Submitted by Fabielle Cheuczuk (fabielle.cheuczuk@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-07T13:28:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertaçao Andreia final.pdf: 1005086 bytes, checksum: b352c63e848b1a7a5cfd8e1f42b47aca (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T13:28:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertaçao Andreia final.pdf: 1005086 bytes, checksum: b352c63e848b1a7a5cfd8e1f42b47aca (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / The quality of school feeding influences directly the schoolchildren’s quality of life. Some animal origin products provided to the school feeding in the municipal network of Francisco Beltrão – PR come from the family agriculture, this research aimed to evaluate the quality of samples of meat products and of fish supplied, microbiological analyzes of beef (piece and ground), pork, chicken, bovine liver and fillet of tilapia, and the facilities, equipment, utensils and manipulators, with the verification of the items that evaluate the agro-industries hygienic-sanitary conditions of producing these products. The perception of the good manufacturing practices of the agribusiness manipulators was carried out by the application of a questionnaire. The results showed that some samples of pork, bovine meat, bovine liver and fillet of tilapia are not suitable for consumption, because they present Salmonella spp. in 25g. In the pork, bovine and fish agroindustries, facilities, equipments and utensils presented contamination by aerobic mesophiles and enterobacteria, ranging from 4 CFU to> 300 CFU and 9.6x10UFC to> 300 CFU, respectively. Regarding the checklist, the cattle and fish agro-industries accounted for 85% of the items and the pork agroindustry accounted for 50% of the items. However, food handlers are aware of good manufacturing practices, they know how contamination occurs, but they do not seem to take the necessary care, which was verified in the hand swab evaluation whose counts indicated readings of up to> 300 CFU / hand. / A qualidade da alimentação escolar influencia diretamente a qualidade de vida dos escolares. Considerando que alguns produtos de origem animal fornecidos para a alimenta- ção escolar da rede municipal de Francisco Beltrão – PR são provenientes da agricultura familiar, esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de amostras dos produtos cárneos e do pescado fornecidos pelas agroindústrias familiares, por meio de análises microbiológicas das carnes bovina (pedaço e moída), suína, frango, fígado bovino e do filé de tilápia, e das instalações, equipamentos, utensílios e dos manipuladores, ainda com a verificação dos itens que avaliam as condições higiênico-sanitárias das agroindústrias produtoras destes produtos. A percepção das boas práticas de fabricação, dos manipuladores das agroindústrias foi realizada com a aplicação de um questionário. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que algumas amostras de carne suína, bovina em pedaço, fígado bovino e filé de tilápia encontram-se impróprias para consumo, pois apresentaram presença de Salmonella spp. em 25g. Nas agroindústrias de suínos, bovinos e pescado, as instalações, equipamentos e utensílios apresentaram contaminação por mesófilos aeróbios e enterobactérias, que variaram de 4 UFC a > 300 UFC e 9,6x10UFC a >300 UFC, respectivamente. Com relação à lista de verificação, as agroindústrias de bovinos e de peixe atenderam à 85% dos itens e a agroindústria de suínos a 50% dos itens. Já os manipuladores de alimentos têm noção das boas práticas de fabricação, conhecem como ocorre a contaminação, mas não parecem adotar os cuidados necessários, o que foi verificado na avaliação de swab de mãos, cujas contagens apontaram leituras de até > 300 UFC/ mão.

