In 1817, the fifth Earl of Selkirk and certain Saulteaux chiefs negotiated the Selkirk Treaty to secure the existence of a fragile Euro-Canadian settlement near the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. Selkirk died soon after, and his agents and successors disputed the content of the treaty with the Indigenous negotiating parties. The historiography of the Selkirk Treaty has not reached a consensus on these disputes, in part due to the number of ostensibly contradictory sources it draws upon. This thesis argues that these disputes can be best answered, and these ostensibly contradictory sources best reconciled, by situating them and the Selkirk Treaty within the context of the Indigenous and Imperial land frameworks that operated in Red River in 1817. This thesis first identifies unresolved questions in the historiography of the Selkirk Treaty. Using primary sources cited in the historiography, it then outlines the ideas acting within the Indigenous and Imperial land frameworks operative over Red River. It argues these ideas and frameworks remained intact during the negotiation of the Selkirk Treaty. On the basis of these frameworks, this thesis further argues that neither Lord Selkirk nor the Saulteaux negotiators intended the Selkirk Treaty to consist of a permanent alienation of Indigenous land. However, after Selkirk’s death, his agents and successors came to trust the Indenture of the Selkirk Treaty, a written and signed record of the treaty, as the only trustworthy record of the agreement. Selkirk’s agents and successors then read the Indenture as a permanent alienation of land, but this thesis argues that, on the basis of the borders specified in the Indenture, that document alone is inadequate to interpret the Selkirk Treaty. The primary purpose of this thesis is to provide a point of departure for future research into the Selkirk Treaty. At the same time, it is intended as a corrective against assuming the ideas of either Indigenous or Euro-Canadian actors about land rights in colonization zones. It is also meant to act as a caution against relying any more heavily on the Indenture of the Selkirk Treaty than scholars do on the written records of other treaties. It is further hoped that this thesis contributes to a better understanding of Red River’s Métis population in these early years by situating them within the framework of the broader Iron Alliance.

Les protocoles de détection de QTL varient selon le modèle étudié, car ils dépendent de nombreux paramètres. Cette thèse s’est intéressée à la façon d’adapter ces protocoles à travers deux exemples de recherches de QTL chez la Poule, en utilisant deux méthodes statistiques différentes : maximum de vraisemblance (MV) et régression linéaire (RL), qui ont été comparées. Dans un premier temps, des QTLs de résistance au portage de salmonelles ont été identifiés, d’effets faibles et dont les positions varient selon la méthode utilisée. Dans un deuxième temps, des QTLs de caractères de digestibilité et d’anatomie du tube digestif ont été identifiés, avec des résultats semblables avec les deux méthodes. De nombreux QTLs d’effets faibles à modérés ont été identifiés. Les résultats de cette thèse montrent que la comparaison des deux méthodes est toujours utile et car dans certaines conditions les résultats obtenus diffèrent entre les deux méthodes. / The QTL detection protocols vary depending on the model studied, because they depend on many parameters. This thesis has focused on how to adapt these protocols through two examples of QTL detection in Chicken, using two different statistical methods: maximum likelihood (ML) and linear regression (LR), which results were compared on two examples. Initially, QTLs controlling resistance to Salmonella carrier-state have been identified, of small effects and whose positions vary according to the method. In a second step, QTLs controlling digestibility and anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract were identified with similar results for both methods. Many QTLs of small to moderate effects were identified. The results of this thesis show that the comparison of the two methods is always helpful as under certain conditions the results may vary with the method.

