Upper gastrointestinal bleeding episodes from variceal structures are severe complications in patients with portal hypertension. Endoscopic sclerotherapy and variceal ligation are the treatment options preferred for upper variceal bleeding owing to extrahepatic portal hypertension due to portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Recurrent duodenal variceal bleeding in non-cirrhotic patients with diffuse porto-splenic vein thrombosis and subsequent portal. cavernous transformation represent a clinical challenge if classic shunt surgery is not possible or suitable. In this study, we represent a case of recurrent bleeding of duodenal varices in a non-cirrhotic patient with cavernous transformation of the portal vein that was successfully treated with a collateral caval shunt operation.

Background: Endoscopic band ligation (EBL) is generally accepted as the treatment of choice for bleeding from esophageal varices. It is also used for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal hemorrhage. However, there is no data or guidelines concerning endoscopic control of ligation ulcers. We conducted a retrospective study of EBL procedures analyzing bleeding complications after EBL. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from patients who underwent EBL. We analyzed several data points, including indication for the procedure, bleeding events and the time interval between EBL and bleeding. Results: 255 patients and 387 ligation sessions were included in the analysis. We observed an overall bleeding rate after EBL of 7.8%. Bleeding events after elective treatment (3.9%) were significantly lower than those after treatment for acute variceal hemorrhage (12.1%). The number of bleeding events from ligation ulcers and variceal rebleeding was 14 and 15, respectively. The bleeding rate from the ligation site in the group who underwent emergency ligation was 7.1% and 0.5% in the group who underwent elective ligation. Incidence of variceal rebleeding did not vary significantly. Seventy-five percent of all bleeding episodes after elective treatment occurred within four days after EBL. 20/22 of bleeding events after emergency ligation occured within 11 days after treatment. Elective EBL has a lower risk of bleeding from treatment-induced ulceration than emergency ligation. Conclusions: Patients who underwent EBL for treatment of acute variceal bleeding should be kept under medical surveillance for 11 days. After elective EBL, it may be reasonable to restrict the period of surveillance to four days or even perform the procedure in an out-patient setting.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apesar da reconhecida eficácia da escleroterapia e da ligadura elástica no controle de hemorragia por varizes, os resultados do tratamento endoscópico em pacientes Child-Pugh classe C continuam pobres. O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi descrever os resultados da injeção do adesivo tecidual N-butil-2-cianoacrilato no controle de episódios agudos de ruptura de varizes esofágicas em pacientes classe C Child-Pugh. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo realizado em um único centro. De setembro de 2004 a janeiro de 2010, 63 pacientes cirróticos classe C de Child-Pugh foram admitidos na sala de emergência com episódio de hemorragia por varizes de esôfago. Todos foram tratados por injeção de cianoacrilato. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Child-Pugh classe C com pontuações de 10 a 13 (Grupo I) e pacientes com escores de 14 ou 15 (Grupo II). As variáveis estudadas foram falha em controlar o sangramento (até cinco dias) e incapacidade de evitar ressangramento e mortalidade. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e três pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, 50 do sexo masculino e 13 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 49 anos, faixa de 22-74. Os pacientes dos dois grupos (Grupo I = 50 pacientes e Grupo II = 13 pacientes) tinham características semelhantes. Quase 75% dos pacientes tiveram sucesso em controlar o sangramento nos primeiros cinco dias. Não houve diferença entre os grupos. Tampouco se evidenciou diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação às taxas de mortalidade até cinco dias (Grupo I = 20%; Grupo II = 38,5%). Trinta e quatro (54%) dos 63 pacientes apresentaram-se livres de sangramento até seis semanas, com diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos (Grupo I = 32 de 50, 64%; Grupo II = dois de 13, 15,4%; p < 0,001). A taxa de mortalidade global foi de 44,4 %, com diferença importante entre os dois grupos (Grupo I = 17 de 50, 34%; Grupo II = 11 de 13, 84,6%, p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados suportam a visão de que a injeção de cianoacrilato é uma boa opção no controle do sangramento por varizes esofágicas em pacientes Child-Pugh classe C. