This work is dedicated to the control of the accuracy of computational simulations of sound propagation and scattering. Assuming time-harmonic behaviour, the mathematical models are given as boundary value problems for the Helmholtz equation <i>Delta u+k2u=0 </i> in <i>Oméga</i>. A distinction is made between interior, exterior and coupled problems and this work focuses mainly on interior uncoupled problems for which the Helmholtz equation becomes singular at eigenfrequencies. As in other application fields, error control is an important issue in acoustic computations. It is clear that the numerical parameters (mesh size h and degree of approximation p) must be adapted to the physical parameter k. The well known ‘rule of the thumb’ for the h version with linear elements is to resolve the wavelength <i>lambda=2 pi k-1</i> by six elements characterising the approximability of the finite element mesh. If the numerical model is stable, the quality of the numerical solution is entirely controlled by the approximability of the finite element mesh. The situation is quite different in the presence of singularities. In that case, <i>stability</i> (or the lack thereof) is equally (sometimes more) important. In our application, the solutions are ‘rough’, i.e., highly oscillatory if the wavenumber is large. This is a singularity inherent to the differential operator rather than to the domain or the boundary conditions. This effect is called the <i>k-singularity</i>. Similarly, the discrete operator (“stiffness” matrix) becomes singular at eigenvalues of the discretised interior problem (or nearly singular at damped eigenvalues in solid-fluid interaction). This type of singularities is called the <i>lambda-singularities</i>. Both singularities are of global character. Without adaptive correction, their destabilizing effect generally leads to large error of the finite element results, even if the finite element mesh satisfies the ‘rule of the thumb’. The k- and lambda-singularities are first extensively demonstrated by numerical examples. Then, two <i>a posteriori</i> error estimators are developed and the numerical tests show that, due to these specific phenomena of dynamo-acoustic computations, <i>error control cannot, in general, be accomplished by just ‘transplanting’ methods that worked well in static computations</i>. However, for low wavenumbers, it is necessary to also control the influence of the geometric (reentrants corners) or physical (discontinuities of the boundary conditions) singularities. An <i>h</i>-adaptive version with refinements has been implemented. These tools have been applied to two industrial examples : the GLT, a bi-mode bus from Bombardier Eurorail, and the Vertigo, a sport car from Gillet Automobiles. As a conclusion, it is recommanded to replace the rule of the thumb by a criterion based on the control of the influence of the specific singularities of the Helmholtz operator. As this aim cannot be achieved by the <i>a posteriori</i> error estimators, it is suggested to minimize the influence of the singularities by modifying the formulation of the finite element method or by formulating a “meshless” method.

Du fait de la raréfaction des gisements de pétrole conventionnel et de l'accroissement de la demande mondiale, les compagnies pétrolières sont amenées à considérer de nouvelles réserves inexploitées car trop coûteuses à l'exploitation il y a quelques années. Ce travail est consacré à la simulation numérique d'un procédé d'extraction de pétrole lourd, le VAPEX, caractérisé par l'injection de solvant facilitant le drainage par gravité de l'huile. L'enjeu principal de cette thèse est de simuler numériquement et avec précision, le mécanisme de pénétration du solvant dans l'huile, cette zone de pénétration étant relativement mince à l'échelle du réservoir. Notre travail a porté sur l'utilisation d’algorithmes de raffinement adaptatif de maillages pour la simulation de ce procédé. Ces considérations nous ont amené à considérer la problématique d'application d'algorithmes de raffinement de maillages en milieu poreux, et plus particulièrement en milieux poreux hétérogènes pour lesquels les indicateurs (ou estimateurs) existants permettant de déterminer les zones à raffiner ne sont pas clairement établis. Dans un premier temps, nous mettons en place l'ensemble des équations que nous sommes amené à résoudre numériquement au cours de l'élaboration des codes de simulation de procédés d'extraction par injection d'eau et de solvant. Nous décrivons ensuite le procédé VAPEX, et nous établissons l'étude semi-analytique de Butler & Mokrys du procédé à laquelle nous ajoutons la prise en compte des termes capillaires. Nous décrivons ensuite deux méthodes mathématiques permettant d'établir des estimateurs a posteriori pour de tels problèmes. Au cours de ce travail, nous mettons en place deux codes de simulation de réservoirs, le premier est un simulateur basé sur une discrétisation des équations par une méthode de discrétisation par éléments finis mixtes hybrides et permettant de simuler des problèmes d'injection d'eau et le second est basé sur une méthode de discrétisation par volumes finis permettant de simuler des procédés d'injection de solvant tels que le VAPEX. Nous utilisons ensuite ces estimateurs par le biais d’un algorithme de raffinement de maillages pour ces deux codes de simulation. L'étude du modèle semi-analytique que nous avons faite du