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Human resource professionals have extensive involvement in workplace bullying situations and workplace bullying research is not reflective of their experience. This study sought to better understand how HR professionals understood and defined bullying, how they made sense of bullying situations and their position in them, and how policies associated with bullying activities were understood and utilized. Using qualitative methods, the findings indicate that HR professionals define and understand bullying as targets do, except they differed in what elements actually turn bullying behaviors into a situation they would label as "bullying." They also felt that addressing and dealing with bullying was complicated due to its definitional state and their low power position. Still, they felt they took complaints of bullying very seriously and acted in these situations. The HR professionals also made sense of how and why bullying happened by pointing to issues like management style, conflict skills, and personality clashes. Additionally, the roles they played in bullying situations were marked by contradiction and paradox and equated to ?walking a tightrope?. Although many felt their organizations had policies that addressed bullying, it was found that most were ambiguous in regards to bullying or did not mention it at all. This study suggests a number of implications for both theory and practice. The findings also point to many necessary areas of future research which could further our understanding of workplace bullying and where organizations in the U.S. formally stand on the issue.

Human resource professionals have extensive involvement in workplace bullying situations and workplace bullying research is not reflective of their experience. This study sought to better understand how HR professionals understood and defined bullying, how they made sense of bullying situations and their position in them, and how policies associated with bullying activities were understood and utilized. Using qualitative methods, the findings indicate that HR professionals define and understand bullying as targets do, except they differed in what elements actually turn bullying behaviors into a situation they would label as "bullying." They also felt that addressing and dealing with bullying was complicated due to its definitional state and their low power position. Still, they felt they took complaints of bullying very seriously and acted in these situations. The HR professionals also made sense of how and why bullying happened by pointing to issues like management style, conflict skills, and personality clashes. Additionally, the roles they played in bullying situations were marked by contradiction and paradox and equated to ?walking a tightrope?. Although many felt their organizations had policies that addressed bullying, it was found that most were ambiguous in regards to bullying or did not mention it at all. This study suggests a number of implications for both theory and practice. The findings also point to many necessary areas of future research which could further our understanding of workplace bullying and where organizations in the U.S. formally stand on the issue.

Freedom is a fundamental concept for anarchism; but what does that mean, exactly? What sort of freedom do anarchists seek, and how do they hope to realise this freedom? Starting with the premise that such questions, though vital to the anarchist project, have mostly been ignored, this thesis argues that the basic libertarian impulse of anarchism is in need of a critical analysis. Such an analysis, however, highlights a number of problems with the anarchist demand for a world without domination, so anarchist understandings of ethics, and of power, are explored in search for answers. However, anarchist approaches to ethics and power prove to be equally problematic, and serious doubts are raised about the potential for anarchism to provide a world where freedom is absolute, and, conversely, where all forms of coercion are rejected. One possible response to this is to be found in the contemporary support for consensus-decision making, which many anarchists argue has the potential to resolve conflict; however, it is argued that far from offering a response to the concerns raised in previous chapters, the possibilities of consensus must be seen to be greatly reduced, once such concerns are properly taken into account. Unable to live up to its libertarian promises, anarchism may appear to have reached a dead-end. However, the thesis concludes by arguing that anarchism s prefigurative approach to politics, as well as its sustained critique of hierarchy, offer both radical and realisable possibilities for creating a world of much greater equality and freedom even if such freedom can never be absolute. In accepting the limits of anarchism, its possibilities can be seen more clearly.