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que, para pacientes Child-Pugh classe C com pontuação baixa (10-13), a injeção de cianoacrilato pode ser considerada tratamento de primeira linha / BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Despite the recognized efficacy of sclerotherapy and elastic band ligation in controlling variceal hemorrhage, the results of endoscopic treatment in Child-Pugh class C patients remain poor. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the results of the injection of tissue adhesive N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in controlling acute episodes of rupturing of esophageal varices in Child-Pugh class C patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study carried out in a single center. From September 2004 to January 2010, 63 Child-Pugh class C cirrhotic patients were admitted to the emergency room with an acute episode of esophageal variceal bleeding. They were all treated by injection of cyanoacrylate. The patients were divided in two groups: Child-Pugh class C scores from 10 to 13 (Group I) and patients scoring 14 or 15 (Group II). Studied variables were initial failure in control bleeding (five days), failure to prevent re-bleeding and mortality. Data was analyzed by chi-square test. RESULTS: Sixty three patients were included in the study, 50 male and 13 female, mean age 49 years, range 22-74. The patients in the two groups (Group I = 50 patients and Group B = 13 patients) had similar characteristics. Almost 75% of the patients had success in controlling the bleeding in the first five days, with no difference between the groups. Neither there were no statistically differences between the groups related to the mortality rates until five days either (Group I = 20 %; Group II = 38,5 %). Thirty four (54%) of the 63 patients were found free of bleeding until six weeks, with statistically differences between the two groups (Group I = 32 of 50, 64%; Group II = two of 13, 15,4%; p < 0,001). The overall mortality rate was 44,4%, with important difference between the two groups (Group I=seventeen of 50, 34 %; Group II = 11 of 13, 84,6%; p<0,001). CONCLUSION: These findings support the view that cyanoacrylate injection is a good option to control esophageal variceal bleeding in Child-Pugh class C patients. Furthermore, the results suggest that for patients Child-Pugh class C with low score (10-13), cyanoacrylate injection may be considered first line treatment

Orientador: Luiz Sergio Leonardi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T13:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kisilevzky_NestorHugo_M.pdf: 3189187 bytes, checksum: 4ac2d4850c3dba2ce91393afe9ad6f28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Objetivo: O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do procedimento denominado TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt) em pacientes com hepatopatia crônica e hipertensão portal, verificar a incidência de complicações e a existência de fatores prognósticos da evolução clínica. Casuística e Método: Foram revistos todos os procedimentos realizados numa única Instituição, por um único operador, entre 1996 e 2004. Quarenta e quatro pacientes, sendo 30 do sexo masculino e 14 do feminino e com idade média de 52 anos, todos de raça branca, foram submetidos a TIPS. O sintoma principal foi hemorragia digestiva alta em 28, ascite refratária em 11 e síndrome hepatorrenal em 5. Foram verificados os níveis séricos de bilirrubina, albumina, atividade de protrombina e creatinina. Observou-se que 9 eram Child-Pugh A, 24 eram Child-Pugh B e 11 eram Child-Pugh C. Resultados: O TIPS foi completado com sucesso em todos os pacientes (100%), verificando-se uma queda do gradiente pressórico P/S médio de 49,69% que foi estatisticamente significativa. Comprovou-se a melhora clínica em 35 pacientes (79,55%), sendo 24/28 pacientes com HDA, 8/11 pacientes com ascite refratária e 3/5 com SHR. A mortalidade geral PO foi de 13,64%, sendo mais incidente nos pacientes caracterizados como Child-Pugh C (45,45%). Os fatores mais relevantes de mau prognóstico foram o aumento da bilirrubina e do nível de creatinina e a diminuição na atividade de protrombina. Verificou-se que 75% dos pacientes sobreviveram durante o período de observação de um ano. A sobrevida média de pacientes Child-Pugh A foi de 11,5 meses, nos Child-Pugh B foi 10,97 meses e nos Child-Pudh C foi apenas 5,90 meses, evidenciando uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na sobrevida dos pacientes de