This dissertation analyzes the case of organized climate change denial in the United States as a manifestation of the power of the policy planning and opinion shaping networks in the US. It uses a variety of power structure research techniques to put together a topographical study of a fossil fuels network sitting at the core of a wider conservative network which sits at the core of the policy planning and opinion shaping processes. The connections between the core fossil fuels network and wider conservative policy network are examined at length. Using climate change denial as the case allows for the study of how a distinct industry— fossil fuels—can organize a faction which can help set the ideological agenda of the wider corporate and conservative networks. A power elite theoretical approach outlined by Domhoff is used, and the conclusions that may be drawn from this case study support the usefulness of that approach. I also find that the case at hand illustrates how Domhoff’s model may be extended and augmented in light of the strategic and tactical innovations employed by those in the climate change denial faction. Although elites have often tried—with varying levels of success—to employ at least a veneer of populist support in formulating policy, climate change denial employs a new level of sophistication in then fossil fuels’ faction’s long-term strategic planning and investment. This faction’s ability to wrest ideological control of much of the tea party movement and bring that party's policy aims into lie with its own allowed for the addition of a powerful populist element to the climate change denial tactical repertoire. Similarly, new secrecy techniques go far beyond those used by elites in the past, reflecting a new set of needs on the part of the individuals and groups involved in the policy network and necessitating the augmentation of the existing network with specialized entities.

Doctor Educationis / This research has sought to investigate the language policy of Namibian schools against the background of international literature on the advantages of mother tongue as medium of instruction during the initial years of school. The historical background of the formulation and implementation of the current policy is dealt with in Chapter 2. The theoretical aspects of language planning as explained in the literature will focus on aspects like the underlying principles for language planning. This chapter will furthermore discuss information regarding the status and the use of the mother tongue as medium of instruction in Namibia during the first three years of school. In Chapter 4 a literature review of Cummins's linguistic interdependence principle, as well as the different options or models for a bilingual language approach in education, is discussed in detail and compared to the Namibian situation to find the best possible model which could be adapted for Namibia. Chapter 5 investigates the results of a survey that has been conducted in Namibia to determine the level of English language proficiency of teachers. These findings are compared to find a relation between repetition rates of learners, Grade 10 examination results per region, as well as the teacher qualifications per region. Chapter 6 proposes a gradual bilingual language model for Namibia. First the rationale will be dealt with, followed by a detailed description of the model and how it is to be implemented. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with the research methodology that was undertaken in the form of a questionnaire and interviews with educationists regarding the use of the real medium of instruction, the perceptions of educationists on the language policy, and their proposals to change the language policy. Their perceptions of the proposed language model are discussed in order to identify ideas on how to streamline it. In Chapter 9 questions concerning the implications of implementing a bilingual language policy with regard to what is possible, practicable, and affordable will be dealt with. The last chapter, Chapter 10, will compare the current language policy, a policy proposed by NIED, and the model proposed here, before a number of recommendations are made.

