O presente trabalho objetiva, a partir de dados coletados dos motores elétricos em regime de trabalho, dar sua contribuição ao estudo de conservação de energia elétrica numa planta industrial. Apresenta-se o motor elétrico trifásico de indução e as diversas questões relativas ao seu uso industrial, para então, demonstrarem os parâmetros elétricos obtidos. Elaborou-se um trabalho de campo, que possibilita à análise da eficiência energética no uso de motores elétricos em uma fábrica de papel e cosméticos. A partir de medidas dos parâmetros elétricos como: corrente e tensão, mais os dados de catálogos do fabricante, chegaram-se aos valores de rendimento, fator de potência e fator de utilização, para diversas condições de carga dos motores. Caso o fator de utilização seja inferior a 75%, um estudo comparativo permitirá as decisões de substituição dos motores super dimensionados. Os dados são usados para as seguintes análises: qual a possível conservação de energia elétrica para cada setor, se os motores fossem substituídos por unidades de alto rendimento?; qual a viabilidade de cada setor realizar as trocas imediatas por motores de alto rendimento?; qual à economia de energia elétrica por setores em (R$/dia), utilizando motores de alto rendimento?; em quanto tempo obteríamos o retorno desse investimento? Alguns recursos de informática foram utilizados nos cálculos realizados. Os resultados indicam que o potencial de conservação de energia elétrica em motores deve ser melhor explorado e de forma mais consciente. / The objective of the present research, from a data set of electric motor collected in a regimen of work, give its contribution to the study on industrial electrical motors’ energy saving. It present the three-phase induction motor, the various issues of its industrial use and the electric parameter set collected are then presented. Field of work was elaborated, wich allowed the analysis of the energy efficiency in the use of electric engines in industry of paper and cosmetics. Given the measurements of current and tension, plus the data from the manufacter’s catalogs, values of efficiency were obtained, power factor and utilization factor, for diverse conditions of engine load. But in case the utilization factor is less than 75%, a comparative study allowed the decisions of substitution of the poorly dimensioned engines. The data are analyzed in ways: 1)What would be the energy save to each sector, if motors were changed for high efficient units? 2)What would be the viable to each sector to replace immediately the existing motors for high efficient? 3)What would be the energy save to each sector in (R$/day), using high efficient motors? 4)How much time would be the return of the investiment?. Some resources of computer technology were used in the calculations. The results showing the electric energy saving potential in motor would be better use to advantage and more conscientions form.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O estudo para o desenvolvimento de uma fonte ininterrupta de energia com possibilidade de uso em sistema fotovoltaico, tem como motivaÃÃo que a larga escala da produÃÃo desse tipo de equipamento possa reduzir o custo dos conversores de eletrÃnica de potÃncia associados a uma instalaÃÃo fotovoltaica. O projeto proporem a uniÃo de topologias de conversores, resultando em uma UPS do tipo on-line com tensÃo de entrada e de saÃda de 220 Volts 60 Hz, potÃncia total de 715VA, rendimento de 88%, isolada em alta freqÃÃncia e com correÃÃo do fator de potÃncia na entrada. Sendo composta por um retificador na entrada com topologia de um conversor em ponte completa alimentado em corrente, esse conversor à responsÃvel por prover a correÃÃo do fator de potÃncia na entrada e da isolaÃÃo galvÃnica em alta freqÃÃncia. Um inversor em ponte completa com filtro LC e modulaÃÃo PWM unipolar, que à capaz de entregar uma tensÃo senoidal para a carga e um conversor boost de alto ganho que cumpre o papel de elevar a tensÃo de 24 Volts do banco de baterias para a tensÃo de 400 Volts do barramento de entrada do inversor. Cada conversor tem seu estudo teÃrico desenvolvido e ao final apÃs as especificaÃÃes e dimensionamentos sÃo mostrados os resultados experimentais do protÃtipo do projeto. Quando o sistema for aproveitado em uma instalaÃÃo fotovoltaica somente o inversor e o conversor boost de alto ganho sÃo utilizados. / The study of the development of initerruptible power supply to be used in a photovoltaic system has as motivation that the wide UPS production scale can reduce the cost of power electronics converters associated with a photovoltaic system. The project proposes a topology of an on-line UPS, with 220 Volts, 60 Hz input/output voltage, 715 VA power, 88% efficiency, High frequency isolation and Power factor correction. The Project consists on a rectifier, it is responsible for providing the input power factor correction and the high frequency isolation. An inverter, it supply the load with a output sinusoidal voltage and a high gain boost converter that increase the voltage from the battery pack up to the inverter. When the project is used in a photovoltaic system, it is only used the inverter and the high gain boost converter.

