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Since the attacks of September 11th, 2001, the literature of the United States has become increasingly concerned with telling tragic stories. While the literature written about the attacks is considerable and operates as the climax in this dissertation, the literature of the ensuing decade has been marked by a return to tragic terror more broadly. A distinct feeling of anxiety and fear continues to animate a strong tragic tradition in the contemporary novel. Through an analysis of motifs, figures, and metaphors derived from classical dramatic sources and the attendant philosophical tradition, this dissertation investigates the complex formal processes through which tragic American lives occur and their political contexts. This dissertation argues that American literary production in the first decade of the twenty-first century requires a critical return to the so-called Myth and Symbol School that inaugurated American Studies and established an American literary tradition with New England Transcendentalists. Emerson’s claim that America must be made great through and by its ability to perceive “the terror of life” resonates in today’s post-9/11 political and economic climate. This study illuminates the ways that the contemporary novelists have seen fit to incorporate classical tropes and narratives into traditional stereotypes of identity and nationhood. Linguistic life, it might be said, directly influences political life. Tragic America is an aggregation of tragic manifestations that finds political extensions and interpretive applications through provisional and figurative relationships. Relationships negotiated through this metaphoric sensibility are, I believe, the only honest means of comparison in our radically heterogeneous culture. / Thesis (Ph.D, English) -- Queen's University, 2012-05-31 10:01:52.902

[pt] Nesta breve análise, utilizar-se-á de um viés analítico e descritivo de pesquisa para refletir sobre o exercício do sufrágio ativo, a concessão do direito de voto, enquanto dimensão da cidadania, essencial para a consolidação dos direitos fundamentais dos estrangeiros residentes, especificamente nos casos dos ordenamentos do Brasil e da Argentina e, ainda, quais seriam as reais possibilidades de que tal concessão contribuísse para a incorporação ampla desse segmento social na vida política dessas comunidades em âmbito nacional, estadual e local. Para tal, dispõe-se a averiguar as condições fáticas e jurídicas que permeiam os diferentes níveis de restrição ao direito de voto para estrangeiros residentes e nãonaturalizados, nos territórios da Argentina e do Brasil, fere per si a consolidação dos direitos humanos nesses ordenamentos e se ainda, consequentemente, isso impediria o exercício pleno dos demais direitos fundamentais desses indivíduos. Na busca por tais informações, serão estudados os argumentos de viés teórico no que diz respeito às possibilidades de contemplar os estrangeiros não-naturalizados, com a participação cidadã na sociedade através do direito de voto, a partir de uma revisão de literatura acerca da teoria da cidadania pós-nacional, preocupando-se em explicar como a expansão da participação política beneficia os imigrantes, bem como a comunidade receptora, através da consolidação dos direitos humanos. A dissertação utilizará o método dedutivo, através de pesquisa descritiva da bibliografia e análise de dados serão os principais instrumentos de investigação, objetivando compreender o significado dos aspectos inerentes à cidadania, à participação política e à soberania nacional. / [en] In this brief analysis, an analytical and descriptive research bias will be used to reflect on the exercise of active suffrage, the granting of the right to vote, as a dimension of citizenship, essential for the consolidation of the fundamental rights of resident foreigners, specifically in the cases of the Brazilian and Argentine legal systems, and what would be the real possibilities for such a concession to contribute to the broad incorporation of this social segment into the political life of these communities at the national, state and local levels. To this end, it intends to investigate the factual and legal conditions that permeate the different levels of restriction on the right to vote for resident and non-naturalized foreigners in the territories of Argentina and Brazil, which in itself undermines the consolidation of human rights in these legal systems. and whether, consequently, this would prevent the full exercise of the other fundamental rights of these individuals. In the search for such information, the theoretical bias arguments will be studied concerning the possibilities of contemplating non-naturalized foreigners, with citizen participation in society through the right to vote, from a literature review on the theory of postnational citizenship, concerned with explaining how the expansion of political participation benefits immigrants, as well as the host community, through the consolidation of human rights. The dissertation will use the deductive method, through descriptive research of the bibliography and data analysis will be the main instruments of investigation, aiming to understand the meaning of the inherent aspects of citizenship, political participation, and national sovereignty.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to interpret and understand the concept of citizenship in general, and the European citizenship in particular, placed within a broad theoretical framework. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine whether the development of a European citizenship indicates an emergence of a new ‘post-national’ model of citizenship, based on residence rather than nationality or place of birth. In order to address this, the status of third- country nationals (TCN’s), who are legally long-term residents within the Union, in relation to EU citizens has been analysed from the theoretical perspectives. </p><p>Different models of citizenship provide the paper with a theoretical framework, through which the empirical data has been examined. The theoretical approaches dealt with in this paper are the liberal, the republican/communitarian and the ‘post-national’ models of citizenship respectively. Fundamental ‘key concepts’ have been derived from these different models of citizenship, which have facilitated the analysis by providing the interpretation of the EU citizenship with an analytical framework. </p><p>To find answers to the initial research questions and fulfil the aim of the paper, a qualitative and hermeneutic study has been carried out, aiming at interpreting and understanding the European citizenship placed within its socio-political context. Text and language constitute the units of analysis and, hence, a textual analysis has been conducted of official EU documents. Following a conceptual history approach, concepts are not just reflections of historical processes, but can themselves contribute to historical change by making new things imaginable. As emphasised throughout the paper, concepts embrace at the same time a ‘space of experience’ and a ‘horizon of expectation’. </p><p>The main conclusions drawn from the research can be summarised in a number of points. First, while the concept of European citizenship was originally connected to a formal and economic view upon citizenship, close to a liberal/neo-liberal notion of citizenship, the texts express an aim of a more active citizenship, emphasised in the republican/communitarian tradition. Secondly, despite a multicultural and post-national rhetoric concerning the status of long-term resident TCN’s, the gaining of ‘full’ EU citizenship can still only be attained through nationality in a Member State. Thirdly, the importance of interpreting a concept placed within its socio-political context has been clear from the study. The semantic analysis has showed a close link between the European citizenship andthe goal to create an ‘area of freedom, security and justice’ throughout the Union. This goal is interpreted as a response to recent occurrences in the world, but at the same time it expresses expectations about the EU citizenship, and it can thus itself affect future developments in this field. </p><p>To sum up, while the concept of European citizenship is post-national to the extent that it applies to all EU citizens irrespective of where in the Union they live, it is still not completely based on the principle of residence. Only nationals of an EU Member State can obtain citizenship of the Union. Thus, the concept of European citizenship, while establishing a citizenship across national borders, is still based on nationality.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to interpret and understand the concept of citizenship in general, and the European citizenship in particular, placed within a broad theoretical framework. Furthermore, the purpose is to examine whether the development of a European citizenship indicates an emergence of a new ‘post-national’ model of citizenship, based on residence rather than nationality or place of birth. In order to address this, the status of third- country nationals (TCN’s), who are legally long-term residents within the Union, in relation to EU citizens has been analysed from the theoretical perspectives. Different models of citizenship provide the paper with a theoretical framework, through which the empirical data has been examined. The theoretical approaches dealt with in this paper are the liberal, the republican/communitarian and the ‘post-national’ models of citizenship respectively. Fundamental ‘key concepts’ have been derived from these different models of citizenship, which have facilitated the analysis by providing the interpretation of the EU citizenship with an analytical framework. To find answers to the initial research questions and fulfil the aim of the paper, a qualitative and hermeneutic study has been carried out, aiming at interpreting and understanding the European citizenship placed within its socio-political context. Text and language constitute the units of analysis and, hence, a textual analysis has been conducted of official EU documents. Following a conceptual history approach, concepts are not just reflections of historical processes, but can themselves contribute to historical change by making new things imaginable. As emphasised throughout the paper, concepts embrace at the same time a ‘space of experience’ and a ‘horizon of expectation’. The main conclusions drawn from the research can be summarised in a number of points. First, while the concept of European citizenship was originally connected to a formal and economic view upon citizenship, close to a liberal/neo-liberal notion of citizenship, the texts express an aim of a more active citizenship, emphasised in the republican/communitarian tradition. Secondly, despite a multicultural and post-national rhetoric concerning the status of long-term resident TCN’s, the gaining of ‘full’ EU citizenship can still only be attained through nationality in a Member State. Thirdly, the importance of interpreting a concept placed within its socio-political context has been clear from the study. The semantic analysis has showed a close link between the European citizenship andthe goal to create an ‘area of freedom, security and justice’ throughout the Union. This goal is interpreted as a response to recent occurrences in the world, but at the same time it expresses expectations about the EU citizenship, and it can thus itself affect future developments in this field. To sum up, while the concept of European citizenship is post-national to the extent that it applies to all EU citizens irrespective of where in the Union they live, it is still not completely based on the principle of residence. Only nationals of an EU Member State can obtain citizenship of the Union. Thus, the concept of European citizenship, while establishing a citizenship across national borders, is still based on nationality.