acordo com a classificação de Child-Pugh. Foram observadas complicações relacionadas com o procedimento em 14 casos (31,80%). Comprovou-se a oclusão do TIPS em 5 pacientes. Conclusão: O TIPS foi eficiente para diminuir a pressão portal e resolver as complicações clínicas em pacientes com hepatopatia crônica e hipertensão portal. As complicações e a morbi-mortalidade relacionadas com o procedimento podem ser consideradas aceitáveis. A mortalidade foi diretamente influenciada por alguns fatores clínicos, tais como classe Child-Pugh C e elevação dos níveis séricos de bilirrubina e creatinina / Abstract: Purpose: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of TIPS (Transjugular Intra-hepatic Portosystemic Shunt) in patients with chronic liver disease and portal hypertension, to verify the safety of the procedure and the complication rates directly related to it. The existence of prognostic factors of postoperative outcome was also verified. Casuistry and Method: all the cases of patients submitted to TIPS in a single Institution by a single operator during an 8-year period of time were reviewed. 44 patients, being 30 males and 14 females, with an average age of 52, all of them white, were submitted to TIPS. All the patients had chronic liver disease and portal hypertension having as main symptom recurrence of gastro-esophagic bleeding or congestive gastropathy in 28, refractory ascite in 11 and hepatorenal syndrome in 5. The serum levels of bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time and creatinine were verified. Patients were stratified according to the Child-Pugh classification resulting that 9 were Child-Pugh A, 24 were Child-Pugh B and 11 were Child-Pugh C. Results: TIPS was successfully performed in all the patients (100%), verifying a fall in the mean porto systemic gradient pressure of about 49,69% (from 18,98 mmHg to 9,55 mmHg) that was statistically significant. Additionally, it was observed clinical improvement in 35 patients (79,55%), being 24 out of 28 patients with bleeding, 8 out of 11 patients with refractory ascite and 3 out of 5 with hepatorenal syndrome. The postoperative general mortality was 13,64% being the highest incidence in patients classified as Child-Pugh C (45,45%). The analysis of the clinical variables that characterized the patients showed that the most relevant factors associated to a poor outcome were high serum levels of bilirubin and creatinin and prolonged prothrombin time. Seventy five percent of patients survived during the first year of observation. The mean survival time was 11,5 months for patients Child-Pugh A, 10,97 months for patients Child-Pugh B and only 5,90 months for patients Child-Pugh C, evidencing a significant statistical difference in patients survival related to the Child-Pugh status. Complications directly related to the procedure were observed in 14 cases (31,80%). Additionally it was seen the occlusion of TIPS in 5 patients. Conclusion: TIPS is efficient to reduce portal pressure and to solve clinical complications in patients with chronic liver disease and portal hypertension. Complications and morbidity and mortality related to the procedure can be considered acceptable. Mortality was directly influenced by some clinical factors such as Child-Pugh class C, high bilirubin and creatinine levels which means, that a good selection should be done when TIPS is indicated. TIPS is a valuable tool to preserve patients who are in the waiting list for a liver transplantation / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestre em Cirurgia

[...]L'ensemble de nos études soulignent le rôle important du stress oxydant qui est lié à la stimulation du SRAA dans la survenue de la dysfonction endothéliale chez le rat présentant une cirrhose biliaire. L'action sur des facteurs pouvant induire le stress oxydant comme la translocation bactérienne et le traitement par des antioxydants (polyphénols) ont clairement montré leurs actions bénéfiques chez nos rats cirrhotiques. Le rôle du NO, en tous cas en tant que vasodilatateur pur, n'est peut-être pas primordial ce qui peut expliquer les résultats décevants en clinique publiés parcertains auteurs. / [...]The important role of oxidative stress in the development of endothelial dysfonction in rats with biliary cirrhosis is emphasized in our studies. Oxidative stress is associated with the stimulation of the RAAS and bacterial translocation. Treatment with antioxidants (polyphenols) and probiotics have clearly demonstrated their beneficial effects on the endothelial dysfonction in our cirrhotic rats. The role of NO as a pure vasodilator is perhaps not essential which may explain the disappointing clinical results published by some authors.

