The thesis presents an assumption that literature is inspired by reality (besides other factors), and that specific literary worlds may, to a certain extent, reflect the actual state of society. Historical events around the end of WWII and the consequent rapid social changes in Japan during late 1940s and 1950s had an indisputable impact on literary production at the time. The aim of this thesis is to affirm this assumption through an analysis of selected short stories and novels from the time concerned. The analysis focuses on remarks and on references about the period of time when the prose was written, and also on behavioral and attitude changes of its characters - prototypes of the Japanese society. The direct impact of historical and social transition on literary work may also be traced in the works' themes, motifs and narrative. We can thus, in many cases, follow the development of the Japanese postwar society from 1945 until the late 1950s, when the country started to prosper economically. The selection of the analysed pieces of literature includes two novels which did not only describe the time of their origination, but also had reverse effect on society. The impact hypothesis is thus confirmed and, what is more, we can see a mutual influence exercised by both, the society and art: The...

The central question guiding this study is, how can Liberia's historical context of colonial state formation and reformation help explain public discourses surrounding gender violence in the postwar decade, 2003-2013? This question is addressed using original data from mixed qualitative methods including participant observation, visual methods, and semi-structured interviews. The research identifies narratives and meta-narratives produced by liberal institutions (including the Government of Liberia and international agencies), as well as informal discourses from adult Liberians of different backgrounds living in Greater Monrovia. Using critical discourse analysis, the argument identifies connections between the narratives that recur, the social realities they recall, and the power dynamics they perpetuate. These discourses are best understood in reference to liberal and colonial/imperial dynamics from Liberia's settlement period. Liberal institutions addressing gender violence in the postwar period face dilemmas in which universalist humanitarian ideals work in tandem with, and provide justification for, imperialism as a set of discursive and material relations. Nonelite Liberians instrumentalise and subvert both privileged donor discourses as well as long-standing colonial hierarchies of 'civilised' and 'country'. Additionally, the thesis examines how liberal institutions, traditional institutions, and Liberian citizens interact as agents of discursive construction. It will be shown that this pattern of discourse production is at times harmonious, as in the interactions around promoting male head-of-household responsibilities, and at other times adversarial, as in conflicts surrounding excision as an initiation practice for girls. Liberal institutions, non-elite Liberians, and traditional authorities both collude and compete in this era of dynamic normative contestation. Both the major discourses and the interactions that produce them can be explained in part by the liberal imperialism and its specific form of settler colonialism that propelled the founding and subsequent stages of state formation in Liberia. The consequences of that residual history indicate inherent - though, not irredeemable - structural limitations to a robust institutional response to gender violence. In this manner the study demonstrates the utility of historicising Liberia's contemporary gender violence discourses, and how doing so can address the longstanding bifurcation between rights and culture in international development and transnational feminist geography.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elise.pdf: 1787260 bytes, checksum: 835b75433c3e949b620b642b3a694b62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-15 / The present study aims at to investigate German Literature mainly the first years after the Second World War and show how the 47 Group was built and developed, since it was composed by young writers mainly ex-prisoners who believed in literature as a new beginning and a way of helping people to find a new way of thinking after have been living by the atrocities of the war. We pay a special attention to this Group which had regularly or twice a year met for twenty years to appreciate the reading of the components presented in colloquies. In the first chapter we introduce the factors that contributed for the composition of this Group approaching literature and the writers of the time of the national-socialist regime pointing the writers who were unsatisfied with the dictatorial politics of Hitler and were exiled abroad, and also the ones who stayed in German living in a kind of "internal emigration" without writing or just for entertainment literature but not being free of the survey of the regime. We also highlight the Der Ruf magazine (The Calling) pressed in American Campus of the German war prisoners as part of a program called "re-education", once German occupation and administration had just been provided right after its defeat. From 1946 to 1947 this magazine was also edited in Monique and worked as a precursor of the 47 Group formation. The second chapter is dedicated to the Group development, to its main components profile and to the phases the Group went through during its 20 years of existence. Therefore, we based mainly on a Study Group called The Göttingen Seminar organized by Heinz Ludwig Arnold among others. The last two chapters were based in the works of Günter Eich and Heinrich Böll as representative writers of the German Literature postwar aiming at the thematic of social representation in Eich's poems and broadcasting plays and in Böll's stories and novels. It is a bibliographic research that searches its theoretical in literary critics, philosophers, sociologists and other writers such as Marcel Reich-Ranicke, Émile Durkheim, Theodor Adorno, Antonio Cândido, Maurice Halbwachs, Forster and Riegel, Alfred Andersch, Heinrich Vormweg, Hans Werner Richter, Heinrich Böll and Günter Eich. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a literatura alemã, principalmente dos primeiros anos após a Segunda Guerra Mundial e mostrar como surgiu e se desenvolveu o Grupo 47, formado por jovens escritores, em sua maioria ex-prisioneiros de guerra, que viam na literatura uma forma de recomeço e de ajuda à população para encontrar uma nova maneira de pensar, depois de ter passado pelas atrocidades da guerra. Dá-se atenção especial a este grupo que, durante vinte anos, encontrava-se regularmente uma ou duas vezes ao ano para apreciação das leituras de manuscritos dos componentes, apresentados em forma de colóquio. No primeiro capítulo, são relevados os fatores que contribuíram para a formação desse grupo, abordando, assim, a literatura e os autores da época do regime nacional-socialista, com referência aos autores que, desgostosos com a política ditatorial de Hitler, exilaram-se no exterior e aos que permaneceram na Alemanha, onde, muitos deles, vivendo uma espécie de emigração interior , deixando de escrever ou dedicando-se apenas a uma literatura de entretenimento, não livres da inspeção do regime. Destaque especial também é dado à revista Der Ruf (O chamado), editada em campos americanos de prisioneiros de guerra alemães, que fazia parte de um programa chamado re-education , uma vez que já estava prevista a ocupação e administração da Alemanha, assim que esta estaria derrotada. De 1946 a 47 a revista também foi editada em Munique e serviu de precursora à formação do grupo 47. O segundo capítulo é dedicado ao desenvolvimento do Grupo, ao perfil dos principais componentes e às fases pelas quais o grupo passou em seus 20 anos de existência. Para isso, apoiou-se, principalmente num grupo de estudos, denominado Seminário de Göttingen, organizado por Heinz Ludwig Arnold, entre outros. Já nos dois últimos capítulos, tomou-se por base as obras de Günter Eich e Heinrich Böll, ambos autores de representatividade na literatura alemã pós-guerra, visando a temática da representação social presente nos poemas e peças radiofônicas de Eich e nos contos e romances de Böll. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que busca fundamentação teórica em críticos literários, filósofos, sociólogos e outros autores, entre os quais se destacam Marcel Reich-Ranicke, Émile Durkheim, Theodor Adorno, Antonio Cândido, Maurice Halbwachs, Forster e Riegel, Alfred Andersch, Heinrich Vormweg, Hans Werner Richter, Heinrich Böll e Günter Eich.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo o mapeamento do espaço que ocupa Terayama Shūji, poeta, escritor, dramaturgo e diretor de cinema japonês, frente ao período histórico a que pertenceu e frente às teorias da vanguarda e do pós-modernismo. A investigação se inicia com o período do pós-guerra no Japão, quando em meio a protestos e ansiedades políticas, floresce na capital do país uma nova vanguarda artística. O primeiro capítulo é dedicado a um exame do teatro angura e da nova onda do cinema, dois movimentos dos quais Terayama fez parte. Procura-se então delinear suas propostas artísticas e suas principais influências, japonesas e estrangeiras, examinando como seu trabalho se aproxima ou se afasta do paradigma pós-moderno conforme teorizado principalmente por Fredric Jameson, mas levando em conta reflexões sobre as aplicações desse conceito especificamente no Japão. Por fim, o último capítulo se debruçará sobre dois longas-metragens do diretor Joguem seus livros, vamos às ruas, de 1971, e Pastoral: Morrer no campo, de 1974 de modo a encontrar exemplos do seu caráter experimental, subversivo, de sua insurreição contra as instituições da família e do Estado e de suas complexas relações com a política, a história, o pastiche e a espetacularização. / This research aims at mapping the space occupied by Terayama Shūji, a Japanese poet, playwright and filmmaker, in his historical context and in relation to avant-garde and postmodernism theories. The investigation begins with postwar Tokyo, when amid protests and a climate of political anxiety, a new avant-garde movement starts to flourish. The first chapter is dedicated to an examination of the angura theatre and the Japanese new wave, two of the movements Terayama was part of. We shall then trace his general artistic views and main influences, Japanese and foreign, examining how they relate to postmodern characteristics as theorized mainly by Fredric Jameson, but also inquiring at how this very concept can apply to the Japanese context. In the last chapter, we shall take two of Terayamas feature films Throw Away Your Books, Rally In The Streets and Pastoral: To Die in The Country for further analysis, in order to find more specific examples of his experimental and subversive character, his rejection of the institutions of family and the State, and his complex relationship with politics, history, pastiche and spectacularization.

The thesis consists of two parts: translation of a half of Savage Continent, a book by British historian Keith Lowe, with key topics including the universal destruction of Europe caused by the Second World War and the subsequent wave of vengeance that swept across Europe in its aftermath; and a commentary on the translation, beginning with an introduction of the author and his style, subsequently providing extensive overview of the development of the Czech discourse about the expulsion of Germans, translation analysis of the original English text of a chapter concerning the expulsion of Germans and its position in the discourse, as well as a look t the target reader and reception, and finally describing various translation problems that occurred while translating this chapter, including not only linguistic, but also poetic-ideological problems.

