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The impact of public international law on private shipping law : the effect of the modern international legislative and enforcement practices on certain principles of maritime lawPamborides, George Pan January 1997 (has links)
No description available.
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Efterlevnad av svaveldirektiven : En studie over hur landerna i svavelkontrollomradena agerar for att sakerstalla svaveldirektivens efterlevnadPettersson, Niclas January 2013 (has links)
De senaste åren har utsläppsreglerna för sjöfarten blivit allt hårdare och under de kommande åren skärps de ännu mer. För att svaveldirektiven för sjöfarten ska fungera effektivt så krävs det också att de efterlevs. Syftet med den här studien var därför att undersöka hur länderna i Europeiska SECA områdena agerar och kommer att agera i framtiden för att se till att svaveldirektiven efterlevs. Studien syftar också till att undersöka hur efterlevnadskontroller genomförs, samt se om länderna har infört sanktioner mot överträdelser och vad dessa innebär. För att få svar på detta studerades lagar och förordningar, men framförallt skickades frågeformulär ut till de ansvariga myndigheterna i flera olika länder kring SECA områdena. Slutsatsen av det här arbetet är att samtliga länder anser att efterlevnadskontroll sker i tillräcklig omfattning och alla länder använder sig av samma metod. I Sverige pågår utveckling av en optisk mätmetod för att mäta svavelhalt i avgaserna ifrån luften, men än är metoden inte tillräckligt säker för att kunna användas. Det framkom också att i flera länder anses det på grund av flera faktorer vara svårt att fälla någon ifall de bryter mot gällande svavelförordningar, därför anses det också finnas en risk för överträdelser. Detta trots att det i andra länder faktiskt sker ingripande mot överträdelser och samtliga länder använder sig av samma metoder för efterlevnadskontroll. Det saknas i dagsläget även sanktioner mot överträdelser i flera länder.
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Enforcing the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 : A study of the early results of implementation and enforcement of the Maritime Labour Convention, 2006Meitmann, Carl Anton January 2016 (has links)
The objectives of the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 (hereafter: MLC 2006) have long been familiar to many states, but for some it has brought with it increased expectations in improving working conditions for seafarers. This study aims to analyse the early figures provided by Paris Memorandum of Understanding’s (hereafter: Paris MoU) on the number of deficiencies and detentions in before and after the implementation of the MLC 2006, as well as the ILO Committee of Experts 2014 Report, which marks the first full year of MLC 2006 compliance in the first ratifying states. The purpose was to provide an early report on the progress of the MLC 2006 to date as well as how it has adapted to concerns expressed by experts in maritime law prior to its implementation. Even if it has not been long enough since the entry into force to properly identify a trend, it is interesting to see a positive start to the MLC 2006, which has received rapidly increasing attention, and that awareness of labour rights has increased in the maritime industry. Figures also revealed that the early result is at least not a decrease in the number of reported deficiencies. In addition, the fact that a number of detentions have been issued is worthy of note, as they were very rare in the labour context before the MLC 2006.
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En jämförelse av SIRE - inspektioner och hamnstatskontroller / A comparison of SIRE - inspections and Port State controlsAndersson, Daniella, Beyersdorf, Oskar January 2010 (has links)
Vi har valt att undersöka om oljebolagens krav är högre än hamnstatens eftersom vi under vår tid till sjöss har kommit i kontakt med ämnet ett flertal gånger. Ombord i fartygen pratas det mycket om inspektioner och de anses många gånger vara onödigt petiga. Resultatet i vår studie har visat att inspektionerna medför en ökning av säkerheten och medvetenheten av risker som kan föreligga. Vi redogör även för om det finns en möjlighet att slå samman inspektionerna för att reducera påfrestningen hos besättningen. För att få en inblick i organisationernas arbete har vi valt att göra en kvalitativ studie, grundad på strukturerade intervjufrågor som har ställts till oljebolag, ombordbefäl och inspektörer från Transportstyrelsen. Vid framställningen av resultatet transkriberade vi intervjuerna och delade sedan upp materialet i kategorier för att läsaren på ett enkelt sätt skall kunna följa studien från början till slut. / We have chosen to investigate if the oil companies requirements are higher than the Port States. During our time at sea as cadets we have been in contact with inspections several times. The crew members are often talking about these inspections and experience them as to critical. The results of our study has shown that the inspections are increasing the safety and awareness of risks that may exist. We will also describe wether there is a possibility to merge the inspections to reduce fatigue among the crew. To get an insight in the activities of the organisations we have decided to found our study based on interviews with oil companies, officers onboard and inspectors from Transportstyrelsen. During the process to complete the result we transcribed the interview material and divided it into categories, this will make it easier for the reader to follow our study.
