De Toussaint Louverture à Fanny – l'héroïne du roman de Marie Ndiaye En Famille– l'emploi et la réception des mots « noir » ou « nègre » correspondent soit à une lutte de la reconnaissance réciproque entre le maître et l'esclave soit à la révolte du sujet noir qui impose son droit à la parole ou encore au déni de cette lutte pour fonder un projet sociétal qui ne repose plus sur l'occultation de l'Autre mais sur un dialogue interculturel. Au XIXème siècle, contrairement aux textes scientifiques qui réifient le sujet nègre afin de le catégoriser, la littérature, quant à elle, promeut l'interaction et l’intersubjectivité en mettant en scène l'appréhension du sujet noir et du sujet blanc au sein de la métropole. L'expérience de l'Ailleurs se vérifie aussi en France où les sujets s'interrogent sur leurs places respectives dans l'espace commun. Si ce siècle est marqué par des valeurs européo-centristes qui rejettent l'humanité du sujet noir, le XXème siècle, quant à lui, révèle, une parole nègre qui les conteste en revendiquant sa dignité. Cependant, les désillusions des indépendances et des départementalisations découvrent aussi bien les limites de l'européocentrisme que celles de cette parole nègre car les essentialismes n'enraient ni la solitude ni le désarroi de l'être. Dans les textes littéraires, scientifiques et politiques, la production et la réception des mots « noir » et « nègre » témoignent des tentatives d'émancipation de la domination de l'Autre pour constituer une poétique et un projet sociétal qui s'appuie sur l'éthique d'un dialogue entre les cultures et entre les genres. / From Toussaint Louverture to Fanny – the heroine of Marie NDiaye novel’s En famille – the use and reception of these words refer either to a struggle for recognition between mas-ters and slaves or to the uprising of the black man who imposes his right to the freedom of speech or the denial of this struggle in order to found a society project which no longer relies on the obliteration of the Other but on an intercultural dialogue. In 19th century, despite the scientific texts reifying the Black man in order to categorize him, literature promotes interac-tion and intersubjectivity by portraying the apprehension of Blacks and Whites. Experiencing each other in France is questioned within a common space. Whereas this century marked by Eurocentrism values denying the humanity of the Black man, the 20th century reveals that the Negro speech puts into question these values by claiming his dignity. After the Second World War however, the independence and the departmentalization brought disillusion, revealing both the limits of Eurocentrism and the word Negro since essentialisms have neither the soli-tude nor the dismay in being. In literature, science and politics, the production of the words « black » and « negro » and its response bears witness to the attempts of the emancipation from the Other’s domination to create a common poetics and society based on a project effi-cient dialogue between culture and genders.

Le XXe siècle a apporté de profondes mutations dans la vie politique, économique et sociale des pays d'Amérique latine notamment la Colombie. Dans le domaine de la littérature, on assiste alors à une vraie prise de conscience et un engagement de la part des intellectuels noirs. A partir de ce moment, le Noir a commencé à faire son apparition dans la littérature aussi bien en tant que personnage à part entière, qu'en tant qu'auteur. En effet, pendant longtemps, la participation du Noir dans la construction de la nation colombienne a été passée sous silence. En plus d'avoir une image négative (due à l'esclavage), le Noir a souffert pendant longtemps d'une invisibilité manifeste. En conséquence, à partir de la fin des années 40, des intellectuels noirs vont évoquer de manière très claire les inégalités sociales, les injustices, le racisme, et la discrimination dont font l'objet leurs congénères. C'est dans le cadre de ces revendications et protestations en faveur de l'homme Noir, que va être publié le roman d'Arnoldo Palacios, Las Estrellas son negras. Ainsi, nous avons posé notre problématique à savoir comment la condition de l'homme Noir était abordée dans le roman d'Arnoldo Palacios? La première partie de notre thèse évoque la présence africaine en Colombie. La deuxième quant à elle, fait un état des lieux de la présence des Noirs dans la littérature colombienne. Enfin la troisième partie analyse Las Estrellas son negras à travers la structure narrative mais également les thèmes abordés par l'écrivain Arnoldo Palacios. / The twentieth century brought about profound changes in political, economic and social life of Latin American countries, notably Colombia. In the field of literature, there was then a real awareness and commitment on the part of Black intellectuals. From that moment on, the Black man, began to appear in literature as a fully-fledged character and an author. Indeed, for a long time, the participation of the Black in the construction of the Colombian nation was not been mentioned. In addition to his negative image (due to slavery), the Black has suffered for a long time from an obvious invisibility. As a result, in the late 1940s Black intellectuals pointed out in a very clear way the social inequalities, injustices, racism, and discrimination against their fellow men. It is within the framework of these demands and protests in favour of Black man, that the novel of Arnoldo Palacios, The Stars are black was been published in 1949. Thus, we posed our problematic to know how the condition of Black man was been approached in the novel of Arnoldo Palacios. The first part of our thesis will discuss the African presence in Colombia. The second will make an inventory of black presence in Colombian literature. Finally, the third part will analyse The Stars are black through his narrative structure but also the themes addressed by the writer Arnoldo Palacios.