Orientadores: Pedro Eduardo de Felício, Expedito Tadeu Facco Silveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T12:06:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Formighieri_Raquel_M.pdf: 1580551 bytes, checksum: 2d767c8000915bc43c9849c9cce7a72e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A adição de ractopamina (RAC) na dieta de suínos em terminação tem sido amplamente utilizada para melhorar o desempenho zootécnico, porém tem despertado questionamentos no âmbito do bem-estar animal e qualidade da carne suína. Além disso, a posibilidade de ocorrer resíduos dessa substância na carne preocupa alguns países e a União Européia. Os objetivos desse trabalho são avaliar os possíveis efeitos da combinação da ractopamina e imunocastração, nas propriedades da carne e nas condições físicas e fisiológicas de bem-estar dos suínos. Um total de 310 fêmeas, machos castrados e imunocastrados de duas granjas diferentes e distintos cruzamentos genéticos [Tempo macho × Topigs 40 fêmea, granja A (n = 202) e AGPIC 337 macho × CB 22 fêmeas da granja B (n = 108)] foram aleatoriamente designados para receber o tratamento com RAC (7,5 mg / kg), durante 21 (±2) dias antes do abate, ou a dieta convencional, sem RAC. Na granja A, vocalizações foram registradas, para cada tratamento, durante a condução dos animais para o box de atordoamento. Os 202 suínos provenientes da granja A e os 108 suínos da granja B foram abatidos em diferentes abatedouros comerciais e as carcaças foram resfriadas por 24 horas a 4°C. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas na sangria, para determinar a atividade enzimática da creatinafosfoquinase (CPK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e os níveis do hormônio cortisol. As patas dianteiras foram avaliadas, após o abate, para contabilizar lesões de três categorias distintas: rachadura, erosão e hematoma. Após escaldagem e evisceração, as carcaças foram avaliadas para o desenvolvimento precoce de rigor mortis e escoriações de pele. Antes do refriamento, 60 carcaças de cada granja foram selecionadas para avaliações das propriedades da carne. Após 24 horas na câmara de resfriamento, o pH24h foi determinado no músculo longissimus dorsi (LD) e no músculo semimembranosus (SM) das carcaças, enquanto que a cor objetiva, perdas por exsudação, perdas por cozimento e força de cisalhamento (WBSF) foram medidos somente nas amostras do LD. Não houve interações em nenhuma das propriedades da carne estudada (P = 0,06). A ausência de interação entre condição sexual e ractopamina, sugere que a combinação de RAC e imunocastração não influencia a qualidade da carne. A incidência de RSE (Red, Soft, Exudative ¿ carne vermelha, flácida e exsudativa) foi extremamente elevada, 80,0 % do total das amostras avaliadas apresentaram esse problema de exsudação e 10,3% foram classificadas como PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative ¿ carne pálida, flácida e exsudativa) e somente 0,9 % apresentaram carne DFD (Dark, Firm, Dry ¿ escura, firme e seca), mas a RAC não influenciou essas incidências. A adição de RAC em 7,5 mg/kg na dieta de suínos em terminação não apresentou impacto importante sobre os índices sanguíneos de estresse (CPK e LDH), lesões de casco e medidas da carcaça. No entanto, fêmeas alimentadas com RAC apresentaram maiores valores de cortisol. Alguns parâmetros de vocalização, como a intensidade do som e amplitude também foram maiores para os animais alimentados com RAC. Em relação às propriedades da carne, a dieta com RAC elevou perdas por cocção e valores de força de cisalhamento. Em relação à condição sexual, de uma forma geral as fêmeas apresentaram valores menores para os índices de estresse avaliados em comparação com imunocastrados e castrados cirurgicamente, com exceção para as medições dos níveis de cortisol, onde as fêmeas alimentadas com RAC apresentaram a maior concentração. É difícil apontar qual categoria de sexo foi mais susceptível ao estresse, uma vez que os parâmetros avaliados apresentaram resultados de forma equilibrada ente castrados e imunocastrados. A condição sexual não apresentou impacto importante sobre as propriedades da carne suína; imunocastrados não diferiram de castrados cirurgicamente. A diferença entre as granjas onde os animais foram criados influenciou vários parâmetros de bem-estar animal e também algumas propriedades da carne suína. Animais criados na granja A apresentaram maior incidência de índices de estresse negativos e valores superiores em algumas propriedades da carne, como: pH24 (SM), cor objetiva (a*), perdas por cocção, força de cisalhamento, além de maior ocorrência de lesões de casco (hematomas e rachaduras), desenvolvimento precoce de rigor mortis e aumento nos níveis sanguíneos de LDH, quando comparados a animais criados na granja B. Estas diferenças podem estar associadas a certos fatores, como estrutura da granja e abatedouro, transporte, manejo, contato com humanos e principalmente a origem do cruzamento genético dos animais / Abstract: The addition of ractopamine (RAC) to the diet of finishing pigs has been widely used to improve production performance; however it has raised questions in the fields of animal welfare and pork quality. In addtion, the possibility of residues of this substance occurs in the meat leads to concern some countries and the European Union. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of RAC and imunocastration combined on pork properties and the physical and physiological conditions of welfare in pigs. A total of 310 gilts, immunocastrates and barrows from two different farms and distinct genetic crosses [Tempo sires × Topigs 40 dams from farm A (n=202) and AGPIC 337 sires × CB 22 dams from farm B (n = 108)] were randomly assigned to received the RAC treatment (7.5 mg/kg), 21 (±2) days prior slaughter, or the conventional diet without RAC. In farm A, vocalizations were recorded, for each treatment within sex condition, during the animals¿ conduction to the stunning box. The 202 pigs from farm A and the 108 pigs from farm B, were slaughtered at different commercial slaughterhouses and chilled for 24 h at 4°C. Blood samples were collected at exsanguination to determine the enzymatic activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the levels of the hormone cortisol. Front hooves were accessed; post slaughter, to evaluate 3 distinct lesions categories: splits, crack-erosions and bruises. After scalding and evisceration, carcasses were evaluated for early rigor development and skin damage score. Before chilling, 60 carcasses from each farm were selected for pork quality. After 24 h in the chiller, the pH24h was determined on the M. longissimus dorsi (LD) and on the M. semimembranosus (SM) of carcasses, whereas the objective color, drip loss, cooking loss and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were measured on the LD samples only. No interaction for any of the meat properties studied were detected (P = 0.06). The absence of sex x RAC interaction, suggests that the combination of RAC and immunocastration had no impact on pork quality. The incidence of RSE ¿ red, soft and exudative - was extremely high, 80% of the total samples evaluated had this exudation problem, 10.3 % were classified as PSE - pale, soft and exudative, and 0.9 % were classified as DFD ¿ dark, firm and dry. The addition of RAC at 7.5 mg/kg on the diet of finishing pigs did not impact blood parameters of stress (CPK and LDH), hoof lesions and carcass measurements. However, some vocalization parameters and cortisol for females were greater for RAC-fed pigs. PSE and RSE meat was not increased by RAC diet, however cooking loss and WBSF toughness were increased in samples from RAC-fed pigs. In general, gilts presented lower values for the indices of stress than immunocastrates or barrows, with the exception of measurements of cortisol levels, where RAC-fed gilts had the highest concentrations. It is difficult to point wich sex category was more susceptible to stress, once different results were observed for each sex in different stress parameters measured. Animal sex condition had no important impact on fresh pork properties; immunocastrated pigs did not differ from barrows. The farms and processing plants influence the incidence of several welfare parameters and pork properties. Animals from farm A presented greater indices of stress and pork properties, including pH24, a* values, cooking loss, shear force, splits, bruises, early development of rigor mortis and LDH blood levels, than farm B. This difference can be associated to some factors, such as farm and slaughterhouse facilities, transport, humane handling and mainly genetic background / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientadores: Expedito Tadeu Facco Silveira, Pedro Eduardo de Felício / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T15:28:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cipolli_KatiaMariaVieiraAvelarBittencourt_D.pdf: 1612661 bytes, checksum: 2fe1cae364cd918cbcaa98ed485dce64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da imunocastração e da suplementação com ractopamina (RAC) nas características químicas, físicas e sensoriais da gordura e da carne suína, bem como avaliar o conhecimento sobre a tecnologia de imunocastração pelo consumidor através de opiniões, atitudes, hábitos de consumo e crenças. Foram utilizadas a gordura subcutânea costolombar e a carne suína (Longissimus dorsi) obtida de animais imunocastrados, comparando-se com a proveniente de fêmeas, machos castrados fisicamente e inteiros. Foram avaliados odor e sabor através de equipes de julgadores treinados e por consumidores, bem como se efetuou avaliação cromatográfica dos compostos responsáveis pelo odor sexual, empregando-se metodologias precisas e mais rápidas de cromatografia líquida (HPLC), e gasosa (CG) com microextração em fase sólida (SPME). Foi avaliada a opinião de consumidores sobre as tecnologias de castração física e imunocastração, considerando o bem estar animal, através de técnicas de Focus Group e medida de atitudes, opiniões e crenças. Os julgadores detectaram odores desagradáveis em amostras de gordura obtidas de fêmeas e suínos castrados, poucas vezes reportados na literatura cientifica, sugerindo que estudos de outros compostos além de androstenona e escatol devam ser pesquisados. Os resultados estatísticos obtidos evidenciaram que a imunocastração se caracteriza por níveis intermediários de concentração de androstenona e de escatol, imperceptíveis por consumidores. Esses compostos são detectados sensorialmente quando presentes em concentrações correspondentes ao limiar