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En jämförelse av SIRE - inspektioner och hamnstatskontroller / A comparison of SIRE - inspections and Port State controlsAndersson, Daniella, Beyersdorf, Oskar January 2010 (has links)
<p>Vi har valt att undersöka om oljebolagens krav är högre än hamnstatens eftersom vi under vår tid till sjöss har kommit i kontakt med ämnet ett flertal gånger. Ombord i fartygen pratas det mycket om inspektioner och de anses många gånger vara onödigt petiga.</p><p>Resultatet i vår studie har visat att inspektionerna medför en ökning av säkerheten och medvetenheten av risker som kan föreligga. Vi redogör även för om det finns en möjlighet att slå samman inspektionerna för att reducera påfrestningen hos besättningen.</p><p>För att få en inblick i organisationernas arbete har vi valt att göra en kvalitativ studie, grundad på strukturerade intervjufrågor som har ställts till oljebolag, ombordbefäl och inspektörer från Transportstyrelsen.</p><p>Vid framställningen av resultatet transkriberade vi intervjuerna och delade sedan upp materialet i kategorier för att läsaren på ett enkelt sätt skall kunna följa studien från början till slut.</p> / <p>We have chosen to investigate if the oil companies requirements are higher than the Port States. During our time at sea as cadets we have been in contact with inspections several times. The crew members are often talking about these inspections and experience them as to critical.</p><p>The results of our study has shown that the inspections are increasing the safety and awareness of risks that may exist. We will also describe wether there is a possibility to merge the inspections to reduce fatigue among the crew.</p><p>To get an insight in the activities of the organisations we have decided to found our study based on interviews with oil companies, officers onboard and inspectors from Transportstyrelsen.</p><p>During the process to complete the result we transcribed the interview material and divided it into categories, this will make it easier for the reader to follow our study.</p>
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Discussion of maritime law enforcement strategies of oil discharge pollution from navigating shipsKu, Tsung-hung 01 February 2012 (has links)
Taiwan is an island surrounded by ocean, where its unique geographical location has placed Taiwan the role of the Asian maritime hub. Heavy traffic is around the surrounding water with thousands of ships passing through each day. The prosperous shipping industrial bring economic benefits, nevertheless, it also enhances the risk of marine pollution. Facing the potential marine environmental impact incurred by shipping, it is imperative to review the current inspection system and related policies designated to the prevention of ship pollution.
Currently in Taiwan, Port State Control (PSC) is implemented by the harbor bureaus, who enforce the regulations articulated by PSC. The objectives of PSC are to protect human life and cargo safety at sea, and to prevent the pollution from ships. Due to the lack of dedicated units and personnel, there are no frequent ship inspections and thus less effective PSC operations. In addition, without any appropriate vessel to navigate off coast, the harbor bureaus cannot perform investigations on board for the ships sail around Taiwan waters. It is therefore possible that the ships discharge waste oil and sewage into the sea intentionally or negligently, and cause marine environmental pollution and impact marine ecology.
The study has identified the inadequate capacity for maritime enforcement in Taiwan. To improve the current situations, it is necessary to refer to law enforcement experiences from developed countries. After careful review the related literatures, the study has also interviewed several domain experts and presented the results using the SWOT table. In addition, a multi-objective programming (MOP) model has been formulated to suggest the allocation strategies of inspection resources based on the objectives of cost and performance. Finally, the study has analyzed the historical events, enforcement capacities, equipment, laws, and policies, and has proposed the comprehensive suggestions to overcome the current problems and thus improve the supervision of oil pollution from ships. The goals of marine environmental protection and sustainable marine ecology are therefore achievable.
