The aim of this dissertation is to describe and analyse the development of the sports movement at a local level during the 20th century, focusing on the relationship between the municipality, in a broad sense, and the sports clubs, as well as on the conditions that have affected this relationship and the effects this has had for the clubs’ structural and cultural configuration. The thesis put forward is that there is a link between the parliamentary and governmental description of sport as socially beneficial, the relative autonomy of the sports movement, the institutionalisation of the municipalities’ sports policy and their involvement in the local sports culture and the expansion of competitive sport within the sports movement led by the Swedish Sports Confederation. The thesis is advanced in the context of a description of the Swedish sports model at the local level, its rise and eventual fall, and through case studies of three municipalities/local communities as well as a total of six sports clubs, all located in what is today Norrtälje municipality some ninety kilometres north of Stockholm. The thesis is generally confirmed. From the perspective of the central state, within the framework of a corporate governance model, it has involved compromising with a strong sports movement and simultaneously gaining legitimacy and support for its sports policy. This has not caused any major problems as the Swedish Sports Confederation, the sports movement’s unitary organisation, has in all important respects developed organised sport in a desirable way, or at least one that the government authorities have been willing to accept in view of services in return. It appears to be the same at a local level. The municipality has rewarded that section of organised sport which has made, in its opinion, the best contribution to producing a both physically and mentally civic educational as well as integrating leisure activity. On the whole this has been applicable to the performance- and result-oriented sport. This type of competitive sport, or rather, the clubs which have run it, have also been expected to be able to assist in managing the range of facilities, in raising the municipality’s PR value, in creating new services and job opportunities and in uniting the inhabitants.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Proton coupled electron transfer reactions often involve tyrosine residues, because when oxidized, the phenolic side chain deprotonates. Tyrosine Z (YZ) is responsible for extracting electrons in a stepwise fashion from the oxygen evolving-complex in order to build enough potential to oxidize water. This process requires that each step YZ must deprotonate and reprotonate in order to maintain the high midpoint potential that is necessary to oxidize the oxygen-evolving complex, which makes YZ highly involved in proton coupled electron transfer reactions. In this thesis YZ has been studied within oxygen-evolving photosystem II utilizing electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to monitor the tyrosyl radical that is formed upon light excitation. Kinetic analysis of YZ has shed light on the factors that are important for PSII to carry out water oxidation at the oxygen-evolving complex. Most notably the strong hydrogen-bonding network and the midpoint potential of YZ have been shown to be integral aspects of the water splitting reactions of PSII. By studying YZ within oxygen-evolving PSII, conclusions are readily applied to the native system.

In terms of economic development, internal availability of energy in a region means the capability to produce essential goods and services for the improvement in the quality of life of all the economic agents. Economic development consists in large part of harnessing increasing amounts of energy for productive purposes or by making more efficient use of available energy resources. In this dissertation, the future electricity supply and demand interactions are examined for seven countries in West Africa: Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Togo, and Upper Volta. A description of the primary energy resources (coal, hydro, natural gas, and oil) available in each country is presented. The future demands for electricity in the medium term (1980-1989) are projected through econometric models developed in the study. Two sectorial models for each country's economy, the residential sector, and the commercial and industrial sector, are presented. Multiple regression analysis is applied in the estimation of all demand equations. Major determinants for electricity demand used in the estimation for the residential sector were average price of electricity, real personal income, and the number of households with access to electricity. Data on these variables were obtained from international organisations such as the United Nations and from government publications for the period 1960-1977. Each of these determinants was found to be significant for most countries; however, their relative importance differ across countries. Similarly, average price of electricity, real output, and employment were major determinants used and found to be significant in the demand for electricity in the commercial and industrial sector of all countries. Price and income elasticities were obtained from the estimated equations. A general multi-region supply model was developed to structure the future electricity supply possibilities in the countries involved. The objective of this model, using linear programming, was to seek the least-cost combination of resources (primary energy, capital, and technology) for the production of electricity. The impacts of various levels of resource availability on average cost of electricity were examined for each country, and for joint development efforts using a non-integer, deterministic, linear version of the general model. The application of the supply and demand models to West Africa over the decade to 1989 reveals that except for Nigeria, all countries in the region will require fossil fueled systems to supply additional demands for electricity, because all hydro resources would have to be exploited by the mid-1980s. This will lead to higher costs in producing electricity. However, Nigeria is expected to have excess electrical energy if plans initiated in its third development plan are completed. The extension of transmission lines between Nigeria and Benin could effectively distribute the relatively cheaper energy from Nigeria to other countries, since adequate transmission network already exists between most of the countries.

Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre la mobilisation des ressources de pouvoir, par les associations patronales, dans le but d’influencer les politiques publiques, plus précisément dans le secteur de l’aérospatiale. Dans un premier temps, cette recherche tente de répondre à notre première question de recherche qui s’attarde à l’impact de la logique de représentation sur la détermination du champ d’intervention en matière de politiques publiques. Dans un deuxième temps, notre seconde question de recherche tente de cerner comment les associations patronales utilisent leurs ressources de pouvoir dans le but d’influencer les politiques publiques. D’un angle théorique, cette recherche s’inscrit dans le courant des travaux néo-institutionnalistes. Tout d’abord, les associations patronales sont perçues comme étant des «entrepreneurs institutionnels» capables d’influencer leur environnement institutionnel (Campbell, 2004 ; Streeck et Thelen, 2005 ; Crouch, 2005). Plus précisément, nous constatons également que les employeurs et leurs associations sont en mesure de mobiliser plusieurs leviers de pouvoir pour influencer, à leur avantage, les développements politiques et économiques des sociétés capitalistes (Traxler et Huemer, 2007). D’un angle empirique, notre recherche vise trois objectifs : cerner les logiques de représentation des associations patronales; identifier quels types de ressources sont à la disposition des associations patronales; analyser comment s’exerce le lien entre les ressources de pouvoir (internes et externes) et l’influence potentielle sur les politiques publiques (commerciales et du travail). Afin de rencontrer nos objectifs de recherche, nous avons utilisé la technique de l’étude de cas. Cette méthode qualitative est l’un des meilleurs moyens pour analyser un phénomène inconnu car elle fournit des données en profondeur. Cette recherche suit les recommandations de Merriem (1998) qui propose de mener la recherche en trois grandes étapes : la préparation, la collecte des données et l’interprétation. Nous avons recueilli nos données à l’aide d’entrevues semi-dirigées, conduites à l’hiver 2012. Ces entrevues ont été menées auprès de représentants des associations patronales du secteur de l’aérospatiale. Nous avons effectué une analyse qualitative des données en fonction de notre revue de littérature et nos propositions de recherche. Dans cette perspective, nous avons utilisé la technique de l’appariement logique de Yin (1994) qui consistait à comparer nos observations avec nos propositions de recherche. Enfin, il faut mentionner que cette méthode de recherche (étude de cas) comporte une importante limite de recherche : la généralisation. Effectivement, nous pouvons difficilement généraliser les résultats de notre recherche à une autre population, considérant les nombreuses particularités du secteur de l’aérospatiale. Toutefois, cette recherche a tout de même contribué à enrichir les connaissances sur l’acteur patronal organisé au Canada. / This research aims to have a better understanding of the mobilization of power resources by employers' associations in order to influence public policy, specifically in the aerospace sector. In the first place, this research attempts to answer our first research question which concerns the impact of the logic of representation on the public policy’s intervention. Furthermore, our second research question seeks to identify power resources used by employer associations. From a theoretical perspective, this research is a part of the current neo-institutionalist work. First, employers 'associations are perceived as "institutional entrepreneurs' because they have the ability to influence their institutional environment (Campbell, 2004; Streeck and Thelen, 2005; Crouch, 2005). Specifically, we also find that employers and their associations have been able to mobilize several power levers to influence, to their advantage, the political and economic developments in capitalist societies (Traxler and Huemer, 2007). On the empirical perspective, our research has three objectives : identify employer associations’ logic of representation; identify which types of resources are available for the associations; analyze the relationship between power resources (internal and external) and the potential influence on public policies (commercial and labor law). To meet our research objectives, we used the case study as our research method. This qualitative method is one of the best way to analyze an unknown phenomenon because it provides in-depth data. This research follows the recommendations of Merriem (1998) who propose to conduct a research in three main stages: preparation, data collection and interpretation. We collected our data using semi-directed interviews conducted in the winter of 2012. These interviews were conducted with employers' associations representatives of the aerospace sector. We performed a qualitative analysis based on our review of the literature and our research proposals. In this perspective, we used the technique of patterns matching developed by Yin (1994) which consist to compare our results with our research proposals. Finally, it should be noted that this research method (case study) has an important methodological limit: generalization. Indeed, we can hardly generalize our results to another population considering the fact that there are specific aspects related to the aerospace industry. Nevertheless, this research has contributed to have a better understanding of the role of employer associations in Canada.