Portal hypertension (PHT) is a condition with serious complications, such as variceal bleeding, refractory ascites and bowel ischemia. The cause of PHT may be pre-, intra- or post-hepatic. Initial treatment is pressure-reducing drugs and the treatment of acute symptoms. Ten patients presented with severe abdominal pain and acute portomesenteric venous thrombosis. Their response to systemic anticoagulation was insufficient. Treatment with primary continuous thrombolysis by a transhepatic or transjugular approach in four patients resulted in major complications, incomplete recanalization and a 75% survival rate. Treatment with repeated transjugular thrombectomy (TT) combined with the creation of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) achieved near complete recanalization, prompt symptom relief and 100% survival in five patients treated with this method as the primary intervention. In one patient, treated with TT and TIPS secondary to surgical thrombectomy and bowel resection, the outcome was fatal. Nineteen patients with portal vein thrombosis presented with acute or threatening variceal bleeding or refractory ascites. TIPS was feasible in 16 of the 18 patients in whom it was attempted and symptom relief was achieved in the majority of them. In 14 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome, 13 patients were treated with TIPS, four of them after previous liver vein angioplasty. The 5-year transplantation-free survival rate was 100% in patients treated with primary TIPS. In 131 patients with variceal bleeding treated with TIPS, the survival at 12 months in patients with and without cirrhosis was 70% and 100% respectively and in accordance with previous studies. A high Child-Pugh score prior to TIPS and severe HE within 12 months after TIPS was related to an increased mortality. The occurrence of HE after TIPS did not correlate with the PSG after TIPS. Re-bleeding within 12 months after TIPS occurred in 10 patients and was associated with TIPS dysfunction. In conclusion, endovascular intervention, mainly TIPS, seems to be safe and effective for treating patients with complications of PHT, regardless of the underlying cause of disease and site of venous blood flow obstruction. HE may occur more frequently after TIPS than medical and endoscopic treatment, but is often mild and easily treated. In selected patients with PHT, TIPS may improve survival.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding episodes from variceal structures are severe complications in patients with portal hypertension. Endoscopic sclerotherapy and variceal ligation are the treatment options preferred for upper variceal bleeding owing to extrahepatic portal hypertension due to portal vein thrombosis (PVT). Recurrent duodenal variceal bleeding in non-cirrhotic patients with diffuse porto-splenic vein thrombosis and subsequent portal. cavernous transformation represent a clinical challenge if classic shunt surgery is not possible or suitable. In this study, we represent a case of recurrent bleeding of duodenal varices in a non-cirrhotic patient with cavernous transformation of the portal vein that was successfully treated with a collateral caval shunt operation.

Background: Endoscopic band ligation (EBL) is generally accepted as the treatment of choice for bleeding from esophageal varices. It is also used for secondary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal hemorrhage. However, there is no data or guidelines concerning endoscopic control of ligation ulcers. We conducted a retrospective study of EBL procedures analyzing bleeding complications after EBL. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from patients who underwent EBL. We analyzed several data points, including indication for the procedure, bleeding events and the time interval between EBL and bleeding. Results: 255 patients and 387 ligation sessions were included in the analysis. We observed an overall bleeding rate after EBL of 7.8%. Bleeding events after elective treatment (3.9%) were significantly lower than those after treatment for acute variceal hemorrhage (12.1%). The number of bleeding events from ligation ulcers and variceal rebleeding was 14 and 15, respectively. The bleeding rate from the ligation site in the group who underwent emergency ligation was 7.1% and 0.5% in the group who underwent elective ligation. Incidence of variceal rebleeding did not vary significantly. Seventy-five percent of all bleeding episodes after elective treatment occurred within four days after EBL. 20/22 of bleeding events after emergency ligation occured within 11 days after treatment. Elective EBL has a lower risk of bleeding from treatment-induced ulceration than emergency ligation. Conclusions: Patients who underwent EBL for treatment of acute variceal bleeding should be kept under medical surveillance for 11 days. After elective EBL, it may be reasonable to restrict the period of surveillance to four days or even perform the procedure in an out-patient setting.

No description available.