Scarce is the research on the effects of the social and political climates of the Civil Rights era on children of that time. Comparisons are made throughout these writings between that era and the social and political climates that exist today in the United States of America. Specifically, the effects of these climates on Black males are examined across contexts. To better understand the Black male perspective, this body of research contributes to filling the gap of scarce research about older Black men, exploring lived experiences of eight African-American and Black men, 66-78 years of age, through first person interviews. A phenomenological research design and first person interviews allowed the researcher to find themes in the lived experiences of these men. Some of their life experiences (e.g., experiencing racism and disrespect related to being Black men), parallel the research findings throughout the literature review about the life experiences of generations of younger Black males that are coming behind them. Six themes were drawn, from the lived experiences of these men, to answer two research questions that guided the study. Those themes are: 1) personal experience with discrimination, racism or prejudice, 2) the need for strong familial support, 3) the importance of being aware of differences, 4) learning about your-self, 5) giving back to family and community and, 6) views about the need for counseling. From this research, implications are made for counselors, counselor educators and community advocates. / EDD / There are not a lot of research articles that follow the lives of children that lived through the Civil Rights Era, specifically young Black boys of that time. That era was full of social and political climates that the researcher compares to the social and political climates that exist as recently as the time of these writings in 2018. In this research study, the researcher interviewed eight African-American and Black men, ages 66-78, about their experiences living as men in the United States of America. Their life experiences are filled with lessons about racism, building positive family support, learning about yourself, taking care of responsibilities and community advocacy, to name a few. One of many potential benefits of these experiences is the impact it can have on young Black boys today who are living through social and political climates like those that the men interviewed lived through. The men interviewed were able to look back on their lives as young men and offer words of wisdom and advice to young Black men today. These words of wisdom and research have the potential to benefit the way mental health clinicians provide care for their clients, the way community members advocate for their young Black male citizens and the way police interact with citizens, specifically young Black men. For the purpose of this research, African-American is the term used to describe an American of African and especially of black African descent. Black is the term used to describe a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The men interviewed were also asked about their view of respect which, for this research, is defined as: high or special regard: the quality or state of being esteemed.