Starting around 1500 a period of state formation changed the European map. The scattered medieval principalities were replaced with more centralised and better organised states with permanent armies. Sweden was quite successful in competing with these states and experienced a period of expansion. The means for warfare were drawn, to a large extent, from the peasantry, which meant that a great number of Swedes were sent to the front line and were never to return. This thesis investigates the dissemination of information, war propaganda and mobilisation in Sweden, 1655–1680. This period is interesting since it includes both offensive wars (under the reign of Karl X Gustav), a period of peace (under the regency) and defensive warfare(under Karl XI). A basic assumption has been that information is an important power resource. In the study both the dissemination and the content of the propaganda are examined. The most important sources have been the minutes and correspondence of the kings, the regency and the council of the realm, along with the sources from the diet and the provincial meetings. In particular, the prayer days and thanksgiving days, in both manuscript and printed sources, have been studied. To investigate the actual dissemination of information, the sources in the regional archives of the counties of Uppsala and Kopparberg and the archives of several episcopates have been examined. There existed developed media for the dissemination of information, namely, “the system of information”. Information was disseminated from the pulpits, at the diet and provincial meetings, by county governors and bailiffs, and by printed texts. In this thesis it is shown that the rulers were anxious to explain and justify the wars to the people and that they deliberately used the dissemination of information as a power tool. To keep the people in a good mood was vital for the war effort. War propaganda was spread both in times of war and peace, and its main messages remained the same during Sweden’s Age of Greatness. The main message of the long-term propaganda was that the wars were a divine punishment: it was because of the sinful people that wars broke out. According to the propaganda, the world was populated with evil enemies that were striving to destroy Sweden. The best protection against the enemies (next to God) was a good regent. It was also stated that, in the event of war, it was the duty of the subjects to contribute. The direct propaganda was conducted in four different phases. The first phase was about explaining the outbreak of war, the second phase was about mobilisation, the third phase was about disseminating information in order to uphold the morals and the fourth and last phase was about explaining the peace. The messages of the long-term propaganda had their equivalents in the direct propaganda. These arguments, however, were not always sufficient. The state representatives also highlighted the great perils threatening the country and used a patriotic rhetoric. The war propaganda depoliticised the wars, and made it possible to mobilise great resources from the population in times of war. The frequently used picture of threatening wars contributed to the legitimacy not only of a permanent army and offensive warfare, but also of the power of the king and the social order at large.