Contexte: Les limites du traitement chirurgical des tumeurs du foie sont définies par la réserve hépatique fonctionnelle qui est déterminée par le volume et la qualité du foie non tumoral restant. L’hépatopathie sous-jacente détermine non seulement la place de la chirurgie mais aussi le risque de récidive pour les tumeurs hépatiques primitives. Dans les cas des métastases hépatiques, la chimiothérapie précède très souvent la chirurgie et l’hépatotoxicité de cette chimiothérapie est un risque important des complications post opératoires. Dans le contexte particulier de la transplantation hépatique (TH) pour le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC), l’hypertension portale est un risque de progression tumorale pendant la période d’attente et la sortie de la liste. Le foie non tumoral est donc est un facteur important dans la prise en charge des patients avec des tumeurs du foie. FibroScan® qui mesure l'élasticité du foie pourrait être utilisé pour évaluer le foie et prédire les suites post opératoires et la risque de progression de CHC dans la liste de TH. Méthodes: Les patients consécutifs qui ont été programmés pour subir une hépatectomie ou une transplantation ont été inclus dans l'étude après un consentement éclairé. L'élastométrie (LS) et le paramètre d'atténuation contrôlée (CAP) du foie non tumorale ont été estimés en pré opératoire par l’élastographie transitoire avec le dispositif FibroScan® 502 Touch en utilisant des sondes M ou XL. Résultats: Les nomogrammes basés sur LS qui ont été développés et validés dans cette étude ont pu hépatectomie pour les maladies hépatobiliaires. Chez les patients atteints de CHC, LS a joué un rôle plus important car il prédit non seulement les résultats de 90 jours, mais aussi la décompensation hépatique persistante au-delà de la période post-opératoire. En plus, LS ≥30 kPa et CAP <240 dB/m ont été associés à un mauvais pronostic oncologique après l’hépatectomie et peuvent ainsi être un marqueur de substitution pour la nature agressive du CHC. La performance de LS pour diagnostiquer la fibrose hépatique avancée (AUROC: 0.95) et la cirrhose (AUROC: 0.97) a été validée dans cette recherche et CAP a eu une performance satisfaisante pour détecter la stéatose hépatique significatif (AUROC: 0.70). Un modèle à base de LS appelé score HVPG10 a été développé et validé pour diagnostiquer une hypertension portale significative chez les patients atteints d'une maladie chronique du foie. Avec un seuil de 15, le score HVPG10 était précis pour exclure une hypertension portale importante dans >95% des patients et éviter des investigations supplémentaires et inutiles. Conclusion: L'exploration des patients prévus pour l'hépatectomie permet d'prévoir des complications sévères et la mortalité après l’hépatectomie. LS ≥30 kPa élevé est un facteur de risque important la récidive après la résection et de progression de CHC en attente de TH. Par conséquent, TH devrait être le traitement en première intention avec les patients avec LS ≥30 kPa. / Background: The major determinant of the results of surgical resection for liver tumors is the volume and quality of the future liver remnant. The hepatopathy of the non-tumoral liver not only limits the type of surgery but also the risk of recurrence in primary liver tumors. With respect to liver metastasis, pre-operative chemotherapy is the usual treatment strategy and the hepatotoxicity of prolonged chemotherapy is an important risk factor for post-operative morbi-mortality. In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) waiting for liver transplantation (LT), clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) is a risk for tumor progression and dropout of the waiting list for LT. Overall, degree of liver fibrosis and portal hypertension in the non-tumoral liver are important factors in the management of patients with liver tumors as they determine the prognosis of patients after hepatectomy. FibroScan®, which estimate the degree of liver fibrosis and steatosis, could utilized to evaluate the non-tumoral liver and predict the post-operative outcomes and the risk of dropout from the list of LT in HCC patients waiting for LT. Methods: Consecutive patients programmed to undergo hepatectomy or LT were included in the present study prospectively after an informed consent. Liver stiffness (LS) and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) were measured pre-operatively by transient elastography using FibroScan® 502 Touch Standard device with M or XL probes. Results: LS-based nomograms that were developed and valided in this study were accurate to predict 90-day severe morbidity and 90-day mortality after hepatectomy for various hepatobiliary diseases. In patients with HCC undergoing hepatectomy, elevated LS ≥22 kPa was a risk factor for persistent hepatic decompensation beyond the 90-day post-operative period. Moreover, LS ≥30 kPa and CAP <240 dB/m were associated with poor oncological outcomes after resection and thus could be a surrogate biomarker of more aggressive HCC. The discriminatory ability of LS to diagnose advanced liver fibrosis (AUROC: 0.95) and cirrhosis (AUROC: 0.97) was validated in the present study. Further, CAP had a satisfactory performance to screen significant hepatic steatosis (S≥2) with AUROC of 0.70. A new LS-based model called HVPG10 score was developed and validated to diagnose CSPH. With a cut-off of 15, it was capable of accurately ruling out CSPH in >95% of the patients with chronic liver disease and would avoid further unnecessary investigations. Conclusion: Pre-operative evaluation of patients with transient elastography would enable surgeons to predict major complications and mortality after hepatectomy with LS-based nomograms. In patients with HCC, LS ≥30 kPa was an important risk factor of incomplete surgical resection, early recurrence after hepatectomy and for tumor progression and dropout while waiting for LT. Therefore, LT must be the primary treatment in HCC patients with LS ≥30 kPa.