content between plant locations. The results suggested that the amount of heartwood increases as the size and length of the products increase. These findings can argue that the size of raw materials that vendors use and the products they manufacture have more effect on heartwood content than plant location.