Bibliography: p. 155-160. / The Emil Weder High School is in the small rural town of Genadendal, which is situated about 150 kilometres south-east of Cape Town, near Caledon. While doing field work for the Education Foundation early in 1994, one of the schools I Weder High School. It was the last of visited was Emil six House of Representatives schools that I visited, and I immediately noticed a difference at Emil Weder, compared to the other schools. The school buildings and surrounding fields and gardens were very neat and well maintained, the students were neatly dressed and very polite· and the staff were far friendlier than we had previously encountered. My initial impressions of a well-run school were confirmed, when I found out that the school is achieving outstanding academic and extra-mural results. I naturally assumed that this was the norm at the school and was very surprised to find out that it was, in fact, a fairly new phenomenon and that as recently as 1990 the school had experienced student unrest, boycotts, vandalism, gang activities and very poor academic results (in 1990 only 48% of their matriculants passed). Yet, in 1991 the pass rate was 88%, in 1992 it was 100% and last year they had a 98,8% pass rate (one failure). The topic to be researched Based on the above information I developed the hypothesis that certain school-level policy changes had occurred at Emil Weder from 1990 onwards which had led to the establishment of a culture of learning at Emil Weder High School. The purpose of my study was to find out whether policies had in fact changed at the school, and to what extent these new policies could explain the dramatic improvement in Matriculation results at the school. The study was conducted in two distinct phases, one in March 1994 and the other in September 1994. The initial study formed part of the Education Foundation and served to give an overview of how the school operated at the time. The follow-up study took much longer as it involved conducting in-depth interviews with teachers, ex-students and parents. The study revealed that by adopting a multi-level approach to improving the school, with the achievement of better Matriculation results being the major area of focus, the school not only improved these results, but that the school also started achieving better outputs in other areas as well.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobervalEPL_DISSERT.pdf: 1922007 bytes, checksum: 37466886c5b52e0039143931e77bfd5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-04 / Trata-se de uma investiga??o que busca revelar converg?ncias e diverg?ncias no processo de planifica??o da Pol?tica P?blica de Sa?de, com foco primordial na participa??o dos organismos de representa??o social na consolida??o do Sistema ?nico (SUS), destacando a Confer?ncia Nacional de Sa?de CNS, inst?ncia que deve ter participa??o obrigat?ria na formula??o de recomenda??es para essa pol?tica estatal. Considera que a planifica??o re?ne elementos de concep??o jur?dica, t?cnica e pol?tica para a elabora??o dos documentos intitulados Planos Nacionais de Sa?de PNS. A partir de pesquisa qualitativa de base documental e argumenta??o com apoio de Cartografia Simb?lica, p?e em exame o processo de elabora??o e o teor presente nos relat?rios da 12? (2003), 13? (2007) e 14? CNS (2011), alinhando seus eixos, diretrizes e prioridades nos correspondentes PNS nos quadri?nios 2004-2007, 2008-2011 e 2012-2015. A escolha desses instrumentos, na temporalidade sugerida, tem por esteio o per?odo em que a implanta??o do sistema de Planejamento do SUS PlanejaSUS, orienta normativa e tecnicamente a elabora??o do PNS, tendo como uma de suas refer?ncias o que foi emanado das confer?ncias. Prop?e-se verificar as tens?es existentes entre momentos distintos da defini??o das prioridades elencadas nas pol?ticas p?blicas de sa?de ? luz das contribui??es te?ricas sobre a concep??o do Estado, numa vis?o contempor?nea associada ? sua din?mica de atua??o vinculada ao modo de produ??o e acumula??o capitalista; sobre a metodologia do Planejamento Estrat?gico com base na participa??o de atores diversos; e ainda, na an?lise sobre a express?o desse participacionismo na ?tica dos processos democr?ticos representativos no SUS. Na confec??o dos mapas cartogr?ficos foi proposta a correla??o entre os conte?dos dos Relat?rios das 12? a 14? confer?ncias de sa?de com o que est? expresso nas prioridades constantes nos Planos Nacionais de Sa?de (2004 a 2007, 2008 a 2011 e 2012 a 2015), verificando-se aproxima??es e distanciamentos existentes entre o que expressa a sociedade e a pol?tica governamental. Conclui-se que, do exame cr?tico entre as diretrizes e prioridades contidas no acervo documental existente e sua metodologia de constru??o, com fundamento na argumenta??o do aporte te?rico trabalhado, s?o verificadas tens?es e harmoniza??es que revelam pontos convergentes e dissonantes das pactua??es e consensos entre os atores sociais representantes dos segmentos, no qual crit?rio da representatividade condiciona a defesa de opini?es, interesses e prioridades, de modo diverso para os que est?o implicados nesse processo de planifica??o