Este trabalho desenvolve um levantamento dos principais aspectos relacionados à gestão e planejamento dos canais de distribuição e seu desenvolvimento como sistemas verticais de marketing, sendo sua gestão uma possível fonte de vantagem competitiva para a empresa. O objetivo do trabalho foi propor um sistema de análise da captura de valor nos canais de distribuição com base nos fluxos de marketing, a partir de levantamento bibliográfico e do estudo de alguns modelos, teorias e sistemas que consideram a execução dos fluxos de marketing e agregação de valor como determinantes do nível de serviços do canal. Os tópicos abordados foram a importância dos canais de distribuição e dos intermediários no processo de trocas, as produções de serviços e os fluxos de marketing desempenhados pelos membros do canal, a estrutura e a eficiência dos canais de distribuição, as questões de poder e conflito que envolvem os relacionamentos interorganizacionais e a agregação e captura de valor nos canais de distribuição. O sistema foi desenvolvido para servir como ferramenta no processo de planejamento de canais e utilizou o referencial e autores clássicos a respeito do tema proposto e contempla as seguintes etapas: (1) ponderação e pontuação dos fluxos de marketing para o canal e a divisão das atividades entre os membros do canal para cálculo da participação normativa nos lucros do canal; (2) levantamento de informações de custos e margens brutas dos membros de canal para comparação da participação real nos lucros do canal com a participação normativa; e (3) análise dos resultados e implicações para gestão e planejamento dos canais de distribuição. O sistema proposto foi, então, aplicado em duas empresas, uma no segmento alimentação animal e outra no mercado de bens de consumo alimentares, com foco nos canais estruturados para atendimento a varejistas. Pôde-se com essa aplicação verificar algumas vantagens e limitações do sistema como ferramenta para análise e planejamento dos canais de distribuição. Desse modo, apresentou-se como resultado um sistema de análise e avaliação de canais que pode ser utilizado por qualquer empresa com canais convencionais de distribuição, sendo que, em alguns casos, pode ser necessário algum ajuste ou adaptação às especificidades da empresa ou do setor. / This research analyzed some of the main features related to the planning and the management of distribution channels and their development as vertical marketing system, and considered the channel management as a source of the company’s competitive advantage. The research objective was to propose a system for distribution channels value capture analysis, based in the marketing flows performance. This was done after a literature review and the study of some models, theories and systems that take into consideration aspects of marketing flows performance and added value as a service output determinant. The highlighted topics in this study are the importance of distribution channels and intermediaries for market exchanges, the services outputs and marketing flows performed by channel members, the channel structure and efficiency, the power and conflict aspect in the inter-organizational relationships, and the value capture in the distribution channels. The proposed system was developed as a tool to support the channel planning process, and contemplates the following steps: (1) weighted marketing flows scores and division of members activities to calculate the normative channel profit share; (2) channel members costs and margins surveys to calculate the real channel profit share and compare to normative profit share; and (3) results analysis and managerial implications for planning and management of marketing channels. Besides, the proposed system was applied on two companies of two different industries, one in the animal feed and the other in the dairy industry, focusing channels structured for selling to retailers. The cases applications were useful to evidence advantages and limitations of the system as a tool for analyzing and planning marketing channels. In this way, the research outcomes are a channel analysis and evaluation system that could be applied for any company that pursue a conventional channel system, with necessary adaptations to companies or market segment specificities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:15:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLAUDIA ALENCAR LOPES CRUZ.pdf: 999060 bytes, checksum: 69d10487f53e314510d50c360f65d53b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-24 / The research presents an analysis of power relations within the Early Childhood Education of Ribeirão Pires, focused on the work of teachers and non-Educators Teaching Child Development from two schools located in two distinct regions: one in the central region and the other in a village away from the center. The main focus is the conflict between these two groups of professionals, a secondary and complementary are the malfunctions that contribute to the existence of conflict between groups. The hypothesis that guides the research is that, not educators-teachers, while veteran group, relies on the old, asserting itself through its tacit and empirical knowledge, and PDI, in turn, rely on titration/diploma. The survey was conducted through interviews and observation at schools, aimed to understand the differences between the established groups of educators and teachers, but above all, understand the way that both express the power relations in space and time in school.The research required as a base, three analytical frameworks: Norbert Elias (2000), which deals with power relations; the Study of the Sociology of Deviance Becker (2008) and Erving Goffman's Stigma (1891). From the three authors of the study was observed within the power relations between groups of educators and teachers, some trends and collective provisions, such as assertion of superiority by tradition, affirmation of superiority of securities, inclinations stigmatization, feelings of victimization and low institutional bureaucracy, we can see properly, with respect to the secondary focus of the research, studied in schools The presence of a low level of institutional bureaucracy, which helps to stimulate faculty conflicts between groups analyzed. The research could contribute to the debate around issues related to the mode Childhood Education and their agents, such as it takes shape in Brazil. / A pesquisa apresenta uma análise das relações de poder, no espaço da Educação Infantil do Município de Ribeirão Pires, focada no trabalho das Educadoras não-docentes e das Professoras de Desenvolvimento Infantil de duas escolas, localizadas em duas regiões distintas: uma na região central, e a outra em um vilarejo afastado do centro. O foco principal é o conflito entre esses dois grupos de profissionais, um foco secundário e complementar são as deficiências de funcionamento, que contribuem para a existência de conflito entre os grupos. A hipótese que norteia a pesquisa é a de que, as educadoras não-docentes, enquanto grupo veterano, valem-se da antiguidade, afirmando-se por meio de seus saberes tácitos ou empíricos, e as PDI, por sua vez, valem-se da titulação/diploma. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de entrevistas e da observação na unidade escolar, visou apreender as diferenças estabelecidas entre os grupos de educadoras e professoras, mas, sobretudo, entender a forma com que ambas expressam as relações de poder no espaço e no tempo escolar. A pesquisa requereu como base, três referenciais analíticos: Norbert Elias (2000), que aborda as relações de poder; o Estudo de Sociologia do Desvio de Becker (2008) e o Estigma de Erving Goffman (1891). Partindo do estudo dos três autores foi possível observar, dentro das relações de poder entre os grupos de educadoras e professoras, algumas tendências e disposições coletivas, como: afirmação de superioridade pela tradição, afirmação de superioridade por títulos, inclinações a estigmatização, sentimentos de vitimização e a baixa burocratização institucional, corretamente podemos constatar, no que diz respeito ao foco secundário da pesquisa, a apresença nas escolas estudadas, de um baixo nível de burocratização institucional, o que contribui para estimular conflitos entre grupos docentes analisados. A pesquisa poderá contribuir para o debate em torno de assuntos relacionados com a modalidade Educação Infantil e seus agentes, tal qual ela se configura no Brasil.

Este trabalho desenvolve um levantamento dos principais aspectos relacionados à gestão e planejamento dos canais de distribuição e seu desenvolvimento como sistemas verticais de marketing, sendo sua gestão uma possível fonte de vantagem competitiva para a empresa. O objetivo do trabalho foi propor um sistema de análise da captura de valor nos canais de distribuição com base nos fluxos de marketing, a partir de levantamento bibliográfico e do estudo de alguns modelos, teorias e sistemas que consideram a execução dos fluxos de marketing e agregação de valor como determinantes do nível de serviços do canal. Os tópicos abordados foram a importância dos canais de distribuição e dos intermediários no processo de trocas, as produções de serviços e os fluxos de marketing desempenhados pelos membros do canal, a estrutura e a eficiência dos canais de distribuição, as questões de poder e conflito que envolvem os relacionamentos interorganizacionais e a agregação e captura de valor nos canais de distribuição. O sistema foi desenvolvido para servir como ferramenta no processo de planejamento de canais e utilizou o referencial e autores clássicos a respeito do tema proposto e contempla as seguintes etapas: (1) ponderação e pontuação dos fluxos de marketing para o canal e a divisão das atividades entre os membros do canal para cálculo da participação normativa nos lucros do canal; (2) levantamento de informações de custos e margens brutas dos membros de canal para comparação da participação real nos lucros do canal com a participação normativa; e (3) análise dos resultados e implicações para gestão e planejamento dos canais de distribuição. O sistema proposto foi, então, aplicado em duas empresas, uma no segmento alimentação animal e outra no mercado de bens de consumo alimentares, com foco nos canais estruturados para atendimento a varejistas. Pôde-se com essa aplicação verificar algumas vantagens e limitações do sistema como ferramenta para análise e planejamento dos canais de distribuição. Desse modo, apresentou-se como resultado um sistema de análise e avaliação de canais que pode ser utilizado por qualquer empresa com canais convencionais de distribuição, sendo que, em alguns casos, pode ser necessário algum ajuste ou adaptação às especificidades da empresa ou do setor. / This research analyzed some of the main features related to the planning and the management of distribution channels and their development as vertical marketing system, and considered the channel management as a source of the company’s competitive advantage. The research objective was to propose a system for distribution channels value capture analysis, based in the marketing flows performance. This was done after a literature review and the study of some models, theories and systems that take into consideration aspects of marketing flows performance and added value as a service output determinant. The highlighted topics in this study are the importance of distribution channels and intermediaries for market exchanges, the services outputs and marketing flows performed by channel members, the channel structure and efficiency, the power and conflict aspect in the inter-organizational relationships, and the value capture in the distribution channels. The proposed system was developed as a tool to support the channel planning process, and contemplates the following steps: (1) weighted marketing flows scores and division of members activities to calculate the normative channel profit share; (2) channel members costs and margins surveys to calculate the real channel profit share and compare to normative profit share; and (3) results analysis and managerial implications for planning and management of marketing channels. Besides, the proposed system was applied on two companies of two different industries, one in the animal feed and the other in the dairy industry, focusing channels structured for selling to retailers. The cases applications were useful to evidence advantages and limitations of the system as a tool for analyzing and planning marketing channels. In this way, the research outcomes are a channel analysis and evaluation system that could be applied for any company that pursue a conventional channel system, with necessary adaptations to companies or market segment specificities.