Univ., Diss.--Hamburg, 2005. / Zsfassung in dt. Sprache.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı, 2007. / Bibliyografya var.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Amid the climate change crisis of the 21st century, South Africa faces its own, tailor-made challenges. In its attempt to contribute to the global effort to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development, South Africa faces the challenge of a history steeped in cheap electricity - the curse of an abundance of coal. The municipality, as the lowest leg of governance, currently finds itself at a tough nexus, involving; municipal mandates to provide basic services; the possible financial risks of implementing RETs; the regulatory ambiguity surrounding electricity generation and distribution jurisdiction; and the necessary implementation of RETs as a means of addressing the growing risk of revenue loss from reduced electricity sales as consumers install their own RETs, and as a contribution to national climate change mitigation. This nexus is herein referred to as the ‘municipal dilemma’. This thesis, via a complex systems approach, explores the major barriers and policy opportunities in the implementation of renewable energy technologies (RETs) by municipalities embedded within the larger ambit of the South African government, as they attempt to address what the author has termed the ‘municipal dilemma’. What is especially interesting and relevant about a complex systems approach is the notion of learning and therefore adaptability. In light of municipalities and their role in the South African context, the notion of systems learning affords a unique perspective into the municipal dilemma and means of overcoming it. From a literature analysis of policy, through to a specific case study of Hessequa municipality, this study sought to assist municipalities in addressing this dilemma. South Africa’s energy and municipal management policies starting from the Constitution, is found to be conducive to the growth of RETs. Furthermore, there are clear channels through which municipalities can engage with these new technologies to address the municipal dilemma. What is seen to hinder this process is a web of institutional, political and regulatory barriers stemming from the over-politicization of the country’s energy sector - a direct result of a long history entrenched in coal-fired electricity generation. What was found lacking in the South African energy debate was the perspective of the municipality itself, which is ultimately tasked with catering for the energy needs of South African citizens while participating in national efforts. The notion that municipalities are best positioned to be influential in the growth of RETs is reinforced by the literature explored and through a complex systems approach. To effectively play their role, municipalities must: (a) be creative and bold in their development of appropriate policies to support RETs; (b) align their efforts with provincial and national programmes and simultaneously influence these programmes through municipal experience; (c) take advantage of systems in place, such as the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) process, to gradually build capacity within the municipality to manage increasingly complex RET implementation; (d) develop long-term strategies which, as per the tenets of complex systems theory, must feed from and into the ever-changing national and global landscape. This thesis posits that the municipal dilemma not only needs to be addressed, but offers the municipality a unique opportunity to rethink its role in the South African context. It has been found that a conducive regulatory environment is on the rise in the South African energy context. This environment, however, still requires much input from municipalities which are well positioned to offer direction to the policy creation process. In doing so, municipalities not only address the municipal dilemma, by also take their place as custodians of sustainable development. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Te midde van die krisis van die 21ste eeu, naamlik die uitdaging van klimaatverandering, staar Suid-Afrika sy eie, unieke uitdagings in die gesig. Met die nodigheid om by te dra tot die globale poging om klimaatsverandering te versag en volhoubare ontwikkeling mee te bring, is Suid-Afrika gekonfronteer met die uitdaging van 'n geskiedenis ‘ryk’ in goedkoop elektrisiteit - die vloek van 'n oorvloed steenkool. Hierdienooreenkomstig bevind die munisipaliteit, as die laagste been van regering, homself in 'n moeilike krisispunt, naamlik die handhawing van die grondwetlike mandaat om basiese dienste te verskaf, en om ekonomiese ontwikkeling te verseker, maar tog by te dra tot die land se volhoubare ontwikkeling. Dit is uiters moeilik om alle aspekte genoegsaam aan te spreek, en hierna word verwys