de detecção de 1µg/g ou acima. Independente do tratamento estudado, durante o preparo da carne suína grelhada, a equipe treinada detectou odor desagradável, entretanto a quantidade presente não afetou a aceitação do produto. A carne suína de animais imunocastrados obteve boa aceitação sensorial e os consumidores reportaram a importância na divulgação de estudos que comprovem a segurança alimentar dessa tecnologia, pois os mesmos demonstraram favoráveis à aplicação da mesma na produção de suínos / Abstract: The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of immunocastration and supplementation with ractopamine (RAC) on chemical, sensory and physical characteristics of fat and pork meat, as well as to evaluate the knowledge of the technology by the consumer through immunocastration opinions, attitudes, consumption habits and believes. Back fat and pork (Longissimus dorsi) meat obtained from immunocastrated animals were compared to those from female, physically castrated male and entire male. Odor and flavor were evaluated by trained panel and consumers, as well as boar taint compounds were assessed by chromatographic evaluations using accurate and faster methodologies by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatograph (GC) with microextraction in solid phase (SPME). The consumer opinions on physical and immunocastration methods were assessed, considering the animal welfare, using Focus Group techniques as well as measuring attitudes, opinions and beliefs. The trained panel detected off odors in fat samples obtained from females and barrows, rarely reported in the scientific literature, suggesting that studies of other compounds besides androstenone and skatole should be investigated. The statistical results showed that the immunocastration is characterized by intermediate levels of androstenone and skatole concentration, unnoticed by consumers. These compounds could be detected sensorially when present in concentrations corresponding to the thresholds values, that is, 1µg/g or above. Independently of the treatment, during the preparation of grilled pork, the trained panel could detect some unpleasant odor in the pork meat; however the amount present did not affect the product acceptance. Pork meat from immunocastrated pigs achieved good sensory acceptance and consumers published the importance of published studies on food safety involving this technology, as they demonstrated favorable of its application on pig production system / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Au sevrage, la séparation de la mère, le changement d’environnement et la transition d’un régime lacté à un régime solide et complexe déstabilisent les fonctions de digestion et de défense du porcelet. Le sevrage entraîne l’apparition de diarrhées nécessitant souvent l’utilisation d’antibiotiques pour contrôler les infections digestives. L’émergence de souches bactériennes antibiorésistantes est devenue un enjeu de santé publique majeur. Développer des méthodes alternatives aux antibiotiques pour promouvoir la santé du porcelet sevré est une nécessité. L’objectif de la thèse est d’évaluer le potentiel de deux microalgues –la Spiruline et la Chlorelle– pour promouvoir la santé digestive du porcelet au sevrage.Deux essais ont été effectués chez des porcelets sevrés dans des conditions d’hygiène contrastées –standard ou dégradées– recevant ou non 1% de Spiruline ou de Chlorelle dans l’aliment. En conditions d’hygiène standard, la supplémentation en Spiruline ou en Chlorelle a amélioré la digestibilité des nutriments et la morphologie intestinale sans impact sur la croissance du porcelet sevré. En conditions d’hygiène dégradée, la supplémentation en Spiruline ou en Chlorelle a altéré les performances de croissance sans affecter sensiblement les indicateurs de la santé digestive. Dans un troisième essai, une administration orale en microalgues en amont et en aval du sevrage a été testée afin d’évaluer la capacité de la Spiruline ou de la Chlorelle à limiter la déstabilisation précoce du système digestif au sevrage. L’administration orale de Spiruline a favorisé la croissance e / Weaning is a critical step in pig farms. Separation from the sow, change in the environment and dietary transition from liquid milk to a solid diet induces a destabilization of digestive and defense functions in weaned pig. Weaning leads to digestive disorders and growth alteration that often require antibiotic use to alleviate pathogen invasion and mortality. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a major concern for public health. Thus, it has become necessary to find new strategies to promote digestive health in weaned pigs. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the potential of two microalgae – Spirulina and Chlorella – as new functional ingredients to promote digestive health in piglets at weaningTwo trials were conducted in pigs weaned in contrasted sanitary conditions –good or poor–and that received 1% of Spirulina or Chlorella in starter diet. In good sanitary conditions, dietary supplementation with Spirulina and Chlorella both enhanced nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology but did not affect growth performance. In poor sanitary conditions, both Spirulina and Chlorella supplementation altered growth performance with slight effect on indicators of digestive health. In a third trial, oral administration of the two microalgae before and after weaning was assayed to evaluate the ability of Spirulina and Chlorella to limit the early intestinal changes caused by weaning. Spirulina administration before and after weaning enhanced growth in suckling piglets and reduced risk of diarrhoea outcome in weaned pigs. Potential mechanisms of action of Spirulin