Nous nous intéressons à la multilinguïsation, ou « portage linguistique » (plus simple que la localisation) des services de gestion de contenu traitant des énoncés spontanés en langue naturelle, souvent bruités, mais contraints par la situation, et constituant toujours un « sous-langage » plus ou moins restreint.<br />Un service de ce type (soit App) utilise une représentation du contenu spécifique (RC-App) sur laquelle travaille le noyau fonctionnel. Le plus souvent, cette représentation est produite à partir de la langue « native » L1 par un extracteur de contenu (EC-App). Nous avons dégagé trois méthodes de portage possibles, et les avons illustrées par le portage en français d'une partie de CATS, un système de traitement de petites annonces en SMS (en arabe) déployé à Amman, ainsi que sur IMRS, un système de recherche de morceaux de musique dont l'interface native est en japonais et dont seule la RC est accessible. Il s'agit de : (1) localisation « interne », i.e. adaptation à L2 de l'EC donnant EC-App-L2 ; (2) localisation « externe », i.e. adaptation d'un EC existant pour L2 au domaine et à la représentation de contenu de App (EC-X-L2-App); (3) traduction des énoncés de L2 vers L1.<br />Le choix de la stratégie est contraint par la situation traductionnelle : types et niveau d'accès possibles (accès complet au code source, accès limité à la représentation interne, accès limité au dictionnaire, et aucun accès), ressources disponibles (dictionnaires, corpus), compétences langagières et linguistiques des personnes intervenant dans la multilinguïsation des applications.<br />Les trois méthodes ont donné de bons résultats sur le portage d'arabe en français de la partie de CATS concernant l'occasion automobile. En localisation interne, la partie grammaticale a été très faiblement modifiée, ce qui prouve que, malgré la grande distance entre l'arabe et le français, ces deux sous-langages sont très proches l'un de l'autre, une nouvelle illustration de l'analyse de R. Kittredge. La localisation externe a été expérimentée sur CATS et sur IMRS en adaptant au nouveau domaine considéré l'extracteur de contenu du français écrit initialement par H. Blanchon pour le domaine du tourisme (projet CSTAR/Nespole!), puis en changeant de langue pour IMRS (anglais).<br />Enfin, le portage par TA statistique a également donné de très bonnes performances, et cela avec un corpus d'apprentissage très petit (moins de 10.000 mots) et un dictionnaire complet. Cela prouve que, dans le cas de sous-langages très petits, la TA statistique peut être de qualité suffisante en partant de corpus 100 à 500 fois moins grands que pour de la langue générale.

The University Hospital of Liège has 955 beds in 8 intensive care units, 15 medical wards, 10 surgical wards and 1 paediatric ward. Approximately 36,000 patients are admitted each year, giving a total of 265,000 patient-days hospitalization. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (E-ESBL) constitute, along with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the main multi-resistant bacteria recovered in our hospital. The aims of the present study were to: - evaluate the epidemiology of E-ESBL - evaluate the impact of an infection control programme to reduce the spread of E-ESBL in the University Hospital of Liège. In order to do this, several studies were carried out between 2001 and 2007: 1. Determination of the high risk units in the CHU (2001) The high risk units were determined by comparing the incidence rates of each type of unit. Two types of high risk unit were identified in this way: the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and the Onco-Haematology Unit. 2. Epidemiology of E-ESBL in the Onco-Haematology unit (2002-2003 and 2005-2006) Digestive tract colonization by E-ESBL was found to be relatively high (7.3%) and this explains the high incidence of E-ESBL in Onco-Haematology in comparison with the rest of the hospital. However, the clinical gravity associated with exposure to the risk factor (digestive tract colonization by E-ESBL) was found to be relatively weak. 3. Importance of digestive tract colonization by E-ESBL in General ICUs (2002-2003) Digestive tract colonization by E-ESBL was found to be relatively common (8.8%) and faecal carriage of E-ESBL was found to be a good marker for infection with E-ESBL at another body site. Even though the number of infected patients was found to be low, the risk of infection due to E-ESBL was multiplied by 14.7 in a group of digestive carriers of E-ESBL with regard to a group of non carriers. Our data also showed that Enterobacter aerogenes is the most frequent species producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and that TEM-24 is the most prevalent ESBL produced by E-ESBL species in our ICUs. No CTX-M-type genes were identified. With regard to antibiotic susceptibility, meropenem and cefepime appeared to be the most active agents against the majority of isolates. 4. Impact of an infection control programme to reduce the spread of E-ESBL (2006-2007) A surveillance programme was carried out to evaluate the implementation of infection control procedures including surveillance of ESBL-producing strains, utilization of computer alerts for E-ESBL positive patients and the application of contact precautions for colonized or infected patients. Infection control compliance observations were performed by trained referring nurses. During the 2 years of application, one or more E-ESBL were identified in 500 patients. A total of 2268 internal messages regarding the identification of E-ESBL were sent within the hospital, among which 91.84 % were received (at least 1 for every patient). An alert was associated with 406 patients, who were always hospitalized as the identification of the E-ESBL by the laboratory was obtained. A total of 257 registration forms were filled in by the referring nurses, resulting in a survey compliance of 63%. This survey showed that door signs identifying positive patients, hydro-alcoholic solution and gloves were present in 90% of the cases, but that gowns were only present in 59%. The overall incidence of nosocomial acquisition of E-ESBL between 2006 and 2007 was 0.92/1000 patient-days, more or less the same as in 2002. In relation to this research, several questions remain: - Even though the rates of digestive tract colonization with E-ESBL in the 2 types of high risk unit were found to be more or less the same (7.3 and 8.8%), the impact on infections due to E-ESBL was very different. - Are the infections due either to E-ESBL endogenous infections (owing notably to the use of broad spectrum antibiotics) or to secondary infections (resulting from cross-transmission) or to both? The implementation of an infection control programme to limit the spread of E-ESBL has been based on the limitation of the cross-transmission of these micro-organisms. An enhanced barrier precautions policy has been in place in our institution for 2 years, and we have seen no erosion in compliance. We should not however lose sight of the fact that, whatever the institutional policy for the management of multi-resistant bacteria, the correct application of standard precautions for all patients is the first measure to limit the cross-transmission of all micro-organisms.