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2016-12-20T16:33:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Adriano Guedes de Oliveira.pdf: 2489313 bytes, checksum: db7ec200730b90c07babe81acbce42c5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-20T16:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Adriano Guedes de Oliveira.pdf: 2489313 bytes, checksum: db7ec200730b90c07babe81acbce42c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / The objective of this work is to perform an of social aspects analysis, political and economic of black people in the Brazilian labor market between the years 2002 to 2014. To assist in the analysis, data will be presented collected between the years in question to give support to work. There is a latent socioeconomic gap in Brazilian society between whites and blacks, this situation leads to numerous social, political and economic problems for the black population. The same holds the worst indicators and sanitation rates, health, education, employment, income, among others. Therefore, analyze the racial question via the labor market, it is something entirely valid, since it is that part of the socio-economic relations take place. Not counting that is through the labor market that people can generate income so they can get their personal development / O objetivo desta dissertação é efetuar uma análise sobre a situação social, política e econômica do negro no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre os anos de 2002 a 2014. Como forma de auxílio das análises, serão apresentados dados coletados entre os anos em questão a fim de darem suporte para o trabalho. Há um abismo socioeconômico latente na sociedade brasileira entre brancos e negros, tal situação acarreta inúmeros problemas sociais, políticos e econômicos para a população negra. Os mesmos, detém os piores indicadores e índices de saneamento, saúde, escolarização, emprego, renda, entre outros. Portanto, analisar a questão racial via mercado de trabalho, é algo totalmente válido, visto que é nele que parte das relações socioeconômicas se realizam. Sem contarmos que é através do mercado de trabalho que as pessoas conseguem auferir renda para que possam obter seu desenvolvimento pessoal

In 1817, the fifth Earl of Selkirk and certain Saulteaux chiefs negotiated the Selkirk Treaty to secure the existence of a fragile Euro-Canadian settlement near the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. Selkirk died soon after, and his agents and successors disputed the content of the treaty with the Indigenous negotiating parties. The historiography of the Selkirk Treaty has not reached a consensus on these disputes, in part due to the number of ostensibly contradictory sources it draws upon. This thesis argues that these disputes can be best answered, and these ostensibly contradictory sources best reconciled, by situating them and the Selkirk Treaty within the context of the Indigenous and Imperial land frameworks that operated in Red River in 1817. This thesis first identifies unresolved questions in the historiography of the Selkirk Treaty. Using primary sources cited in the historiography, it then outlines the ideas acting within the Indigenous and Imperial land frameworks operative over Red River. It argues these ideas and frameworks remained intact during the negotiation of the Selkirk Treaty. On the basis of these frameworks, this thesis further argues that neither Lord Selkirk nor the Saulteaux negotiators intended the Selkirk Treaty to consist of a permanent alienation of Indigenous land. However, after Selkirk’s death, his agents and successors came to trust the Indenture of the Selkirk Treaty, a written and signed record of the treaty, as the only trustworthy record of the agreement. Selkirk’s agents and successors then read the Indenture as a permanent alienation of land, but this thesis argues that, on the basis of the borders specified in the Indenture, that document alone is inadequate to interpret the Selkirk Treaty. The primary purpose of this thesis is to provide a point of departure for future research into the Selkirk Treaty. At the same time, it is intended as a corrective against assuming the ideas of either Indigenous or Euro-Canadian actors about land rights in colonization zones. It is also meant to act as a caution against relying any more heavily on the Indenture of the Selkirk Treaty than scholars do on the written records of other treaties. It is further hoped that this thesis contributes to a better understanding of Red River’s Métis population in these early years by situating them within the framework of the broader Iron Alliance.

Colonization, which has resulted in the direct contact between the black man and the white man, leaves behind it an eternity of realities, of questioning and even an identity crisis. It was imposed on Africans by means of force, leaving no room for the concept of balance, equality or even of brotherhood. Instead you are faced with the concept of dominance between oppressors and oppressed. During colonization the white man had managed to impose its superiority to the black man by creating an absolute hierarchy: the white man is the all-powerful, the civilized, the absolute master of all, it is superior to all indigenous black; the black man, in the opposite, is found stripped of its roots, its customs, its history, in short it is found lower than the white man. In this work it was question to analyze the process of the demystification of the white man by the black man through Ferdinand Oyono’s Houseboy. We should then, through a study of this novel and other materials, show how this demystification is highlighted. By analyzing this novel and Toundi building his life the kingdom of the West, which will enable him to see more clearly in the behavior of its masters and demystify as well their universalist claims that their claims to the humanism ; we understand then the process and the circumstances which have enabled this demystification. The white man is debunked. Its superiority and its all-powerful are rendered to zero by the degradation of morals characterizing its way of life.