O presente trabalho objetiva, a partir de dados coletados dos motores elétricos em regime de trabalho, dar sua contribuição ao estudo de conservação de energia elétrica numa planta industrial. Apresenta-se o motor elétrico trifásico de indução e as diversas questões relativas ao seu uso industrial, para então, demonstrarem os parâmetros elétricos obtidos. Elaborou-se um trabalho de campo, que possibilita à análise da eficiência energética no uso de motores elétricos em uma fábrica de papel e cosméticos. A partir de medidas dos parâmetros elétricos como: corrente e tensão, mais os dados de catálogos do fabricante, chegaram-se aos valores de rendimento, fator de potência e fator de utilização, para diversas condições de carga dos motores. Caso o fator de utilização seja inferior a 75%, um estudo comparativo permitirá as decisões de substituição dos motores super dimensionados. Os dados são usados para as seguintes análises: qual a possível conservação de energia elétrica para cada setor, se os motores fossem substituídos por unidades de alto rendimento?; qual a viabilidade de cada setor realizar as trocas imediatas por motores de alto rendimento?; qual à economia de energia elétrica por setores em (R$/dia), utilizando motores de alto rendimento?; em quanto tempo obteríamos o retorno desse investimento? Alguns recursos de informática foram utilizados nos cálculos realizados. Os resultados indicam que o potencial de conservação de energia elétrica em motores deve ser melhor explorado e de forma mais consciente. / The objective of the present research, from a data set of electric motor collected in a regimen of work, give its contribution to the study on industrial electrical motors’ energy saving. It present the three-phase induction motor, the various issues of its industrial use and the electric parameter set collected are then presented. Field of work was elaborated, wich allowed the analysis of the energy efficiency in the use of electric engines in industry of paper and cosmetics. Given the measurements of current and tension, plus the data from the manufacter’s catalogs, values of efficiency were obtained, power factor and utilization factor, for diverse conditions of engine load. But in case the utilization factor is less than 75%, a comparative study allowed the decisions of substitution of the poorly dimensioned engines. The data are analyzed in ways: 1)What would be the energy save to each sector, if motors were changed for high efficient units? 2)What would be the viable to each sector to replace immediately the existing motors for high efficient? 3)What would be the energy save to each sector in (R$/day), using high efficient motors? 4)How much time would be the return of the investiment?. Some resources of computer technology were used in the calculations. The results showing the electric energy saving potential in motor would be better use to advantage and more conscientions form.