The Swedish model is perceived as a successful framework for combining rapid labor market adjustment with low inequality. Formulated by Gösta Rehn and Rudolf Meidner and implemented from the 1950s, it has been associated with the peak in economic restructuring and interregional migration during the 1960s. However, there is little empirical evidence for this. This thesis consists of an introduction and four essays. It explores three aspects of the model from a long-run perspective: interregional migration, wage dispersion and labor market policy. Essay I uses new data to track interregional migration rates in the postwar period (1945-1985). The results show that the responsiveness of interregional migration to local labor market conditions remained stable over time; it was neither higher during the 1960s nor lower when migration declined after 1970. Essay II employs a regression-decomposition framework to analyze the evolution of wage dispersion. The results suggest that wage dispersion was stable from centralized bargaining’s introduction in 1956 to the late 1960s. Afterwards, there was a rapid decline, likely because of solidaristic bargaining. Essay III contrasts the implementation of the active labor market policy to regional policy. Following a decisive shift around 1970, the focus on north to south mobility was replaced with policies to stimulate northern employment. Declining rural support for the Social Democrats and electoral competition from the Center Party caused this shift. Finally, Essay IV is a case study about mobility subsidy usage in Västernorrland County using sources on relocation allowances from 1965, 1970 and 1975. The results indicate that in the 1960s there was strong selection into the program by young persons with good labor market prospects. However, the program’s use did not change after the regional policy shift in the early 1970s. The collective results suggest that the policies associated with the Swedish model were minor for economic restructuring patterns. The migrations of the 1960s and the decline in regional disruptions after 1970 should instead be explained by studying the consequences of structural changes, how regions were progressively affected differently and the possible role that government policies played in directing demand for labor across space.

This study examines some of the ways in which Second World War veterans helped shape Canadian society in the years after 1945 by using the life experience of one of their number, Major-General Daniel Charles Spry, as an interpretive model. Just over one million Canadian men and women re-entered civil life after their wartime military service. Representing approximately 35 per cent of Canada’s adult male population aged 25 to 49 in 1951, and found in nearly every facet of Canadian life, Second World War veterans possessed social importance that extended far beyond their experience of the Veterans Charter. Using Dan Spry’s documented thoughts and actions in war and peace, this study argues that a number of these individuals learned lessons regarding leadership, character, citizenship, and internationalism during their wartime military service and – finding them useful – applied such lessons to various aspects of their lives after the war’s end. In so doing, Second World War veterans helped to influence the character of postwar Canada’s institutions, workplaces, and the lives of many Canadians by providing societal leadership, moulding children’s character, developing future citizens, and trying to build a better world. Appreciating their varied contributions provides new insight into both veterans’ attitudes and the sort of place that Canada was after the guns fell silent in 1945.

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The main topic of this thesis is the fate of people being held in the Pankrác prison in the period of approximately one year after the end of World War II. The base of the thesis are collected testimonies, information about the circumstances of the events at that time from both the present and available contemporary literature and periodicals, their analysis and comparisons as well as adding other relating data from archives and other sources. The introduction and the methodological part is followed by a historical discourse observing the events of the end of World War II in the European context, history of the Pankrác prison since the time of its establishment in 1889, and the Czech-German conflict in the period before the Munich Agreement had been signed and the period of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, until the transfer of the control over the prison by the Czech administration in May 1945. The individual topics introducing the conditions that prevailed in the Pankrác prison at that time are elaborated in the part devoted to the postwar period. The chapters devoted to the characteristics of prisoners and introduction of the collected testimonies introduce another part describing the circumstances of the detention of persons, their arrival to the Pankrác prison, conditions and...

This thesis deals with the regional functioning of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia at the regional level in the first years after the end of the Second World War, specifically the Regional Committee of the Communist Party in Brno, which at that time was headed by the regional secretary Otto Šling. He was arrested in October 1950 as an enemy of the party and the state. He then became the key figure in the political process with Rudolf Slánský, the Communist Party's general secretary. Otto Šling was a former interbrigadist in the civil war in Spain in the period from 1936 to 1939. During the Second World War, this communist politician of Jewish descent participated in the Czechoslovak anti-nazi resistance movement in the Great Britain. These facts certainly contributed to his arrest in 1950 and his later condemnation and execution in 1952. Otto Šling was one of the first senior officials of the Communist Party to be a target of the policy of seeking "class enemies" in the Communist movement in Czechoslovakia. The inhuman brutal investigation of his person led to the prosecution of the second man in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Rudolf Slánský. However, this work is primarily focused on Šling's activities in the Brno branch of the Communist Party between 1945 and 1950 in connection with his...