Cette thèse aborde les formalismes pour la modélisation multi-physique en support au cycle en V de conception. Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet ANR-MoCoSyMec, selon la méthodologie du prototypage virtuel fonctionnel (PVF) et illustré sur des systèmes électromagnétiques. Nous nous sommes principalement intéressés au langage VHDL-AMS, en tant que support aux différents niveaux de modélisation apparaissant dans le cycle en V de conception. Cela nous a conduits à traiter la portabilité et l'interopérabilité en VHDL-AMS de diverses méthodes et outils de modélisation. Nous avons proposé et validé, via le formalisme des composants logiciels ICAr, des solutions aux limites de l'utilisation de VHDL-AMS pour modéliser certains phénomènes physiques reposants sur des calculs numériques. Nous avons étendu la norme ICAr pour supporter des modèles dynamiques décrits par des équations différentielles algébriques (DAE) ; et pour des besoins de co-simulation, nous pouvons également y associer un solveur. Ces développements sont désormais capitalisés dans le framework CADES. Enfin, nous avons proposé une architecture pour le portage de modèles d'un formalisme à un autre. Elle a été définie et mise en oeuvre plus particulièrement pour des modèles magnétiques réluctants (Reluctool) et des MEMS magnétiques (MacMMems) vers le VHDL-AMS. Ces formalismes et méthodologies sont mis en oeuvre autour du PVF d'un contacteur électromagnétique.

This thesis details the hydrodynamic research conducted at Delta Marsh as part of the Restoring the Tradition marsh rehabilitation project. Research has indicated that the hydraulic and hydrologic controls on the marsh can have considerable impacts on its ecological function, but the impacts of these controls had not previously been studied. Field hydrography and two-dimensional numerical modelling (using MIKE 21) provided insight into many aspects of the physical behaviour of Delta Marsh. Eighty five percent of the inflow to Delta Marsh from Lake Manitoba passes through Clandeboye Channel, and these discharge signals propagate as far west as Cadham Bay. Inflow to the marsh disperses quickly, and accounts for a small fraction of the water that exits the marsh during subsequent outflow. Thus, Portage Diversion water that enters the marsh through the lake can remain there even if there is a net loss in marsh volume over the season. Wind friction across Lake Manitoba has the greatest impact on short-term fluctuations in marsh volume and on the composition of marsh water, followed by the Portage Diversion and the natural inflows to Lake Manitoba. Expansions to flood diversion infrastructure will considerably impact the composition of Delta Marsh waters. Three methods of wetland discharge estimation were developed and tested. The most promising method was the regressed slope Manning method (RSMM), which estimates two-directional channel discharge as a function of the water surface elevations at both ends of a channel. When used in conjunction with the velocity index method, the RSMM can multiply the amount of reliable discharge data collected per research dollar. Thanks to its simple formulation, the RSMM is likely applicable outside of wetland settings, as well. / February 2016