This work presents the direct torque control (DTC) techniques, implemented in four- and six-switch inverter, for brushless dc (BLDC) motors with non-sinusoidal back- EMF using two and three-phase conduction modes. First of all, the classical direct torque control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with sinusoidal back-EMF is discussed in detail. Secondly, the proposed two-phase conduction mode for DTC of BLDC motors is introduced in the constant torque region. In this control scheme, only two phases conduct at any instant of time using a six-switch inverter. By properly selecting the inverter voltage space vectors of the two-phase conduction mode from a simple look-up table the desired quasi-square wave current is obtained. Therefore, it is possible to achieve DTC of a BLDC motor drive with faster torque response while the stator flux linkage amplitude is deliberately kept almost constant by ignoring the flux control in the constant torque region. Third, the avarege current controlled boost power factor correction (PFC) method is applied to the previously discussed proposed DTC of BLDC motor drive in the constant torque region. The test results verify that the proposed PFC for DTC of BLDC motor drive improves the power factor from 0.77 to about 0.9997 irrespective of the load. Fourth, the DTC technique for BLDC motor using four-switch inverter in the constant torque region is studied. For effective torque control in two phase conduction mode, a novel switching pattern incorporating the voltage vector look-up table is designed and implemented for four-switch inverter to produce the desired torque characteristics. As a result, it is possible to achieve two-phase conduction DTC of a BLDC motor drive using four-switch inverter with faster torque response due to the fact that the voltage space vectors are directly controlled.. Finally, the position sensorless direct torque and indirect flux control (DTIFC) of BLDC motor with non-sinusoidal back-EMF has been extensively investigated using three-phase conduction scheme with six-switch inverter. In this work, a novel and simple approach to achieve a low-frequency torque ripple-free direct torque control with maximum efficiency based on dq reference frame similar to permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives is presented.

Reactive power is critical to reliable operation of the modern AC power system. There is a plethora of motor-loads, transformers, and power-electronic loads connected to the power grid, which consume reactive power for normal operation. Transmission lines also consume reactive power when they are loaded above their surge impedance loading (SIL). Reactive power can exact opportunity cost due to reduced capacity of the lines to carry real power, which in turn lowers revenue. Most transmission owners (TOs) levy large penalties against load serving entities (LSEs), industrial facilities, and other end-use customers, who consume more than their allotted amount, as measured by their power factor. These penalties are to incentivize their customers to meet their reactive power needs locally as well as to recuperate the TOs' financial losses. Harmonic pollution is another factor that prevents the optimal operation of the grid and the connected loads. Harmonics are attributable to proliferation of the diode-rectifier- or thyristor-rectifier-interfaced loads such as variable speed ac drives and power supplies in server farms, electric arc furnaces, and other non-linear loads, which are widely employed by the industrial sector. With wider adoption of harmonic-rich loads by the consumer sector as well, such as HDTVs and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), greater level of triplen harmonics associated with single-phase loads are also increasingly seen on the distribution grid. The increasing penetration of renewable resources and electrification of light-duty vehicles are expected to further aggravate the stresses and congestion on the utility grid. Reactive power compensation is necessary for supporting the AC grid and maintaining a healthy voltage stability margin. Compensation can also enhance the utilization of system capacity, lower system losses, provide fault ride-through, and enable a quick fault recovery. Existing VAR and harmonic compensation technologies are either too expensive or inadequate to meet the dynamic needs of the modern and the future power system. This dissertation presents a novel class of Dynamic VAR and Harmonic Compensators (DVHCs) for supplying or absorbing reactive power and providing harmonic filtering, where the compensation is in shunt with the line and the load. The underlying concept is based on augmenting a static or