Pork rib is a minimally processed product since it is a kind of meat that has only been cut and immediately packed and refrigerated. It has a short shelf-life, which is determined mainly for the microbiological deterioration. Having the objective of verifying the efficiency (antimicrobiotic and antioxidant action) of preservation methods applied associated to the shelf-life of pork ribs, the latter were bathed in the following solutions: Minerat B® solution (market product) in 10% = T1, organic acid mixed solution (1% lactic acid, 1% citric acid, 1% acetic acid and 0,8% ascorbic acid) = T2, lactic acid solution in 1,25% = T3, acid solution of sodium cloret (0,6% of citric acidand 0,1% of NaCl) = T4. One of the samples had no bathed solution and it was considered as controll = C. Afterwards, the samples were stored in packages that contained modified atmosphere (CO2 69,93% + N2 29,57% + CO 0,5%) in these proportions: 2:1 (gas:meat), in the first test and 3:1 in the second one, and stored under 5°C (± 1°C), considering that in the first test the samples remained, inicially, under 1°C (± 1°C) for one week. Mesophile aerobic microorganisms, psychrotrophy and lactic bacteria counting, pH and TBA index determination and sensorial anlysis were made. In the first test, the T2 treatment obtained a better performance while reducing the microbiological growth and also greater durability (between 21 and 24 days) but in the second test, the greatest antimicrobiotic effect was achieved by T3, however, T4 had greater durability (19 days). In terms of TBA index, all results were below the minimum limit for the showing of undesirable characteristics. Sensorially, in the first test, among the raw samples, T4 had greater acceptability, and among the roasted it was T3. In the second test, among the raw samples, T2 obtained the best color and T4 had the best odor, and among the roasted it was T2. The samples acquired a bright cherry red color that remained throughout and after the end of the analyses, not showing indication of deterioration, even after its occurence. According to the results, one can say that the treatments that were used (modified atmosphere + antimicrobiotic bath) have shown to be efficient in the preservation of refrigerated pork ribs, even under different degrees, and do not interfeer negatively in their sensorial characteristics. / A costela suína é um produto "minimamente processado" por se tratar de uma carne que sofreu apenas cortes e em seguida foi embalada e refrigerada, possuindo um curto shelf-life, que é determinado principalmente pela deterioração microbiológica. Com o objetivo de verificar a eficiência (ação antimicrobiana e antioxidante) de métodos de conservação, aplicados associados, sobre a vida de prateleira de costelas suínas, as mesmas foram aspergidas com as seguintes soluções: solução de Minerat B® (produto comercial) a 10% = T1, solução de mistura de ácidos orgânicos (1% de ácido lático, 1% de ácido cítrico, 1% de ácido acético e 0,8% de ácido ascórbico) = T2, solução de ácido lático a 1,25% = T3, solução ácida de cloreto de sódio (0,6% de ácido cítrico e 0,1% de NaCl) = T4. Uma das amostras não teve nenhuma solução aspergida, sendo considerada como controle = C. Após, as amostras foram armazenadas em embalagens contendo atmosfera modificada (CO2 69,93% + N2 29,57% + CO 0,5%) nas proporções: 2:1 (gás:carne),no primeiro ensaio e 3:1 no segundo ensaio, e armazenadas a 5°C (± 1°C), sendo que no primeiro ensaio as amostras permaneceram, inicialmente, a 1°C (± 1°C) por uma semana. Contagens de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos, psirotróficos e bactérias láticas, determinação do pH e do índice de TBA e análise sensorial foram realizadas. No primeiro ensaio, o tratamento T2 obteve um melhor desempenho em reduzir o crescimento microbiológico e também a maior durabilidade (entre 21 e 24 dias), porém, no segundo ensaio, o maior efeito antimicrobiano foi alcançado por T3, no entanto T4 teve maior durabilidade (19 dias). Em relação ao índice de TBA, todos os valores encontrados ficaram abaixo do limite mínimo para o aparecimento de características indesejáveis. Sensorialmente, no primeiro ensaio, dentre as amostras cruas T4 teve maior aceitabilidade, e dentre as assadas foi T3. No segundo ensaio, dentre as amostras cruas T2 obteve a melhor coloração e T4 o melhor odor e dentre as assadas foi T2. As amostras adquiriram uma coloração vermelho cereja brilhante que permaneceu durante e após o término das análises, não havendo indicação de deterioração, mesmo após sua ocorrência. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se dizer que os tratamentos utilizados (atmosfera modificada + aspersão com antimicrobianos) demonstraram ser eficientes na conservação de costelas suínas refrigeradas, mesmo em diferentes graus, e não interferir negativamente nas características sensoriais das mesmas.