A première vue, le sujet des prises de participations dans les sociétés non cotées apparaît comme un sujet du droit des sociétés. Mais avec la présence du capital-investissement, des investisseurs institutionnels et des différents véhicules d’investissement, le sujet relève désormais du droit des affaires. En effet plusieurs techniques juridiques ont été créées par les praticiens afin de répondre aux besoins des investisseurs. Tel est l’exemple des actions de préférence, et des différents types de valeurs mobilières. C’est aussi le cas de la création des différentes modalités de prises de participations tels que la convention de portage d’actions ou la création d’une Holding de reprise. Les prises de participations dans les sociétés non cotées ne sont pas réglementées comme elles le sont dans les sociétés cotées. La liberté contractuelle est le principe qui prévaut. Les législations françaises et libanaises connaissaient des dispositions juridiques et commerciales similaires. Mais depuis plusieurs années, le droit français, influé par la pratique du droit international des affaires, et par les concepts anglo-saxon, a tellement évolué. Cela n’est pas le cas au Liban. Pourtant, la pratique du capital-investissement s’est fortement développée au Liban. Ainsi il s’agit, tout au long de cette étude, de préciser la notion de prise de participation et ses différentes modalités. Et aussi il semble opportun d’examiner l’applicabilité des principes de négociation et des nouvelles clauses accompagnant le contrat de cession d’actions ou parts sociales, par rapport au droit français et libanais / At first sight, the subject of “The acquisition of shares in non-listed companies” seems to be relevant to the corporate law. However, with the presence of the private equity, institutional investors and different vehicles of investment, the subject is more related to business law. In fact many legal techniques were created by practitioners to respond to the investor’s needs such as preferred shares and different securities; similarly the creation of different ways to acquire shares such as holding companies and the stock carrying agreement. There is no specific regulation for the acquisition of shares in non-listed companies. The principle of contractual freedom prevails. The French and Lebanese legislation contains many similar legal principles. Nevertheless, few years ago, the French laws, influenced by the international business law, and the Anglo-Saxon approach of the subject, have evolved. This was not the case in Lebanon, although the practice of private equity was developed in Lebanon. We will proceed through this study, to clarify the notion of acquisition of shares in non-listed companies, as well as the different techniques used. It is also useful to examine how much we can apply the negotiation principles and new clauses that often accompany the sale agreement of shares, in the context of Lebanese and French law

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Text in Afrikaans / Die private persoon het sekere bevoegdhede betreffende die arrestasie en die gebruik van geweld tydens arrestasie van lede van die publiek wat misdade pleeg/gepleeg het. Hierdie bevoegdheid spruit uit sowel die gemenereg as die wettereg. Kragtens die Suid-Afrikaanse Strafproseswet word hierdie bevoegdhede gereel deur aa 42 en 49. Oewerbewoners as eienaars van grand is geregtig op die onverstoorde gebruik en genot van hulle eiendom. Daarteenoor is kanovaarders ook daarop geregtig om op openbare ri vi ere vir wedvaarte te oefen. Di t is egter belangrik om vas te stel of die portage van kano's op die oewer insidenteel is tot die reg om op die rivier te vaar. Ewewig moet bewerkstellig word tussen die botsende belange. Die Waterwet 54 van 1956 behoort gewysig en vereenvoudig te word, aangesien Suid-Afrika nie slegs op die RomeinsHollandse reg kan staatmaak nie - ons waterprobleme staan direk teenoor die van die Nederlande. / The private person has certain powers regarding the arrest and the use of force to effect the arrest of members of the public who have committed/are committing offences. These powers are derived from either common law or statutory law. In terms of the South African Criminal Procedure Act these powers are regulated by ss 42 and 49. Riparian owners are entitled to the undisturbed use and enjoyment of their property. On the other hand, canoeists are also entitled to practise on public rivers. It is important, however, to ascertain whether portage of canoes on the river bank is incidental to the right of canoeing on the river. A balance should be struck between these conflicting interests. The Water Act 54 of 1956 should be amended and simplified, since South Africa cannot rely on Roman Dutch law alone - our water problems are the complete opposite of those in the Netherlands. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Straf- en Strafprosesreg)