passive component like a capacitor or an inductor with a direct AC converter and imbuing the passive component with dynamic properties. The direct AC converter can be configured as a buck, a boost, or a buck-boost. A `fail-normal' switch is an integral part of the DVHCs that bypasses the converter when it fails, preserving the original functionality and the reliability of the passive component. The DVHCs are modular and scalable such that they can be employed in applications ranging from residential and industrial with voltages less than 480 V, to power distribution level with voltages as high as 35 kV. The Dynamic Inductor (D-IND) and the Dynamic Capacitor (D-CAP) are subclasses of the DVHCs. As the applications for supplying leading VARs are more prevalent, the primary focus of this work is on the buck, the boost, and the buck-boost configurations of the D-CAP. To understand the characteristics and operation of the DVHCs, this work has developed time-domain models for analyzing the transient and dynamic behavior; frequency-domain models for understanding the harmonic interactions and the steady-state relationships between switch duty and current harmonics; and small-signal models for studying the dynamics of the converter due to various perturbations. The small-signal models also enable extraction of transfer functions in designing controllers and assessing stability margins. Control architectures and techniques are presented for effectively controlling the D-CAP when commutating the semiconductor devices with both high and low switching frequencies. In modularly scaling the DVHCs to higher voltages, three medium-voltage topologies are discussed. They are based on series-connecting fractionally-rated devices, AC flying capacitors, and series cascading multiple two-level cells. These implementations allow direct connect to the medium-voltage grid, thereby obviating the use of transformers, and subsequently reducing the losses, cost, complexity, and footprint. A novel AC snubber concept is proposed to provide safe commutation of the AC switches, fault tolerance by managing the energy trapped in parasitics and filters, and to enable dynamic and static voltage sharing when integrated around the series-connected devices. Design equations for selecting and rating the devices and components in the buck, the boost, and the buck-boost configurations of the D-CAP are presented. Three sets of example designs, with one at low-voltage and two at medium-voltage, are discussed to demonstrate the typical size and ratings of the various components under realistic operating conditions. Measurements and the related discussions of a 40 kVA buck D-CAP prototype built to validate the effectiveness of the proposed concepts are presented.

With the advancements in the field of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), more and more applications require the sensor nodes to have long lifetime. Energy harvesting sources, e.g. thermoelectric generators (TEGs), can be used to increase the lifetime and capability of the WSNs. Integration of energy harvesters into sensor nodes of WSNs can realize self powered systems, providing the possibility for maintenance free WSNs. TEGs can convert the existing temperature differences into electricity. The efficiency of TEGs is directly related to the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) of materials, which is given as ZT=σS^2 T/k, where σ is the electrical conductivity, S is the Seebeck coefficient, k is the thermal conductivity, T is the temperature and σS^2 is the power factor. Traditional thermoelectric (TE) materials are based on inorganic materials, of which the thermal conductivity is high. Over the past decade, the use of nanostructuring technology, e.g. superlattice, could decrease the thermal conductivity in order to enhance the efficiency of TE materials. However, the high cost and the rigidity of inorganic TE materials are limiting factors. As alternatives, polymer based materials have become the research focus due to their intrinsic low thermal conductivity, high flexibility and high electrical conductivity. Moreover, polymer based materials could be fabricated in solution form, giving the possibility for employing printing techniques hence a decrease in the production cost. Unlike the typical approach, in which secondary dopants are added into PEDOT:PSS solutions to modify the power factor of polymer films, this thesis is focused on a more efficient method to improve TE properties. This thesis demonstrates for the first time that post treatment of PEDOT:PSS films with the secondary dopant DMSO as the medium results in a much larger power factor than the traditional addition method. The post treatment method