as die munsipale dilemma. Ter oorweging van die munisipaliteit as ingebed in 'n groter stelsel, naamlik die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks, en met 'n komplekse stelselsbenadering om die munisipale dilemma aan te spreek, ondersoek hierdie tesis die groot struikelblokke tot, en beleidsgeleenthede vir, die implementering van hernubare energietegnologie deur munisipaliteite. In terme van die komplekse stelsels benadering is veral belangrik die opvattings van leer en dus aanpasbaarheid van die stelsels en hul relevansie vir die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Uit 'n ontleding van die beleidsliteratuur, en deur ‘n spesifieke gevallestudie van Hessequa munisipaliteit, poog hierdie studie om munisipaliteite te help in die aanspreek van hul dilemma. Daar is gevind dat Suid-Afrika se energie- en munisipale bestuursbeleid, vanaf die Grondwet, die groei van hernubare energietegnologie bevorder. Verder is daar duidelike kanale waardeur munisipaliteite betrokke kan raak by hierdie nuwe tegnologie ten einde die munisipale dilemma aan te spreek. Hierdie proses word wel verhinder deur 'n web van institusionele, politieke en regulatoriese hindernisse, wat spruit uit die oorverpolitisering van die land se energie-sektor; 'n direkte gevolg van 'n lang geskiedenis verskans in steenkool-aangedrewe opwekking van elektrisiteit. Wat ontbreek in die Suid-Afrikaanse energie-debat is die perspektief van die munisipaliteit self, wat uiteindelik getaak is met die adressering van die behoeftes van die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing, met gelyktydige deelname aan nasionale pogings. Die plaaslike en globale gevallestudies lig talle gemeenskaplike temas uit en vorm die basis van die gevolgtrekkings van hierdie tesis. Die idee dat munisipaliteite die beste geposisioneer is om invloedryk te wees in die groei van hernubare energietegnologie word versterk deur die literatuur ondersoek en deur middel van 'n komplekse sisteem benadering tot die gevallestudies. Om effektief te wees in hul rol, moet munisipaliteite (a) kreatief en dapper wees in hul ontwikkeling van toepaslike beleide om dié tegnologieë te ondersteun; (b) hul pogings in lyn bring met provinsiale en nasionale programme en terselfdertyd hierdie programme beïnvloed deur munisipale ervaring; (c) voordeel trek uit stelsels wat reeds in plek is om geleidelik kapasiteit op te bou binne die munisipaliteit om die toenemend komplekse hernubare energie implementering te bestuur; en (d) langtermyn strategieë ontwikkel in die steeds veranderende nasionale en internasionale landskap. Hierdie tesis postuleer dus dat die munisipale dilemma nie net aangespreek moet word nie, maar bied die munisipaliteit 'n unieke geleentheid om sy rol in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks te heroorweeg. Wat bevind is, is dat toepaslike beleid reeds bestaan en dat munisipaliteite hul plek kan inneem as bewaarders van volhoubare ontwikkeling.

Os problemas ambientais advindos do crescimento descontrolado ampliaram o interesse por estudos que aliam a inovação e a sustentabilidade. As trajetórias tecnológicas inovadoras passaram a buscar maneiras eficientes de preservação ambiental, aliada às vantagens competitivas organizacionais Neste sentido, a ecoinovação é uma abordagem que contribui para entender a relação entre a sociedade, a economia e o meio ambiente. Os parques tecnológicos podem ser considerados ambientes inovadores para o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, em uma dinâmica que pode ser explicada pela teoria da transição sociotécnica. A tese a ser comprovada nesta pesquisa é de que os parques tecnológicos são ambientes propícios para desenvolvimento e difusão da ecoinovação e sua dinâmica e processo dependem da forma como os atores interagem nos diferentes níveis do sistema sociotécnico. O objetivo geral da tese é analisar como se desenvolvem as ecoinovações em energias renováveis no Parque Tecnológico Itaipu (PTI) a partir da abordagem da transição sociotécnica (multinível, multifases e multiatores). Teoricamente esta tese contribui para explicar o processo de desenvolvimento e difusão de tecnologias em energia sustentável em parques tecnológicos a partir das abordagens da ecoinovação, da teoria evolucionista e da teoria da transição sociotécnica, contribuição esta inédita no espaço acadêmico brasileiro. Os quatro casos analisados nesta tese foram compostos por empresas e projetos ecoinovadores da área de Energias Renováveis do Parque Tecnológico Itaipu, sendo estes: AP Energia, Esco Iguassu, Cibiogás e Projeto Hidrogênio. A metodologia foi embasada em estudo de casos múltiplos de natureza qualitativa que utilizou de recursos etnográficos e conceitos sensibilizadores da Teoria da Prática para coletar os dados, os quais foram amparados pela análise de conteúdo realizada com o auxílio do software Atlas TI e pela triangulação das