The study was conducted to determine the effect of pre-slaughter stress of pigs on the levels of cortisol, creatine kinase (CK) and their subsequent relationship with pork quality. From our knowledge, there is paucity of information on transportation, lairage duration and sex effects on saliva cortisol and its relation with serum cortisol, urine cortisol and other meat quality traits. Stage one of the study assessed the effect of sex and time to slaughter (transport and lairage duration) on the levels of cortisol and CK in crossbred pigs. The second stage of the study evaluated the effect of sex and lairage duration on pork quality. The trials comprised of 60 22-weeks old commercial crossbred pigs [(30 boars vs. 30 gilts) with an average body weight of 76.9kg for gilts and 78.3kg for boars. Thirty pigs (15 Boars vs. 15 Gilts) were slaughtered on arrival after a 120km road journey and the other 30, after travelling the same road and distance, were slaughtered after having been in the lairage for 20 hours. Saliva samples were obtained during three time periods: between 07:00-10:00 on the day before the journey, on arrival at the abattoir and after lairage. Levels of cortisol in serum and urine and CK in serum samples collected at slaughter were determined. The samples (saliva and serum) were centrifuged at 20oC for 10 min at 3550 x g and stored at -20oC in separate vials until analysis. Pork quality was assessed using muscle pH, colour, thawing and cooking losses and Warner-Bratzler Shear Force. Correlations between cortisol levels in saliva, serum and urine and meat quality were assessed. The effect of sex and time to slaughter on saliva cortisol was significant. Statistical analysis showed significant interaction of sex by time to slaughter on serum cortisol. It was only the effect of sex that demonstrated higher (P <0.05) serum creatine kinase levels in gilts. Likewise, urine cortisol was influenced (P <0.05) only by time to slaughter. Saliva cortisol after transportation (r = 0.52) was correlated (P <0.05) with urine cortisol. The study suggests that there are greater responses of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis following time to slaughter (transport and lairage duration) between gilts and boars. This can be used in measuring cortisol in saliva, serum and urine, and serum creatine kinase to determine stress levels in pigs. Besides the lightness (L*) colour value which was significantly lower (P <0.05) in meat from gilts than from boars, the results of this study showed no interaction or individual effect (sex or lairage duration) on pH and other colour measurements. Meat cooking loss was affected (P <0.05) by gender x lairage interaction. Effect of lairage duration (as an individual effect) on the measured meat quality traits was not significant (P <0.05). Correlation analysis showed significant (P <0.05) negative relation between baseline saliva cortisol (r = -0.40) and the pork L* value. Saliva cortisol after lairage duration (r = -0.38 and r = 0.38) was correlated (P <0.05) with pH45 and pork a* value, respectively. Serum cortisol (r = -0.35) was negatively correlated (P <0.05) with pH45. Moreover, there were negative correlations (P <0.05) between saliva cortisol after transportation (r = -0.35), saliva cortisol after lairage duration (r = -0.44), serum cortisol (r = -0.40) and meat cooking loss. The study suggests that cortisol in saliva and serum can be used to determine effect of time to slaughter (transport and lairage duration) on meat quality traits from gilts and boars. Keywords: Boars; gilts; saliva cortisol; serum cortisol; serum creatine kinase; urine cortisol.

O experimento consistiu de dezesseis tratamentos distribuídos num esquema fatorial 4x2x2, sendo 4 genótipos (Excel (E) - Nn, Linha 21 (L21) - nn, Maximus (M) - NN e Optimus (O) - NN), 2 sexos (machos castrados e fêmeas) e 2 pesos (leves – 95 a 100Kg e pesados – 115 a 120Kg) e seis repetições. Foram realizadas medidas de composição da carcaça: Peso da Carcaça Resfriada (PCR), Área de Olho de Lombo (AOL), Comprimento de Olho de Lombo (COL), Profundidade de Toucinho (PT), Porcentagem de Carne Magra (%CM) e medidas de Espessuras de Músculo (EM) e Gordura (EG) e avaliações de qualidade de carne: pH, cor (L*a*b*), Perda por Exsudação (PE) e Capacidade de Retenção de Água (CRA). Os resultados estatísticos da composição da carcaça para o genótipo nn indicaram valor de AOL significativamente superior em relação aos genótipos Nn, NNM e NNO e valor de PT significativamente menor que NNM e NNO, porém, não diferindo de Nn. Quanto à EM, ocorreu uma tendência do NNM apresentar os maiores valores, seguido pelo Nn, nn e NNO. Em relação à EG, NNO mostrou os maiores valores, não diferindo significativamente de NNM e nn, enquanto o genótipo Nn apresentou o menor valor para esta característica. A %CM dos genótipos nn e Nn foi significativamente maior que NNM e NNO, confirmando a expressão do gene recessivo (n) em depositar mais carne na carcaça que o dominante (N). Os resultados estatísticos de qualidade de carne mostraram que o genótipo nn apresentou o menor valor de pH24 no músculo Semimembranosus, combinado com os maiores valores de luminosidade (L*) e PE em comparação com Nn, NNM e NNO. Não houve diferença significativa entre os genótipos NN and Nn na PE. Em relação à CRA, NNM obteve valor significativamente menor que Nn, nn e NNO. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o gene halotano em homozigose (L21) contribuiu para a obtenção de uma carcaça mais musculosa, porém, com qualidade de carne inferior, apresentando maior incidência de carne PSE. Em relação ao sexo, os machos resultaram carcaças mais pesadas, mais gordas e carne com menor luminosidade. Finalmente, com exceção da %CM, os valores de composição da carcaça aumentaram com o peso de abate, não sendo constatadas mudanças nas características de qualidade avaliadas. / This experiment consisted of sixteen treatments in a 4x2x2 factorial arrangement, 4 genotypes (Excel – Nn, Line 21 – nn, Maximus – NN and Optimus – NN), 2 sexes (barrows and gilts) and 2 weights (light – 95-100Kg and heavy – 115-120Kg) and 6 repetition. The exams were submitted to the following carcass composition measurements: Cold Carcass Weight (CCW), Loin Eye Area (LEA), Loin Eye Length (LEL), Fat Depth (FD), Lean Meat Percentage (LM%) and Fat (FT) and Muscle (MT) Thickness. Meat quality measurements were also realized: pH, Color (L*a*b*), Drip Loss (DL) and Water Holding Capacity (WHC). The results of this study showed that genotype nn had shown significantly higher values of LEA than another genotypes and significantly lower values of FD than NNM and NNO, and it didn’t differ from genotype Nn. There was a tendency by genotype NNM to show higher values of MT followed by Nn, nn and NNO. Genotype NNO showed higher values to FT and did not differed significantly from NNM and nn, while genotype Nn showed lower values to this characteristic. Genotypes nn and Nn showed significantly higher values of LM% than NNM and NNO. With reference to meat quality, genotype nn has shown lower value of pH24 measured in the muscle Semimenbranosus and higher values of L* and DL than genotypes Nn, NNM and NNO. Genotype NNM had significantly higher values of WHC than nn, Nn and NNO. There was no significant difference between NN and Nn when considered DL. The results above indicate that halothane gene in homozygous (nn) helped to obtain more muscular carcasses. On the other hand, this genotype showed worst meat quality. As a consequence of that, genotype nn has shown higher incidence of pale, soft and exudative meat. With reference to sex, barrows had significantly higher values to CCW, FD, FT, L* and b*, resulting paler meat and heavier and fatter carcass than gilts. Except for LM%, as carcass weight increased there were increases in all the characteristics. The data from this study suggest that there were no meat quality differences between the two slaughter weights.

Gegenwärtig erlangen marinierte, vorverpackte Schweinefleischzubereitungen als typisches Convenience-Produkt eine zunehmende Marktbedeutung. Dem stehen allerdings wenig repräsentative Daten zur mikrobiologischen Sicherheit und Haltbarkeit dieser Produkte gegenüber. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, im Interesse eines hohen Verbraucherschutzniveaus fundierte Daten über das Vorkommen und die Überlebensfähigkeit pathogener und toxinogener Mikroorganismen in vorverpackten marinierten Schweinefleischzubereitungen zu gewinnen. Darauf basierend sollten Empfehlungen für produktspezifische mikrobiologische Kriterien und Mindesthaltbarkeitsfristen abgeleitet werden. Während der Grillsaison der Jahre 2008 und 2009 wurden hierfür zwei Marktstudien über marinierte, vorverpackte Schweinenackensteaks (jeweils n=150) aus dem lokalen SB-Handel durchgeführt. Dabei erfolgte aufgrund der großen Produktvielfalt eine Einteilung der Produkte in Nackensteaks mit Senf-/Biermarinaden, Paprikamarinaden und Kräutermarinaden. Bei der Untersuchung wurden der pH-Wert, der mikrobiologische Status und das Vorkommen von verschiedenen pathogenen Keimen jeweils zum Zeitpunkt des Erwerbs und am Ende des MHD erfasst. Zudem wurden je Produktgruppe 10 für die industrielle Herstellung dieser Fleischzubereitungen verwendeten Flüssigmarinaden (n=30) mikrobiologisch auf die gleichen Parameter untersucht sowie pH- und aW-Werte in den Marinaden bestimmt. Auf Grundlage der Ergebnisse der Marktstudien wurde darüber hinaus die Überlebensfähigkeit von Salmonella spp. und Listeria monocytogenes in artifiziell kontaminierten Flüssigmarinaden jeder Kategorie während einer Lagerung für 42 Tage bei 4 und 22 °C überprüft. Die Gesamtkeimzahlen