also avoids the usually required mixing step involved in the addition method. Different solvents were selected to discuss the impact factors in the modification of the power factor by this post treatment approach. The post treatment of PEDOT:PSS films was then extended to utilize a green solvent EMIMBF_4 (an ionic liquid) as the medium. EMIMBF_4 is found to exchange ions with PEDOT:PSS films. As a result, the EMIM^+ cations remain in the films and reduce the oxidation level of PEDOT chains, which affects the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity. Furthermore, TE materials based on hybrid composites with polymer as the matrix and Te nanostructures as the nanoinclusions were investigated. This thesis successfully developed a green synthesis method to obtain Te nanostructures, in which a non toxic reductant and a non toxic Te sources were used. Well controlled Te nanostructures including nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes were synthesized by wet chemical and hydrothermal synthesis. Those as synthesized Te nanowires were then integrated into PEDOT:PSS solution for composite films fabrication. A high Seebeck coefficient up to 200 μV/K was observed in the composite film. / Mit den Weiterentwicklungen der Drahtlosen Sensornetzwerke (engl. WSN, wireless sensor networks) stellen immer mehr Anwendungen die Forderung einer langen Lebensdauer der Sensorknoten. Energiegewinnungssysteme (engl. Energy Harvesters) wie z.B. thermoelektrische Generatoren (TEGs) können genutzt werden, um die Lebensdauer und Leistungsfähigkeit der WSN zu steigern. Mit der Integration von Energy Harvesters können WSN ohne äußere Stromversorgung realisiert und somit die Möglichkeit zur Wartungsfreiheit geschaffen werden. TEGs liefern Energie durch die Umwandlung einer Temperaturdifferenz in Elektrizität. Die Effektivität der TEG ist direkt verbunden mit der Material-Kennzahl ZT und ist gegeben durch ZT=σS^2 T/k, wobei σ die elektrische Leitfähigkeit ist, S der Seebeck Koeffizient, k die thermische Leifähigkeit, T die Temperatur und σS^2 der Leistungsfaktor. Herkömmliche thermoelektrische (TE) Materialien basieren auf anorganischen Materialien, von denen die thermische Leitfähigkeit hoch ist. Im Laufe des letzten Jahrzehnts konnte durch den Einsatz der Nanostrukturierung die thermische Leitfähigkeit verringern werden um damit die Effizienz von TE-Materialien zu steigern. Die Steifigkeit dieser Materialien ist ein anderer Aspekt. Als Alternative für anorganische TE Materialien sind Polymer basierte TE Materialien zum Fokus der Forschung geworden aufgrund einer intrinsisch niedrigen thermischen Leitfähigkeit, hohen Flexibilität und hohen elektrischen Leitfähigkeit. Des Weiteren können diese Polymere in gelöster Form verarbeitet werden, was die Möglichkeit für den Einsatz von Drucktechnologien und damit geringeren Produktionskosten gibt. Anders als der herkömmliche Ansatz den Leistungsfaktor der Polymerfilme durch die Ergänzung von sekundären Dotanten in PEDOT:PSS Lösungen zu verändern, wurde in dieser Arbeit eine effizientere Methode zur Verbesserung der TE Eigenschaften gesucht. In dieser Arbeit wird zum ersten Mal gezeigt, dass die Nachbehandlung von PEDOT:PSS Schichten mit sekundären Dotanten Dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO) als Medium der Nachbehandlung zu einem viel höheren Leistungsfaktor führt als bei der Zugabemethode und außerdem die sonst erforderliche Mischprocedur vermeidet. Es wurden verschiedene Lösungsmittel ausgewählt um die Einflussfaktoren bei der Modifikation des Leistungsfaktors durch die Nachbehandlung von Polymerschichten zu diskutieren. Die Nachbehandlung von PEDOT:PSS Schichten wurde nachfolgend erweitert um das umweltfreundliche Lösungsmittel EMIMBF4 (eine ionische Flüssigkeit) als das Medium einzusetzen. EMIMBF4 ist bekannt für den Austausch von Ionen mit PEDOT:PSS Schichten, so dass EMIM Kationen in der Schicht verbleiben, die Oxidationsstufe der PEDOT-Ketten senken und damit den Seebeck-Koeffizient und die elektrische Leitfähigkeit beeinflussen. Des Weiteren konzentriert sich diese Arbeit auf TE Materialien basierend auf Kompositen aus Polymeren mit Nanoeinlagerungen. Erfolgreiche Syntheseansätze wurden für Tellur-Nanostrukturen entwickelt, bei denen keine giftigen Reduktionsmittel und keine giftigen Tellur-Quellen zur Verwendung kamen. Es erfolgte die Erzeugung von kontrollierten Tellur-Nanostrukturen, einschließlich Nanostäben, Nanodrähten und Nanoröhren, mit nass-chemischer und hydrothermaler Synthese. Die so hergestellten Nanodrähte wurden dann in PEDOT:PSS Lösungen integriert für die Herstellung von Komposite-Schichten. Dabei konnte ein hoher Seebeck-Koeffizienten, bis zu 200 μV/K, festgestellt werden.