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An Assessment of International Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from ShipsKuo, Wen-Tzu 18 July 2012 (has links)
The International Maritime Organization(IMO) has adopted a draft of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto and by the Protocol of 1997(termed as MARPOL 73/78/97)since September 1997, amended the Convention and added a new Annex VI which regulates gas pollution emitted from ships, the latest Annex came into effect after the MARPOL convention. This study aims to discuss the effect of the Annex VI Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships after it was implemented on 19 May 2005 and the growth and decline status of pollution by document analysis and quantitative analysis methods.
This study find that there were different concern positions from each PSC region, the enforcement state of Europe, Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean regions were better than Black Sea, west and central Africa, Latin America and Caribbean regions. The statistical show that sulfur oxides decreased notably, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxides decreased slowly by UNFCCC web; in addition, some countries did not submit their gas inventory, including developed countries: Canada, United States of America, Japan, Luxembourg and Netherlands et al. The quantitative analyses show that some countries has decreased or slow down the ship-source gas pollution with countries¡¦ economy developed, including Denmark, Ireland, Norway, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Japan, Australia and United States of America et al.
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Complexity and Ambivalence in Ship Safety Inspection : The view of Swedish Port state control officersHjorth, Fredrik January 2015 (has links)
Despite an extensive system of Port state controls (PSC) on ships, inspection loopholes in European control functions have been reported. Furthermore, risk factors associated with fatigue, stress and a poorly developed safety culture on board ships have been identified in earlier research. These combined risk factors may pose a serious threat to maritime safety. With this as a point of departure, this thesis aims to investigate the perceived work situation for Swedish inspectors from an inspector’s point of view concerning professional challenges, status and identity for inspectors and the perceived quality of Paris MoU inspection system and the Swedish inspection organization. In this study, the activities of Swedish PSC inspectors are viewed as a profession and the inspectors are viewed as bureaucrats. One of the principals for bureaucracy is that its servants should exercise their authority according to the common good, be autonomous, rational, reliable and responsible. The results indicate that organizational and management reforms have put the PSC bureaucrat under pressure to become more market oriented. Due to the responsibilities inherent in the profession of inspector within the complex structure of shipping, these organizational and management reforms conflict with the PSC inspector’s autonomy and professional role. Inspectors perceive that their expertise and integrity are vital for the success of their work. They also consider the high degree of control that the Swedish inspection organization exercises on the inspectors’ work as limiting to their autonomy and ability to make professional decisions. Some level of control may fulfil a need of support from the Swedish inspection organization, but too much control hampers the professional self-sufficiency and freedom of action. The inspectors in this study reveal considerable ambivalence towards the quality and complexity of ship safety inspections carried out in Sweden and within the Paris MoU system. / <p>The research has been funded by, the Swedish Mercantile Marine Foundation.</p>
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Hur införandet av MLC har påverkat anmärkningar under hamnstatskontrollerMansnerus, Anton, Wernius, Pontus January 2017 (has links)
Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka om antalet anmärkningar och typer av anmärkningar hade förändrats sedan införandet av MLC. Undersökningsmaterialet är hämtat från Paris MoU årliga rapporter. Det var utifrån dessa som undersökningen genomfördes. Slutsatserna som vi kom fram till var, att sedan MLC infördes har totala antalet anmärkningar minskat under perioden 2011 till 2015. Antal nyttjandeförbud har också minskat. Anmärkningar som endast berör arbetsmiljön har minskat sedan införandet av MLC. Allt fler anmärkningar, som tidigare hamnat under ILO, hamnar nu under MLC. De mest förekommande MLC anmärkningarna var ”Records of Seafarers´daily hours of work or rest” och ”Electrical”. Den vanligaste MLC anmärkningen som resulterade i nyttjandeförbud var ”Wages”. De anmärkningar som var vanligast vid en hamnstatskontroll beträffande övriga anmärkningar var ”Fire Safety” och ”Safety of Navigation”. / The aim of the study was to investigate whether the number of complaints and the types of complaints had changed since the introduction of the MLC. The research material is taken from the Paris MoU annual reports. It was from these that the survey was conducted. The conclusions that we came to was, that since the MLC was introduced, the total number of complaints have decreased during the period 2011-2015. The number of detentions have also declined. Remarks concerning only the work environment has declined since the introduction of the MLC. An increasing number of complaints, which had previously fallen under the ILO, will settle in the MLC. The most common MLC remarks were "Records of Seafarers'daily hours of work or rest" and "Transport". The most common MLC complaint that resulted in the retention was "Wages". The remarks that were common at the Port State Control regarding the other allegations were "Fire Safety" and "Safety of Navigation".