Sammanfattning Titel Lönesättande samtal i praktiken - En kvalitativ studie om hur chefer på Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap upplever management med fokus på lönesättande samtal. Nivå                        Datum Magister                  Augusti 2018 Författare               Handledare Victor Skoglund        Jonas Axelsson Syfte Syftet med denna studie är att få kunskap och djupare förståelse av lönesättande chefers upplevelser av management med särskilt fokus på arbetet med lönesättande samtal. Metod Studien är baserad på kvalitativ metod och det empiriska materialet har tagits fram med hjälp av semistrukturerad intervjuform. Sammanlagt har 7 intervjuer genomförts och urvalet består av lönesättande chefer som arbetar på Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap. Resultat och slutsatser Undersökningen kommer fram till olika slutsatser angående lönesättande chefs arbete kring lönesättande samtal. Resultatet visar att det generella chefskapet innehåller vad bland annat Mintzberg (1973), Tengblad (2012), Kanter (1977) och Sayles (1964) kallar för managementarbete, eftersom chefskapet upplevs innehålla många och olika arbetsuppgifter, hektisk arbetsmiljö, förväntningar från berörda intressenter, långa arbetstider, anpassningsförmåga och beslut som ska främja verksamhetens intressen. Vidare visar studien att ekonomiska resurser, höga ingångslöner, omplacering till ny tjänst och allmänt formulerade lönekriterier försvårar lönesättande chefs arbete med lönesättande samtal. Studien skiljer sig något från Lysgaards (1985) teori om arbetarkollektivet då cheferna inte upplever något ”starkare” kollektiv bland medarbetarna. Däremot kan lönesättningen spegla efter hur kollektivavtalen är reglerade med fackförbundet ST, Seko och Saco. Slutligen visar studien att det råder maktfördelning till fördel cheferna enligt Korpis (1978) teori om makt och konflikt eftersom chefen, arbetsgivaren, är den beslutsfattande parten att påverka medarbetarens nya lön. Nyckelord Lönesättande samtal, Individuell lönesättning, Teknisk/ekonomiska system, Mänskligt system, Kollektivets system, Management, Arbetarkollektiv, Makt och konflikt. / Abstract Title Pay setting conversations in practice - A qualitative study on how managers at the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency experience management regarding pay setting conversations. Level                     Date Magister-level         August 2018 Author                   Supervisor Victor Skoglund       Jonas Axelsson Aim The aim of this study is to gain knowledge and a deeper understanding of pay setting managers ́ experiences of management with a particular focus on the work of pay setting conversations. Method The study is based on qualitative methodology and the empirical material has been developed using semistructured interviews. A total of 7 interviews have been conducted and the selection consists of pay setting managers who work at the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. Results and conclusions The study reveals different conclusions regarding the pay setting managers ́ work with pay setting conversations. The result shows that the general leadership includes what Mintzberg (1973), Tengblad (2012), Kanter (1977) and Sayles (1964) calling for management work, because the leadership is perceived to contain many and different tasks, hectic working environment, stakeholder expectations, long working hours, adaptability and decisions to promote the company’s interests. Furthermore, the study results that financial resources, high entrance salary, redeployement of position and generally formulated salary criteria complicating pay setting managers ́ work with pay setting conversations. The study differs somewhat from Lysgaard's (1985) theory of the labor collective, since the managers do not experience any ”stronger” collective among the employees. On the other hand, the pay setting can reflect how collective agreements are regulated with the trade union ST, Seko and Saco. Finally, the study results that there is power distribution to the advantage of the leaders according to Korpi's (1978) theory of power and conflict because the manager, the employer, is the decision-making part to influence the employees ́ new salary. Keywords Pay setting conversations, Individual pay setting, Technical/economic system, Human system, Collective system, Management, Labor collective, Power and conflict.