No description available.

This Master of Applied Science thesis proposes a new design of low power, power factor corrected (PFC), power supplies. By lifting the hold up time restriction for devices that have a battery built in, the energy storage elements of the converter can be reduced, permitting a small and inexpensive power converter to be built. In addition, a new control technique for controlling cascaded converters is presented, named duty mode control (DMC). Its advantages are shown through simulations. The system was proven using a prototype developed in the laboratory designed for a universal ac input voltage (85 - 265VRMS at 50 - 60Hz) and a 40W output at 12V. It consisted of two interleaved phases sensed and digitally controlled on the isolated side of the converter. The prototype was able to achieve a power factor of greater than 0.98 for all operating conditions, and input harmonic current distortion well below any set of standards.

This Master of Applied Science thesis proposes a new design of low power, power factor corrected (PFC), power supplies. By lifting the hold up time restriction for devices that have a battery built in, the energy storage elements of the converter can be reduced, permitting a small and inexpensive power converter to be built. In addition, a new control technique for controlling cascaded converters is presented, named duty mode control (DMC). Its advantages are shown through simulations. The system was proven using a prototype developed in the laboratory designed for a universal ac input voltage (85 - 265VRMS at 50 - 60Hz) and a 40W output at 12V. It consisted of two interleaved phases sensed and digitally controlled on the isolated side of the converter. The prototype was able to achieve a power factor of greater than 0.98 for all operating conditions, and input harmonic current distortion well below any set of standards.

Orientador: Falcondes José Mendes de Seixas / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo a proposição de um retificador trifásico boost semi-controlado, com correção ativa do fator de potência, que faça uso de técnicas de controle de razão cíclica variável, visando reduzir o conteúdo harmônico de corrente em baixa frequência. O conversor proposto opera em modo de condução descontínua, desta forma, a corrente de entrada segue uma envoltória senoidal. Além disso, devido ao modo de condução, o conversor apresenta a entrada em condução da chave com corrente nula, diminuindo assim, as perdas por chaveamento. Inicialmente, são apresentados, estudos teóricos da topologia em questão e, por meio de gráficos e equações, verifica-se a distorção harmônica imposta devida à operação com razão cíclica constante. Funções que permitam a variação permanente da razão cíclica, durante um ciclo da rede, serão apresentadas. Tais funções possuem o intuito de minimizar a distorção harmônica da corrente de entrada, com foco principal na 5ª componente harmônica. Resultados de simulação demonstram eficácia das técnicas de controle por razão cíclica variável e apontam redução no conteúdo harmônico de corrente. Resultados experimentais demonstram conteúdo harmônico de corrente em torno de 18% para operação do conversor com razão cíclica constante. A utilização de razão cíclica variável proporciona uma redução no conteúdo harmônico de corrente para 13%, resultando em um aumento do fator de potência. / Abstract: This work aims propose a three-phase rectifier boost half-controlled, with power factor correction, that makes use variable duty cycle control techniques, in order to reduce the harmonic content of current in low frequency. The proposed converter operates in a discontinuous current conduction mode, this way, the input current is naturally corrected. Moreover, due to the conduction mode, the converter presents entry in conduction of switch with null current, thus decreasing, the losses by switching. Initially, are presented theoretical studies of the topology in question and, through of graphs and equations, the harmonic distortion imposed by operation due constant duty cycle is verified. Functions that allow permanently the variation of duty cycle, during a network cycle, are presented. These functions have as main objective minimize the harmonic distortion in the input current, with focus in the 5th harmonic component. Simulation results demonstrate efficacy of techniques by variable duty cycle control and indicate a reducing of harmonic content of current. Experimental results demonstrate a reducing around 18% for operation with constant duty cycle. The use of variable duty cycle provides a reducing around 13%, resulting in an increase of the power factor. / Mestre