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Les mémorandums d'entente sur le contrôle des navires par l'Etat portuaire comme mécanisme de renforcement de la sécurité maritime : une approche prometteuse du transgouvernementalismeLe Borgne, François 25 March 2011 (has links)
Traditionnellement, les armateurs, les États du pavillon et les sociétés de classification ont assuré le maintien des normes internationales de sécurité à bord des navires de commerce. Mais, depuis plusieurs années, la mondialisation impose à ces protagonistes une concurrence féroce obligeant plusieurs d’entre eux à réduire leur contrôle, notamment au plan de la sécurité, afin d’attirer ou de conserver une clientèle. Ce désengagement à l’égard du système de renforcement juridique des prescriptions internationales et la « course vers le fond » qu’il induit sur le plan de la sécurité sont des éléments laminant la condition de navigabilité des navires. Afin de réduire le nombre de bâtiments de mer sous normes en circulation dans leur région, des membres d’autorités maritimes d’États portuaires ont conclu et mis en oeuvre des mémorandums d’entente sur le contrôle par l’État portuaire, communément appelés MoU, qui établissent des règles de coordination de l’inspection des navires en escale. En réalité, ces ententes administratives, qui réunissent désormais les pays de neuf régions maritimes mondiales, incarnent des réseaux transgouvernementaux formés de relations transnationales complexes entre des fonctionnaires-cadres qui sont aussi des experts de la sécurité maritime. Ainsi, au-delà de leur origine et de leur culture respectives, ces derniers partagent, au plan professionnel, des valeurs et des intérêts communs. Ceci concourt à la cohésion interne de ces organisations alors qu’il s’agit d’instruments non contraignants relevant de la soft law. Même à l’extérieur du cadre imposé par le droit positif, ces règles qualifiées d’interstitielles peuvent néanmoins avoir une valeur normative quasi juridique, sinon juridique.Une telle valeur normative des mesures de coordination mises en œuvre par les MoU peut être établie en démontrant leur effectivité ainsi que leur efficacité. Dans le premier cas, il s’agit de vérifier si les règles s’imposent à ceux qu’elles visent. Dans le second cas, il faut s’assurer qu’elles permettent d’atteindre les objectifs fixés. Par ailleurs, il faut se demander si le constat d’une normativité juridique doit se limiter uniquement à ces deux aspects. En effet, les règles que les réseaux transgouvernementaux mettent de l’avant devraient aussi assurer un minimum de transparence au risque sinon de créer un droit obscur / Traditionally, shipowners, flag states and classification societies have ensured the implementation of international security standards aboard merchant vessels. Yet, in recent years, globalization has created an environment of ferocious competition that has forced these actors to reduce their controls, principally with regard to security, in order to attract new clients or to conserve an existing clientele. Such disengagement from the established system of legal enforcement of international norms, as well as the “race to the bottom” it induces with regard to security, are both elements of an ongoing erosion of the seaworthiness of vessels.In order to reduce the number of substandard vessels sailing in their regions, members of the maritime authorities of port states have executed and implemented Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (MoU), which establish rules coordinating the inspection of ships on layover. These administrative agreements, which now regroup countries from nine international maritime regions, have in fact become transgovernmental networks composed of complex transnational relationships between managing civil servants who are also experts in maritime security. Thus, beyond their respective nationalities and cultures, these civil servants share, on the professional scale, common interests and values. This contributes to the internal cohesion of these organisations, even though they are concerned with non-binding soft law instruments. Nevertheless, even outside the obligatory framework of positive law, these « interstitial » rules may have a quasi-normative, if not fully normative, effect. Such a normative value for the coordination measures put in place by the MoU may be established by demonstrating their effectiveness as well as their efficacy. First, by assessing whether the rules are applied to those toward whom they are directed; and second, by verifying that they work toward the objectives that have been set. Moreover, it is necessary to ask whether the assessment of the legal normativity of these rules must be limited to the previous two aspects. Indeed, the rules put forth by the intergovernmental networks should ensure a minimum of transparency, lest it become a body of dark law
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