in den marinierten Schweinfleischsteaks lagen in einem Bereich von 2,8 x 103 bis 9,7 x 108 KbE/g, die Anzahl der Milchsäurebakterien zwischen 10 und 9,5 x 108 KbE/g und die der Enterobacteriaceae zwischen < 10 und 3,6 x 108 KbE/g. Bis zum Ende des MHD fand ein Anstieg der Gesamtkeimzahl und der Milchsäurebakterien bei gleichzeitigem pH-Wert-Abfall statt. Vermehrungsfähige Salmonellen wurden in 6 von 300 Proben (2,0 %) und Shigatoxin bildende Escherichia coli in 7 von 300 Proben (2,3 %) nachgewiesen. In 5 Proben (1,7 %) wurde Listeria monocytogenes mit bis zu 95 KbE/g und in 25 Proben (8,3 %) Staphylococcus aureus mit Keimzahlen bis 340 KbE/g detektiert. Bacillus cereus wurde in 64 Handelsproben (21,3 %) mit Keimzahlen bis zu 450 KbE/g und sulfitreduzierende Clostridien in 73 marinierten Schweinenackensteaks (24,3 %) mit Werten bis 500 KbE/g gefunden. Die Untersuchung der Flüssigmarinaden der drei Kategorien (n=30) erbrachte Gesamtkeimzahlen von 1,3 x 102 bis 4,2 x 105. Enterobacteriaceae und Milchsäurebakterien wurden jeweils nur in zwei Marinadenproben mit bis zu 180 bzw. 750 KbE/g nachgewiesen. Keine der Marinaden enthielt Salmonellen, Shigatoxin bildende Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes oder Staphylococcus aureus. Positive Befunde wurden nur für Bacillus cereus und sulfitreduzierende Clostridien erhoben: 16 Proben (53,3 %) enthielten Bacillus cereus mit Keimzahlen von bis zu 230 KbE/g und 14 Proben (46,7 %) sulfitreduzierende Clostridien mit maximalen Keimzahlen von 120 KbE/g. Die aW-Werte der Marinaden variierten zwischen 0,2 und 0,94, die pH-Werte zwischen 3,57 und 6,53. Bei den Tenazitätsstudien in Marinaden wurde eine kontinuierliche Keimreduktion für beide Pathogene festgestellt: Sowohl L. monocytogenes als auch Salmonella spp. zeigten in Senfmarinaden sowie bei 22 °C Lagerungstemperatur eine deutlichere Absterbekinetik als in Paprika- bzw. Kräutermarinaden und bei 4 °C Lagerungstemperatur. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit können vorverpackte, marinierte Schweinenackensteaks auch nach MHD-Fristen von 18 Tagen als lebensmittelhygienisch sicher beurteilt werden. Allerdings können Lebensmittelinfektionserreger in den Produkten vorkommen und zum Teil bis zum Ende des MHD überleben. Im Hinblick auf den vorbeugenden Verbraucherschutz können folgende Empfehlungen für mikrobiologische Richtwerte von marinierten Schweinenackensteaks abgeleitet werden: Salmonellen: nicht nachweisbar in 25 g STEC: nicht nachweisbar in 25 g L. monocytogenes: < 102 KbE/g St. aureus: 1,0 x 102 KbE/g B. cereus: 1,0 x 104 KbE/g Sulfitreduzierende Clostridien: 1,0 x 104 KbE/g Aufgrund von teils starken Zunahmen der Gesamtkeimzahl und der Keimzahlen von Milchsäurebakterien und Enterobacteriaceae sollte die MHD-Frist auf maximal 7-10 Tage beschränkt werden, um eine mikrobiologisch annehmbare Qualität für den Verbraucher garantieren zu können. Bei der Zubereitung sollte auf eine Vermeidung von Kreuzkontaminationen und vor dem Verzehr auf eine vollständige Durcherhitzung geachtet werden.

The effects of iron, temperature, and presence of botulinal spores or sodium ascorbate on depletion of nitrite level were determined in meat and model systems. Higher temperature and presence of botulinal spores definitely increased nitrite depletion in a meat system. Added hemoglobin also significantly increased nitrite depletion, while ferrous iron and ferric iron did not significantly decrease nitrite level in a meat system. High temperature and presence of sodium ascorbate increased nitrite depletion in a model system. Only ferrous iron significantly decreased nitrite level in the absence of ascorbate, while ferric iron, heme iron, and ferritin iron did not decrease nitrite level in the absence of ascorbate. Ferrous iron, ferric iron, and heme iron decreased nitrite level in the presence of ascorbate, while ferritin iron did not decrease nitrite level in a model system.

The objective of this study was to establish the consumer acceptability of preblended and nonpreblended post rigor seasoned pork patties with added water levels of 0, 3, 6, and 9 percent for each formula. Other parameters measured were proximate analysis, texture, cooking loss, and consumer acceptability. Nonpreblended treatments had a higher (P<0.05) percentage of protein and a lower (P<0.05) percentage of fat as compared to preblended treatments. Texture analysis revealed a lower (P<0.05) amount of total energy required to shear through a single patty in preblended treatments than nonpreblended treatments. No differences (P>0.05) were detected among treatments at varying water levels. Consumer acceptability showed no differences (P>0.05) among selected treatments. Consumer acceptability scores indicated that consumers would consume both preblended and nonpreblended seasoned pork patties at varying water levels.