informações. Os principais resultados demonstraram que o PTI, com o apoio de sua mantenedora a Itaipu Binacional, criou uma ambiente propício ao desenvolvimento de empresas ecoinovadoras em energias renováveis, estimulando a troca de conhecimento entre as empresas do cluster, favorecendo parcerias com empresas nacionais e internacionais para o desenvolvimento tecnológico, viabilizando as parcerias com as universidades locais, agenciando o acesso a organizações e instituições nacionais no sentido de alterar o regime vigente, principalmente em relação às legislações e políticas, abrindo caminhos para facilitar o financiamento ao desenvolvimento tecnológico. A infraestrutura física, seus laboratórios, sua cultura ecoinovadora, suas ações para o desenvolvimento do cluster de energias renováveis comprovam a tese de que o PTI caracteriza-se como um ambiente que cria janelas de oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de ecoinovações, desempenhando um papel fundamental para o avanço tecnológico e científico desses projetos e empresas, ao ter aberto oportunidades, parcerias e financiamentos, mas precisam avançar para o processo de difusão destas tecnologias no mercado. Neste sentido, o Parque, através do apoio da Itaipu Binacional pode ampliar sua atuação abrindo novos caminhos para fortalecer essas empresas em termos de gestão de negócios, gestão financeira e de mercado, visando a difusão destas tecnologias e a competitividade das empresas, fortalecendo seu papel social e econômico para a transição sociotécnica para a sustentabilidade. / Environmental problems arising from uncontrolled growth increased interest in studies that combine innovation and sustainability. Innovative technological trajectories began to seek efficient ways of environmental preservation, combined with organizational competitive advantages. Thus, ecoinnovation is an approach that helps to understand the relation among society, economy and environment. Technological parks are considered innovative environments for the development of new technologies, a dynamic that can be explained by the theory of socio-technical transition. The thesis to be proven in this research is that technology parks are supportive environments for development and diffusion of eco-innovation and its dynamic process and depend on the way actors interact at different levels of socio-technical system. The overall aim of the thesis was to analyze how to develop the eco-innovations in renewable energy at the Itaipu Technological Park from the socio-technical transition approach (multi-level, multi-phase and multi-actors). Theoretically this thesis helps to explain the development and diffusion of technologies in sustainable energy technology parks from eco-innovation, evolutionary theory and the theory of socio-technical transition approaches, an unprecedented contribution in the Brazilian academic space. The four cases analyzed in this thesis, were made by companies and eco-innovative projects in the Renewable Energy area of Itaipu Technological Park, as follows: Ap Energia, Esco Iguassu, Cibiogás and Hydrogen Project. The methodology was based on multiple case study of qualitative nature that used ethnographic resources and sensitizers concepts from the Practice Theory to collect the data, which were supported by content analysis with the help of Atlas IT software and the triangulation of information. The main results showed that the ITP with the support of his sponsor Itaipu Binacional created a conducive environment for the development of eco-innovative companies in renewable energy, encouraging the exchange of knowledge among the cluster companies, promoting partnerships with national and international companies for the technology development, enabling partnerships with local universities, touting access to national organizations and institutions to change the current rule especially regarding laws and policies, opening paths to facilitate the financing of technological development. The physical infrastructure, their laboratories, their eco-innovative culture, their actions for the development of renewable energy cluster prove the thesis that the ITP is characterized as an environment that creates windows of opportunities for the development of eco-innovations, playing a key role in scientific and technological development of these projects and companies, opened windows of opportunities, partnerships and financing, but must move on to the process of diffusion of these technologies in the market. In this sense, the park, through the support of Itaipu Binacional can advance and expand its operations by opening new ways to strengthen these companies in terms of business management, financial management and market, aiming to disseminate these technologies and the competitiveness of enterprises, strengthening their social and economic role in the socio-technical transition to sustainability.