This dissertation reviews the progress in climate, land, energy and water (CLEW) multi-scale models and proposes a framework for quantitative assessment of multi-sector long-term policies. The so-called CLEW nexus approaches have shown their usefulness in assessing strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in the contexts of increasing demands, resource scarcity, and climate change. This thesis contributes to existing research by (1) focusing on the palette of feasible long-term sustainable solutions at different scales to face current and future sustainable development challenges; (2) improving understanding of how CLEW models can best advise on sustainable development research and highlighting the strengths and limitations of existing configurations; (3) inquiring what is needed for new tools to be accessible, transferable and successful in informing the final user. This dissertation first reviews a set of models that can meet the needs of decision makers discussing research gaps and critical needs and opportunities for further model development from a scientific viewpoint. Particular attention is given to model accessibility, usability, and community support. The review explores at different scales where and why some nexus interactions are most relevant, finding, for example, that both very small scale and global models tend to neglect some CLEW interactions. This dissertation also presents the Nexus Solutions Tool (NEST): a new open modeling platform that integrates multi-scale energy-water-land resource optimization with distributed hydrological modeling. The new approach provides insights into the vulnerability of water, energy and land resources to future socioeconomic and climatic change and how multi-sectoral policies, technological solutions and investments can improve the resilience and sustainability of transformation pathways while avoiding counterproductive interactions among sectors. Finally, a case study analysis of the Indus River Basin in South Asia demonstrates the capability of the NEST framework to capture important interlinkages across system transformation pathways towards the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The results show how the Indus countries could lower costs for development and reduce soil pollution and water stress, by cooperating on water resources, electricity and food production. / Graduate

Housing approximately half a million residents, the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) has long been cast as the exception to the rule of ‘demolish and replace’ models of public housing in the United States. Yet as NYCHA faces a dire fiscal and administrative crisis, it has proposed a suite of privatization efforts that threaten its successful reputation. With a focus on NYCHA’s effort to allow private developers to construct mixed-income ‘infill’ projects on existing ‘underutilized’ public housing land through the NextGeneration NYCHA and NYCHA 2.0 plans, in this dissertation, I ask: how do various stakeholders, including residents, the housing authority, private developers, elected officials, and non-profit and advocacy stakeholders justify, react to, and resist NYCHA’s plans for redevelopment? While most studies consider the impacts of mixed-income housing on residents after lease up of a development, interpreting it as either a de facto beneficial policy or as a tool for state-led gentrification, this work differs in its focus on the range of viewpoints about the plan prior to construction. In so doing, it straddles the literature on mixed-income housing and urban planning processes through the lens of pragmatism. A pragmatic approach centers those most impacted in planmaking and considers how diverse stakeholder experiences co-exist and contrast in public deliberation processes. In other words, this dissertation considers how the housing authority’s various publics have reacted differently to the plans for its transformation with the goal of informing how to craft more restorative, equitable, and deliberative planning processes. Using data from over a year and a half of participant observation, interviews, and media and policy sources, I craft a qualitative narrative case of the deliberations surrounding NYCHA’s first five years of redevelopment from a variety of stakeholder perspectives. Using narrative and framework analysis, I organize this dissertation around three empirical chapters: 1) an anatomy of the formal and dialogical channels of engagement between speakers and NYCHA officials at 10 public meetings following the NextGeneration NYCHA plan’s release; 2) an account of the housing authority’s stop-and-start approach to pursuing infill set amidst its various crises, including an analysis of the viewpoints of public officials and a private developer selected for a pilot infill site; and 3) a description of residents’ opposition to the plan, which includes descriptions of spaces of contestation citywide and at a specific pilot infill development on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. I find that while multiple stakeholders agree on the end goal of repairing existing public housing, actors promote a series of contradictions in their means to fix it, shaping a hotly contested landscape that has eroded public trust and further delayed action. Despite critiquing the housing authority for their management practices, residents launched a campaign to keep their homes publicly-operated that extended beyond the walls of their developments to citywide and even national progressive issues. This dissertation contributes to the housing policy and urban planning literature in three ways. First, it proposes an understanding of mixed-income housing that eschews past binary approaches and shows its perceived benefits and risks as highly dependent on the values and goals of the stakeholder. Second, it looks at conflicting attitudes to planmaking outside of a traditional consensus-based models, inviting a contextual understanding of power dynamics while also placing value on the experiences and actions of the majority Black and Latinx public housing residents who are the most impacted by the infill plans. Lastly, this dissertation also serves to profile pragmatism’s power–and limits– for theorizing more equitable redevelopment processes in planning.