procédé VAPEX montre que sous certaines hypothèses le terme capillaire peut être assimilé à un terme diffusif pour prédire l'avancement du front. Les estimateurs mis en place basés sur les variations des flux permettent de déterminer les zones de front pour des réservoirs hétérogènes. Nous illustrons ce résultat sur une simulation d'un problème d'injection d'eau à l'aide du simulateur mis en place. Les estimateurs mis en place permettent également de capter les fronts des saturations des phases et de concentration des constituants. Nous illustrons ce résultat sur une simulation du procédé VAPEX.Ce travail a amené à la mise en place d’estimateurs permettant de raffiner des maillages autour des fronts de saturation et de concentration pour des milieux poreux hétérogènes au cours de la simulation d'écoulements en milieux poreux. Pour caractériser ces estimateurs, nous avons distingué un front de saturation (resp. concentration), qui correspond est une forte variation de saturation (resp. concentration) engendrant une forte variation du flux, d'un fort gradient de saturation (resp. concentration) qui apparait automatiquement lorsque la perméabilité du milieu poreux varie brutalement. Les extensions de ce travail pourraient permettre de mettre en œuvre plus de simulations faisant varier les termes capillaires et les termes dispersifs affin de mieux apprécier le comportement des estimateurs introduits. Il serait également intéressant d'étudier l'impact des hypothèses faites pour établir les estimateurs empiriques utilisés. Enfin, de tels estimateurs pourraient s'appliquer à des codes de simulation tenant compte de la dispersion en milieu poreux. / With rarefaction of conventional petroleum fields and the world supply increase, petroleum companies have to consider new unexploited reserves because of their exploitation cost few years ago. These reserves are called unconventional reserves, mainly heavy oil or extra heavy oil. This work is devoted to the numerical simulation of an extraction process of heavy oil, the VAPEX. VAPEX is characterized by solvent injection in a horizontal well in order to facilitate gravity drainage of oil in a producer well situated in the same way under the injector well. The main stake to simulate this process is to simulate the mechanism of solvent penetration in oil with precision, this penetration zone being very thin drawn to the reservoir scale. We focus our work on application of algorithm of adaptive mesh refinement to simulate this process. This consideration lead us to consider the issue of application of mesh refinement in porous media, especially in heterogeneous porous media for which existing indicators (or estimators) do not allow to determine properly the zone to be refined. The objective of this work is to determine a posteriori estimators for implementation of simulation codes of heterogeneous petroleum reservoirs and their application to the VAPEX process. Firstly, we set the whole equations we have to solve numerically to build simulators of petroleum extraction processes by water injection and solvent injection. Then, we describe the VAPEX process and we establish the semi-analytical study of Butler & Mokrys of this process for which we take in account influence of capillarity. Afterwards, we describe two mathematical methods to establish a posteriori estimators for such problems. One of these methods is based on empirical extrapolation of existing estimators for hyperbolic problems given by Ohlberger. In the course of this work, we set two simulation codes of petroleum reservoirs, the first is a simulator based on equations discretisation by mixed finite element method allowing simulation of water injection problems and the second is based on discretisation by finite volumes method allowing simulation of solvent injection processes like the VAPEX. Then, we apply these estimators to an algorithm of mesh refinement for these two simulation codes. The study of the semi-analytical model set of the VAPEX process show that under hypothesis, capillarity can be likened to a diffusive term to determine the front tracking. Estimators set are based on flux variation and allow determining sharp zone to be refined in heterogeneous porous media. We illustrate this result for a simulation of water injection with the simulator built. The estimators set can also track saturations fronts and concentrations fronts. We illustrate this result on a simulation of the VAPEX process. This work shows it is possible to set estimators allowing mesh refinement to track saturations and concentrations fronts during simulation of flow in heterogeneous porous media. To set such estimators, we make a distinction between saturation (resp. concentration) front and high saturation (resp. concentration) gradient. To our point of view, a front is a high variation of saturation or concentration that has a high impact on the flux variation. It is different from a high gradient that appear automatically where the permeability of the porous media has a high variation. This work could be complemented by making more simulations with variations of capillarity and dispersive terms in order to have a better appreciation of estimators introduced. It would be advisable to study the impact of suppositions done to establish these empirical estimators set. After all, such estimators could be applied to a simulation code taking in account dispersion in porous media.