No description available.

「強國必先強種」，優生保健的意義即在謀求民族素質的改善。其目的不僅重視個人 的強壯，更重視種族的優良；其效果不在於本路 號這一代，而在於子孫的將來。 本論文係依據政府新近審核的「優生保健法」，以政策研究取向，對我國優生保健政 策形成、施為影響，作綜攬性的審視、分析和檢討。 全文分六章，略述如下： 第一章緒論，苜先界定題意、研究範圍，介紹優生學理論、實務及各國優生法制，並 指陳研究動機、方法。架構和相關理論。 第二章問題形成與認定，分析台灣當前人口背景、問題現況，及優生保健政策問題認 定與爭議所在。 第三章政策制定，除引介規劃理論，並描述分析優生保健政策規劃過程，及政策合法 化審議階段。 第四章政策執行，對政府法前優生保健政策施為檢視，對法後政策執行性預估並介紹 東亞三鄰邦相關經驗。 第五章檢討與建議，乃就政策演遞過程諸問題，逐一析論。並於第六章結語中，對整 個政策環境配合，略進微言。

在審議式民主逐漸由實驗性操作邁入政策實務落實之際，政府部門人員和審議式公民參與活動研究團隊間的互動關係，乃成為影響審議式民主在政府政策實務落實的關鍵要素。本文以「中港河廊通學步道願景工作坊」為例，併採深度訪談法、參與觀察法及次級資料分析法，從官僚的工具理性與審議式民主的溝通理性之捍格切入，探究委託機關人員和研究團隊的互動對審議式民主在地方政府政策規劃過程落實之影響。研究結果顯示，政府部門人員對審議式民主的認知偏向實務、工具及結果面向，而研究團隊則是著重溝通理性和審議式民主精神的體現，二者間的衝突將可能為審議式民主於政策實務的落實帶來困境；另於過程中亦發現，審議式公民參與活動之進行可能因各種突發狀況的產生，導致活動進行無法完全實踐審議式民主精神，更顯現出活動進行和理論論述間確實存在著落差。基於研究發現，本文建議可加強政府部門人員教育與培訓，使其熟習審議式民主之意涵；另也需因應討論議題與在地系絡彈性運用公共討論模式，以有助公民參與討論的進行。此外，也建議學界未來可著力於審議式公民參與活動評估機制的建構，或從政府機關首長、內部結構及過程等角度切入深究，以對審議式民主在政府政策實務上之推行有所裨益。 / As deliberative democracy theory has gradually changed from academic experiments into practical application in policy arena, the interaction between the administrators and the research team in conducting deliberative civic engagement activities has become the critical factor that influences whether the deliberative mechanism can be adopted in policy arena. The article uses the trails for the Chung Kang Drainage to walk to and from school scenario workshop as the empirical setting. From the perspective of incomparability between instrumental rationality and communicative rationality, this article explores how the interaction between the administrators and the research team influences the practice of deliberative democracy in local governmental policy planning through in-depth interviews, participant observation and secondary data analysis. The research discovers that the administrators tend to regard deliberative democracy as practical, instrumental, and result-oriented. In contrast, the research team puts more emphasis on communicative rationality and the materialization of deliberative democracy. Such conflict may cause problems in the practice of deliberative democracy in policy arena. Besides, this article also finds that deliberative democracy is difficult to practice because of some unexpected incidents in the process of the deliberative civic engagement activities. This situation also does reveal the gap between the practice and the theory. Based on the findings, this thesis suggests that the government should reinforce the education and training of the administrators to understand the core values of deliberative democracy. Besides, due to the difference of the issue and the context, we should adopt different public discourse modes with flexibility to facilitate the process of civic engagement. In addition, in order to promote the application of deliberative democracy in the policy arena, this article also suggests scholars devote themselves to designing criteria for assessing deliberative civic engagement and to examine other factors, such as the chief executive of the agency, internal structure, and the process within public agencies.

Introdução: Assim como várias outras condições crônicas que, segundo a OMS representarão 78% da carga global das doenças em 2020, o câncer chegou na agenda dos gestores de saúde, provocando-os a pensar em novos modelos de organização do sistema. Modelos onde o foco sai do indivíduo e vai para a população, onde se busca mais do que a cura da doença, mas a melhoria das condições de saúde da população assistida. Por influência do conceito de Organizações Integradas de Saúde (IHCO) desenvolvido por Shortell (EUA), vem de Mendes a base conceitual da Portaria Ministerial de 2010 que estabelece a base para a composição das redes de atenção à saúde onde a população e suas necessidades determinam a oferta e a prestação de serviços especializados. Nas redes temáticas, como a oncológica, os hospitais são pontos de atenção com alta densidade tecnológica, atuando nas condições agudas e nos momentos de agudização das condições crônicas, com o papel de estabelecer diretrizes clínica, gestão da clínica e processos de substituição. A rede oncológica do estado de São Paulo tem sua implantação ocorrendo de acordo com as Portarias ministeriais que determinam os critérios de atendimento e, a partir de 2011, passa a contar com uma estrutura de governança composta por um comitê de referência técnico-científico com participação dos especialistas dos serviços habilitados de maior representatividade e coordenado pelo ICESP, como apoio ao gestor estadual. Objetivo: Estudo da rede oncológica do Sistema Único de Saúde no estado de São Paulo por meio da análise da estrutura da rede instalada e habilitada para tratamento e suas características quanto ao perfil e distribuição dos estabelecimentos, estrutura e serviços disponíveis e produção mínima anual para a manutenção da excelência, utilização da capacidade de produção frente às necessidades epidemiológicas e a produtividade nas modalidades de tratamento oncológico, a saber, cirurgias oncológicas, procedimentos de quimioterapia e radioterapia. Método: Estudo de caso único e integrado. Foram utilizados dados secundários do DATASUS, INCA, RHC e CNES e dados coletados de documentos oficiais do Comitê de Referência em Oncologia do Estado de São Paulo. Utilizados como parâmetros de referência a Portaria SAS/MS n0 140 de 2014, a Portaria GM/MS n0 1101 de 2002, Relatórios de Produção ICESP de 2013 e literatura. Para a análise e interpretação dos dados foi utilizada estatística descritiva por meio de números absolutos, percentagens e medianas. Resultados: De acordo com o CNES, em abril de 2013 estavam habilitados 72 estabelecimentos para atendimento de oncologia no SUS, sendo 16 CACONs, 51 UNACONs e 5 Hospitais Gerais com Cirurgia Oncológica. A maioria eram hospitais gerais, privados não lucrativos, de grande porte e porte especial e com atividades de ensino. Pelo critério populacional, o estado possuía 1 serviço habilitado para cada 581.961 habitantes, distribuídos de forma desigual pelas 17 RRAS, com variações de 1 serviço para 269.373 habitantes a 1 serviço para 2.717.672 habitantes. Com relação à estrutura e serviços disponíveis, 80% dos hospitais estavam em conformidade para cirurgias oncológicas, 31% para quimioterapia e 74% para radioterapia. Em relação à produção mínima, somente 13% dos hospitais estavam conformes em cirurgias oncológicas, 42% em quimioterapia e 14% em radioterapia. Para atender a demanda de cirurgias oncológicas seria necessário utilizar 21% dos leitos cirúrgicos disponíveis nos hospitais e 21% e 26% das salas cirúrgicas eletivas; sobrariam 539 das 901 instaladas para as sessões de quimioterapia e, para radioterapia, sobrariam 49 equipamentos. Na análise da produtividade, para atender a produção 2013 com índices de produtividade do ICESP, seriam necessários 13% dos leitos cirúrgicos, 14% das salas cirúrgicas eletivas, 159 poltronas a mais e 21 equipamentos de radioterapia a menos. Com relação a comparação entre a demanda estimada 2014 e a produção de 2013, observou-se na quimioterapia e radioterapia um percentual maior que 100%, a saber, 292% e 169%, respectivamente. Somente para cirurgias oncológicas a produção foi menor que a demanda estimada com índice de 53%, principalmente nas cirurgias urológicas e dermatologia. Conclusão: A rede instalada apresenta estrutura e tamanho suficiente para atender a demanda de casos novos de câncer, porém há diferenças regionais e ampla variação de produtividade entre os serviços, o que provavelmente impacta no acesso dos pacientes, promove a criação de filas de espera ao mesmo tempo em que há serviços com ociosidade das instalações. Os recursos empregados na rede oncológica seriam melhor utilizados com a adoção de ferramentas de gestão, como a regulação de casos, por exemplo, que auxiliaria na distribuição dos casos de acordo com a demanda, competências instaladas e disponibilidade dos serviços / Introduction: Cancer has arrived to the agenda of the health managers, making them wonder about new models for the organization of the system. By influence of the Integrated Health Care Organizations (IHCO) developed by Shortell (USA), the conceptual base for the composition of the Brazilian health care system comes from Mendes, in it the population and its needs determine the offer and the provision of specialized services. The oncology care network of the state of São Paulo has its implantation being done according to the ministerial orders which determine the attendance criteria and, since 2011, it has started having a management structure composed by a committee of technical and scientific reference with the participation of specialists of the enabled services of greater representativity and coordinated by the São Paulo State Cancer Institute (ICESP), with the support of the state manager. Goal: To produce a study on the oncology care network of the São Paulo state public Health System through an analysis of the network structure installed and enabled for the treatment and its characteristics regarding the profile, distribution and structure of the available services and the minimum yearly production for the excellence maintenance, use of production capacity before the epidemiological needs and the productivity concerning the cancer treatment modalities, that is, oncological surgeries, chemotherapy and radiotherapy procedures. Material and Method: Study of one integrated unique case. Secondary data from DATASUS, INCA, RHC and CNES and data collected from official documents of the São Paulo State Oncology Reference Committee. We have used as reference parameters from the Brazilian Ordinance SAS/MS n0 140 of 2014, the GM/MS n0 1101 of 2002 Ordinance, 2013 ICESP Production Reports and literature. For the analysis and interpretation of the data, we have used descriptive statistics through absolute numbers, percentages and averages. Results: According to the Health Establishments Record Center (CNES), in April of 2013, 72 establishments were enabled for the attendance of cancer cases in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS). According to the population criterium, the state had 1 enabled service for each 581.961 inhabitants, distributed in an uneven way through 17 Health Attention Regional Network Units. Regarding the available structure and services, 80% of the hospitals were in compliance for oncological surgeries, 31% for chemotherapy treatment and 74% for radiology treatment. Regarding the minimum production, only 13% of the hospitals were in compliance for oncological surgeries, 42% for chemotherapy treatment and 14% for radiology treatment. Regarding the productivity analysis, it would be necessary to have extra: 13% of surgical beds, 14% of elective surgical rooms, 159 additional armchairs and 21 radiotherapy equipment less. Concerning the comparison between the estimated demand in 2014 and the production of 2013, we have observed in chemo and radiotherapies a percentage higher than 100%, that is, 292% and 169%, respectively. Only regarding the oncological surgeries the production was smaller than the estimated demand with an index of 53%, mainly concerning the urological surgeries and dermatology. Conclusion: The installed network presented enough proportion and structure to receive the demand of new cases of cancer, although there were local differences and a wide productivity range among services, which probably impacted on the patients\' access, promoted the creation of waiting queues at the same time there were services not being used in the same facilities