Le traitement la forme d'un produit et la formalisation de l'information impliquée dans le processus de liaison entre les activités de Conception et d'Analyse Mécanique sont essentiels. Dans ce travail, un cadre générique la définition d'un modèle intermédiaire est proposé. Le modèle de forme de référence est polyédrique mais également enrichi avec une description de plus haut niveau. La représentation mixte de forme qui en découle permet de transférer quelques hypothèses et objectifs du problème considéré en termes de contraintes qui doivent satisfaites pendant la génération du modèle intermédiaire, où, plus tard dans le processus, pendant la génération modèle de simulation où effectuer l'analyse mécanique. De plus, la relation qu'il y a entre l'application d'un ( mécanique et la suppression d'un sous-domaine de forme est mise en évidence. En particulier, la formulation critère mécanique a posteriori supportant les transformations de forme est fournie.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Tenaillé entre les logiques de la globalisation juridique, de l'intégration communautaireet les contraintes politiques, économiques et sociales propres aux Etats, le droit des contratsadministratifs en Afrique noire francophone s'est transformé. Ses sources se sont élargies. Sesfondements conceptuels et matériels ont connu une mutation. C'est dans ce contexte qu'émergele droit de la commande publique. Renouvelant les principes matriciels de transparence, deliberté et d'égalité, le droit de la commande publique apporte un noyau dur de règles communesaux marchés publics, aux contrats de délégation de service public et aux contrats de partenariatpublic-privée. Pour ce faire, il se fonde d'abord sur une nouvelle conceptualisation des notions àla base du droit des contrats administratifs. Dans un second temps, le droit de la commandepublique représente une refondation des procédures de passation, des mécanismes de contrôle etde règlement des litiges relatifs à ces contrats administratifs. L'émergence de ces nouvellesrègles fait suite aux réformes d'envergure des législations nationales relatives aux contratsadministratifs. Cette étude se donne comme objectif d'analyser les apports véritables desdispositions issues de ces réformes afin de voir si elles ont permis de garantir davantagel'effectivité de l'idéologie concurrentielle. / Caught between the new reality of legal globalization, community integrationrequirements and the political, economic and social constraints of each state, the regulation ofadministrative contracts in French-speaking African countries has changed. The sources of suchregulation have been expanded. Its conceptual and material foundations have changed. A newsystem of public procurement has emerged. Trying to renew principles of transparency, as wellas freedom of acces to public procurement and equality, the new public procurement regulationprovides a body of common rules for public procurement, public service delegation contractsand public-private partnership contracts.First, in order to achieve this, it relies on a new interpretation of the notions on whichAdministrative Contracts Law is based. Second, the new public procurement regulationrepresents a recasting of award procedures, control mechanisms and dispute resolutionmeasures. The emergence of these new regulations follows reforms of Administrative ContractsLaw in the respective countries.The objective of this study is to analyze the actual contribution of provisions flowing from thesereforms, in order to see if they are contributing to ensuring that competitive ideology isincreasingly effective.

This work is dedicated to the control of the accuracy of computational simulations of sound propagation and scattering. Assuming time-harmonic behaviour, the mathematical models are given as boundary value problems for the Helmholtz equation <i>Delta u+k2u=0 </i> in <i>Oméga</i>. A distinction is made between interior, exterior and coupled problems and this work focuses mainly on interior uncoupled problems for which the Helmholtz equation becomes singular at eigenfrequencies. <p><p>As in other application fields, error control is an important issue in acoustic computations. It is clear that the numerical parameters (mesh size h and degree of approximation p) must be adapted to the physical parameter k. The well known ‘rule of the thumb’ for the h version with linear elements is to resolve the wavelength <i>lambda=2 pi k-1</i> by six elements characterising the approximability of the finite element mesh. If the numerical model is stable, the quality of the numerical solution is entirely controlled by the approximability of the finite element mesh. The situation is quite different in the presence of singularities. In that case, <i>stability</i> (or the lack thereof) is equally (sometimes more) important. In our application, the solutions are ‘rough’, i.e. highly oscillatory if the wavenumber is large. This is a singularity inherent to the differential operator rather than to the domain or the boundary conditions. This effect is called the <i>k-singularity</i>. Similarly, the discrete operator (“stiffness” matrix) becomes singular at eigenvalues of the discretised interior problem (or nearly singular at damped eigenvalues in solid-fluid interaction). This type of singularities is called the <i>lambda-singularities</i>. Both singularities are of global character. Without adaptive correction, their destabilizing effect generally leads to large error of the finite element results, even if the finite element mesh satisfies the ‘rule of the thumb’. <p><p>The k- and lambda-singularities are first extensively demonstrated by numerical examples. Then, two <i>a posteriori</i> error estimators are developed and the numerical tests show that, due to these specific phenomena of dynamo-acoustic computations, <i>error control cannot, in general, be accomplished by just ‘transplanting’ methods that worked well in static computations</i>. However, for low wavenumbers, it is necessary to also control the influence of the geometric (reentrants corners) or physical (discontinuities of the boundary conditions) singularities. An <i>h</i>-adaptive version with refinements has been implemented. These tools have been applied to two industrial examples :the GLT, a bi-mode bus from Bombardier Eurorail, and the Vertigo, a sport car from Gillet Automobiles.<p><p>As a conclusion, it is recommanded to replace the rule of the thumb by a criterion based on the control of the influence of the specific singularities of the Helmholtz operator. As this aim cannot be achieved by the <i>a posteriori</i> error estimators, it is suggested to minimize the influence of the singularities by modifying the formulation of the finite element method or by formulating a “meshless” method.<p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished