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Adolescentes, Drogas e Aids - Avaliando a Prevenção e Levantando Necessidades. / Adolescents, drugs and aids: evaluating prevention and accessing needsCassia Baldini Soares 05 August 1997 (has links)
O objeto deste estudo é a prevenção relacionada ao uso de drogas e dirigida aos adolescentes. Seu objetivo é avaliar políticas públicas na área. Particularmente, analisa-se um projeto de prevenção realizado nas escolas públicas do Estado de São Paulo de 91 a 94 - o Projeto Escola é Vida. Essa análise foi desenvolvida a partir de considerações sobre: a diversidade e complexidade das relações dos indivíduos com as drogas no mundo contemporâneo; e os processos de socialização dos adolescentes, sempre historicamente determinados. As considerações teóricas propõem que, para que a prevenção seja adequada, ela deve considerar a complementaridade entre duas abordagens sociológicas. Uma que se aproxima do problema da relação dos indivíduos com as drogas a partir das interações sociais que acontecem no âmbito microssocial. E outra, que coloca em evidência o peso dos fatores econômicos ou macrossociais na determinação de uma relação prejudicial dos indivíduos com as drogas. As categorias analisadas por referência à prevenção são: objetivos da prevenção; concepções sobre drogas e adolescentes; AIDS como um possível prejuízo ao nível do processo saúde?doença. A análise dessas categorias foi feita a partir dos depoimentos de: supervisores do projeto, professores treinados pelo projeto; escolares que participaram de atividades do projeto e escolares de escolas que não participaram do projeto. No sentido de trazer para o campo da prevenção, alguns elementos da realidade concreta, levantou-se as características dos adolescentes que adquiriram AIDS pelo uso de drogas injetáveis com objetivo de apreender: elementos sócio-culturais referentes à prática do uso de drogas; situações de transmissão do HIV; e suas propostas em relação à prevenção. Por fim, apresenta-se conclusões que têm implicações para as políticas públicas de prevenção na área de drogas e AIDS junto ao grupo de adolescentes. / The object of this study is the prevention related to drug use and focused on adolescents. Its objective is to evaluate the public policy in this field. Particularly, a public school prevention project is analyzed. The Escola é Vida project took place between 1991 and 1994 in the public schools of the São Paulo state. The analysis was developed from considerations: about the diversity and complexity related o contemporary drug use; and about the socialization processes of adolescents, always historically determined. The theoretical considerations propose that, for prevention to be adequate, it has to consider the complementarity of two sociological approaches. One that approaches the relation between individuals and drugs from social interactions which happen in a microssocial domain. And another one that puts in evidence the weight of economic and macrossocial factors determining a harming relation between individuals and drugs. The categories analyzed related to prevention are: prevention objectives; conceptions about drugs; conceptions about adolescents; Aids as a possible consequence to the health-illness process. The analysis was based on the statements of: program supervisors; teachers trained by the program; students who participated in program activities and finally students from schools which had not participated in the state program. A case study was developed to bring to the prevention field a few elements from the concrete reality. The objective was to perceive, through the statements of adolescents who had aids mainly due to injected drug use: socio-cultural factors related to drug use; HIV transmission situations; and their propositions to prevention. Finally, conclusions are presented that have implications for public policies related to drugs and aids prevention focused on adolescents.
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Aspekte van statutêre minderheidsbeskerming in die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyeregHurter, E. (Estelle), 1955- 07 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / Daar is 'n toenemende bewuswording van die noodsaaklikheid van effektiewe beskerming vir minderhede. Die rede vir hierdie toenemende erkenning aan die behoefte aan minderheidsbeskerming is waarskynlik toe te skryf aan die beset dat dit nie alleen die minderheidsaandeelhouers is wat skade ly in geval van benadelende optrede nie, maar ook die ekonomie. Maatskappye word ingevolge die beginsel van meerderheidsbewind bestuur, met
die gevolg dat die minderheid onderworpe is aan die wil van die meerderheid. Die minderheid kan hulself hierdeur in 'n onbenydenswaardige posisie bevind, veral indien die meerderheid hul mag aanwend om hul eie belange te bevorder. Gemeenregtelik is die reel in Foss v Harbottle 'n struikelblok vir minderheidsaandeelhouers wat gedingvoering beoog. In 'n poging om die gebrekkige gemeenregtelike beskerming van minderhede te ondervang, is
bepaalde statutere maatreels ingevoer. Die evaluasie van hierdie maatreels geskied aan die hand van 'n regsvergelykende ondersoek na verskeie buitelandse stelsels, waarvan die van Nieu-Seeland en Kanada uit staan vanwee die innoverende aard van hul statutere beskermingsmaatreels. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die beskerming wat die Suid-Afrikaanse statutere maatreels aan minderhede bied, onbevredigend is om verskeie redes. Eerstens is hierdie maatreels dikwels te eng bewoord wat daartoe lei dat die aanwendingsveld van die maatreels beperk is. Tweedens hou die maatreels nie tred met ontwikkelings elders in die wereld en veranderende omstandighede en behoeftes in die praktyk nie. Derdens ontbreek goed geformuleerde remedies wat aanvullend tot artikel 252 van die Wet sal wees. Daar is verder bevind dat ad hocwysigings van bestaande maatreels nie die gewenste resultaat gaan bereik nie en 'n algehele hervorming van die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyereg word aanbeveel. Ten slotte word konkrete voorstelle in die vorm van konsepwetgewing
gemaak en word vergesel van verduidelikende notas. Hierdie wetgewing is hoofsaaklik aan die hand van die Nieu-Seelandse en Kanadese modelle geformuleer. / There is a growing awareness of the need for effective protection of minority shareholders. This can probably be ascribed to the acknowledgement of the fact that prejudicial conduct harms not only minority shareholders, but also the economy at large. Companies are governed by the principle of majority rule; consequently the
minority is subjected to the will of the majority. This often places the minority in an invidious position, especially when the majority use their power to further their own interests. The rule in Foss v Harbottle presents a stumbling block to minority shareholder action. Certain statutory measures have been introduced in an effort to counter defective minority protection. These statutory measures are evaluated in the light of a comparative study of several foreign jurisdictions, the most prominent of which are New Zealand and Canada, because of the innovative nature of the measures which they employ. The conclusion arrived at is that, for various reasons, the protection afforded minorities by the South African statutory measures is unsatisfactory. Firstly, the
wording of these measures is narrowly construed; this in turn results in a narrow field of application. Secondly, these measures are not in step with developments elsewhere in the world and with the changing circumstances and needs in practice. Thirdly, well-formulated remedies needed in order to supplement section 252 of the Act are non-existent. It has also been found that ad hoc amendments of existing measures will not achieve the required result, and consequently a complete reform of South African company law is recommended. Finally, specific
recommendations in the form of draft legislation are made; these are accompanied by explanatory notes. This draft legislation was formulated primarily along the lines of the New Zealand and Canadian models. / Private Law / LL.D.
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Aspekte van statutêre minderheidsbeskerming in die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyeregHurter, E. (Estelle), 1955- 07 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / Daar is 'n toenemende bewuswording van die noodsaaklikheid van effektiewe beskerming vir minderhede. Die rede vir hierdie toenemende erkenning aan die behoefte aan minderheidsbeskerming is waarskynlik toe te skryf aan die beset dat dit nie alleen die minderheidsaandeelhouers is wat skade ly in geval van benadelende optrede nie, maar ook die ekonomie. Maatskappye word ingevolge die beginsel van meerderheidsbewind bestuur, met
die gevolg dat die minderheid onderworpe is aan die wil van die meerderheid. Die minderheid kan hulself hierdeur in 'n onbenydenswaardige posisie bevind, veral indien die meerderheid hul mag aanwend om hul eie belange te bevorder. Gemeenregtelik is die reel in Foss v Harbottle 'n struikelblok vir minderheidsaandeelhouers wat gedingvoering beoog. In 'n poging om die gebrekkige gemeenregtelike beskerming van minderhede te ondervang, is
bepaalde statutere maatreels ingevoer. Die evaluasie van hierdie maatreels geskied aan die hand van 'n regsvergelykende ondersoek na verskeie buitelandse stelsels, waarvan die van Nieu-Seeland en Kanada uit staan vanwee die innoverende aard van hul statutere beskermingsmaatreels. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die beskerming wat die Suid-Afrikaanse statutere maatreels aan minderhede bied, onbevredigend is om verskeie redes. Eerstens is hierdie maatreels dikwels te eng bewoord wat daartoe lei dat die aanwendingsveld van die maatreels beperk is. Tweedens hou die maatreels nie tred met ontwikkelings elders in die wereld en veranderende omstandighede en behoeftes in die praktyk nie. Derdens ontbreek goed geformuleerde remedies wat aanvullend tot artikel 252 van die Wet sal wees. Daar is verder bevind dat ad hocwysigings van bestaande maatreels nie die gewenste resultaat gaan bereik nie en 'n algehele hervorming van die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappyereg word aanbeveel. Ten slotte word konkrete voorstelle in die vorm van konsepwetgewing
gemaak en word vergesel van verduidelikende notas. Hierdie wetgewing is hoofsaaklik aan die hand van die Nieu-Seelandse en Kanadese modelle geformuleer. / There is a growing awareness of the need for effective protection of minority shareholders. This can probably be ascribed to the acknowledgement of the fact that prejudicial conduct harms not only minority shareholders, but also the economy at large. Companies are governed by the principle of majority rule; consequently the
minority is subjected to the will of the majority. This often places the minority in an invidious position, especially when the majority use their power to further their own interests. The rule in Foss v Harbottle presents a stumbling block to minority shareholder action. Certain statutory measures have been introduced in an effort to counter defective minority protection. These statutory measures are evaluated in the light of a comparative study of several foreign jurisdictions, the most prominent of which are New Zealand and Canada, because of the innovative nature of the measures which they employ. The conclusion arrived at is that, for various reasons, the protection afforded minorities by the South African statutory measures is unsatisfactory. Firstly, the
wording of these measures is narrowly construed; this in turn results in a narrow field of application. Secondly, these measures are not in step with developments elsewhere in the world and with the changing circumstances and needs in practice. Thirdly, well-formulated remedies needed in order to supplement section 252 of the Act are non-existent. It has also been found that ad hoc amendments of existing measures will not achieve the required result, and consequently a complete reform of South African company law is recommended. Finally, specific
recommendations in the form of draft legislation are made; these are accompanied by explanatory notes. This draft legislation was formulated primarily along the lines of the New Zealand and Canadian models. / Private Law / LL.D.
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How Openness to Experience and Prejudicial Attitudes Shape Diversity Training OutcomesDean, Suzanne L. 23 September 2008 (has links)
No description available.
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Infrações penais de menor potencial ofensivo à luz dos princípios constitucionaisGênova, Jairo José 06 November 2007 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2007-11-06 / We developed an ultima ratio Criminal Law, with sanctions more
suitable to human dignity. In the procedural field, the hierarchical relationship of the
State to those whom commit a transgression begins to give a consensus to the
scope of the law, especially between the offender and the victim of a crime of minor
seriousness: this consent will determine that Criminal Law then performs the special
role of social pacifier.
This tendency follows from the constitutional principles of the Criminal
Law, especially ancillary, offense, proportionality, insignificance which aims to give
protection to the larger judicial system and the use of alternative punishment instead
of deprivation freedom.
We have now have a legal concept but to reduce anything potentially
prejudicial, it is needed to establish some flexibility of this concept: letting those who
apply the Law the incumbency of rating, in each factual case, the greater or lesser
seriousness of the offense of the case.
We propose the choice of positive requisites (availability of the legal
assets, favored features of inheritance/ancestral law, punishment in perspective and
reparation to the injured party). Also to consider some crimes of lesser seriousness
with a maximum punishment over two years, assets of negative requisite (Human
Rights) in order to exclude from this list crimes with a maximum penalty less than two
years / Evoluímos para o Direito Penal de ultima ratio, com sanções mais
adequadas à dignidade humana. No campo processual, a relação hierarquizada do
Estado para com o autor da infração está cedendo lugar para o consenso no âmbito
penal, em especial entre autor e vítima dos crimes de menor gravidade, consenso
esse determinante para que o Direito Penal cumpra seu papel de pacificação social.
Essa tendência decorre da fundamentação do Direito Penal nos
princípios constitucionais, em especial os da subsidiariedade, da ofensividade, da
proporcionalidade e da insignificância e visa, precipuamente, à proteção dos bens
jurídicos mais relevantes e à aplicação de penas alternativas à privação da
liberdade.
Temos um conceito legal e rígido de menor potencialidade lesiva, mas
é preciso criar mecanismos para flexibilizar o conceito, deixando aos aplicadores do
Direito a incumbência de aferir, em cada caso concreto, a maior ou menor gravidade
do fato.
Propomos a adoção de requisitos positivos (disponibilidade do bem
jurídico, formas privilegiadas dos crimes patrimoniais, pena em perspectiva e a
reparação do dano) para considerar de menor potencialidade lesiva alguns crimes
com pena máxima superior a dois anos, bem de requisito negativo (a dignidade
humana) para excluir desse rol crimes com pena máxima inferior a dois anos
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Fighting international harmful tax competition beyond the OECD: the role of the civil societyCapone, Rodrigo Senne 18 December 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / The present dissertation is about International Tax Competition and its harmful effects,
the role of International Organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development ??? OECD and the Organized Civil Society in the fight
against the damaging impacts of this international phenomenon. In a globalized era
where technology plays a significant role, with the mobility of capital and the easy flow
of investments, many tax systems are structured to offer benefits for non-resident
investors, ???poaching??? other countries??? tax bases. The effects of these advantages
offered are mostly harmful, since most taxpayers that take advantage of these harmful
tax reducing schemes continue to utilize a particular country???s structure and the public
services it offers, but end paying low or no taxes in these jurisdictions. The effects of
these malpractices are very damaging to the global tax system, resulting in erosion
that impairs the countries??? financial health and in many cases, it can also impact several
countries??? social policies once they end up collecting fewer taxes that they should.
These non-collected taxes could be invested in social programs to combat usual
problems such as hunger, poor public health systems, security, education, and many
others. And that is why the international community is discussing and researching this
phenomenon trying to find ways that can lead to a harmonization of the international
tax scenario, especially when the subject is harmful tax competition and its damaging
effects. But not only Governments and International Organisms are involved in this
cause. The Civil Society, through its organizations, has been working on these issues
looking for better tax practices, normally directing more of their attention to the situation
of poorer countries, since they have more difficulties in addressing these issues due
to their lack of resources both to fight the harmful tax competition and to research
solutions for it. One of the most active Civil Society???s Organization is the Tax Justice
Network, which plays a significant in studying and publishing impactful reports on how
the harmful tax practices affects countries??? economies, in an effort to achieve tax justice
and fairness at a global level, alongside to dozens of others Civil Society???s
Organizations spread around the World. / A presente disserta????o trata sobre a concorr??ncia tribut??ria internacional e os seus
efeitos prejudiciais, o papel de Organiza????es Internacionais como a Organiza????o para
a Coopera????o e Desenvolvimento Econ??mico ??? OCDE e da sociedade civil organizada
no combate aos efeitos prejudiciais desse fen??meno internacional. Numa era
globalizada, onde a tecnologia possui grande destaque e com a mobilidade do capital
e do facilitado fluxo de investimentos, muitos sistemas tribut??rios s??o estruturados
para oferecer benef??cios para investidores n??o-residentes, prejudicando a base
tribut??ria de outros pa??ses. Os efeitos desses benef??cios oferecidos s??o na sua grande
maioria prejudiciais, vez que a maioria dos contribuintes que tiram vantagem desses
esquemas prejudiciais de redu????o de tributos continuam a se utilizar da estrutura e
servi??os p??blicos do pa??s no qual se encontram, por??m, pagando poucos ou at??
mesmo nada a t??tulo de tributos nessas jurisdi????es. Os efeitos dessas pr??ticas s??o
demasiadamente prejudiciais para o sistema tribut??rio global, resultando em eros??es
nas bases tribut??rias, prejudicando a sa??de financeira dos pa??ses e, em muitos casos,
prejudicando tamb??m a agenda social do pa??s, vez que os mesmos acabam por
coletar menos impostos, que por sua vez poderiam ser reinvestidos em programas
sociais para combater problemas b??sicos como a fome, sa??de p??blica, seguran??a,
educa????o etc. E ?? por isso que a comunidade internacional est?? discutindo e
pesquisando esse fen??meno, com o fim de encontrar caminhos que possam levar ??
harmoniza????o do cen??rio tribut??rio internacional, em especial quanto ?? competi????o
tribut??ria prejudicial e os seus efeitos danosos. Mas n??o s??o s?? os pa??ses e
Organiza????es Internacionais que est??o envolvidos nessa causa. A sociedade civil
organizada, tamb??m conhecida como terceiro setor, atrav??s das suas organiza????es,
est?? engajada na busca de melhores pr??ticas tribut??rias, normalmente direcionando a
sua aten????o a quest??es ligadas aos pa??ses mais pobres, devido a falta de recursos
para combater a competi????o tribut??ria prejudicial e pesquisar formas de solucion??-la.
Uma das organiza????es da sociedade civil mais ativas ?? a ???Tax Justice Network???,
destacando-se no estudo e publica????o de impactantes relat??rios que mostram como
as pr??ticas tribut??rias prejudiciais afetam a economia dos pa??ses, de forma a alcan??ar
justi??a fiscal e justi??a a um n??vel global, ao lado de dezenas de outras organiza????es
da sociedade civil espalhadas ao redor do globo.
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The «Andean judge» in intellectual property issues: application to the Peruvian case / El «juez andino» en temas de propiedad intelectual: aplicación en el ámbito peruanoRejanovinschi Talledo, Moisés 10 April 2018 (has links)
This paper emphasizes the role of Andean Tribunal of Justice, however disagrees with criteria used to recognize administrative entities such as «national judge» or «Andean judge». If we apply the Tribunal criteria, several administrators of justice in Intellectual Property will be exempt of collaborating with Andean integration. / El presente documento enfatiza el rol del Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina pero discrepa de los criterios establecidos para reconocer a las entidades administrativas como «juez nacional» o «juez andino». Si se sigue el criterio del Tribunal, diversos administradores de justicia en propiedad intelectual se considerarán exonerados de colaborar con la integración andina.
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Remedies for dissenting shareholders : a comparison of the current option of personal action and the proposed appraisal remedy under the companies bill of 2008Adebanjo, Adetoun Teslimat 11 1900 (has links)
Thesis / The Companies Bill B61-2008 proposes to introduce appraisal rights into South African law. Appraisal entitles a shareholder to demand payment from the corporate issuer of his shares at a fair cash value in certain instances where major transactions which would change the company's direction have been proposed. It allows a cash exit rather than being coerced into supporting the majority's decision. Arriving at a fair share value is a challenge to appraisal. Presently, under the Personal action, a shareholder who opines that the company's act or omission is unfairly prejudicial or that its affairs are conducted in an unfairly prejudicial manner, may apply to court for an appropriate order. It enables the minority to challenge the majority's decision. Both remedies will be available to dissenting shareholders under the new dispensation and a shareholder must decide which remedy best suits his purposes. Appraisal should be seen as a last resort. / Law / LL.M. (Corporate Law)
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Los Efectos Jurídicos de las Sentencias Prejuciciales Interpretativas del Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas y su Aplicación Judicial en los Estados MiembrosCienfuegos Mateo, Manuel 02 December 1995 (has links)
L'àmbit de la Tesi doctoral descansa en l'anàlisi de l'esperit i la praxis del procés prejudicial, centrant-lo en la fase final de l'anomenat procés, els efectes de la sentència del Tribunal de Justícia i la subsegüent aplicació per les jurisdiccions nacionals en la resolució del procés intern.La primera part de la Tesi doctoral (capítols I a III) s'ha centrat en l'estudi dels efectes jurídics de les sentències prejudicials d'interpretació, analitzant els tres principals temes que es susciten, a saber, els seus efectes jurídico-processals, els seus efectes jurídico-materials i la seva dimensió temporal.En la segona part (capítols IV a VII) es va emprendre el tema des del prisma diferent de les posisions de jurisdiccions nacionals davant les sentències perjudicials, el comportament del qual, acatant o incumplint-les, corrobora o nega de manera evident el que s'ha afirmat en els tres primers capítols. / El ámbito de la Tesis doctoral descansa en el análisis del espíritu y la praxis del proceso prejudicial, centrándolo en la fase final de dicho proceso, los efectos de la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia y su subsiguiente aplicación por las jurisdicciones nacionales en la resolución del proceso interno.La primera parte de la Tesis doctoral (capítulos I a III) se ha centrado en el estudio de los efectos jurídicos de las sentencias prejudiciales de interpretación, analizando los tres principales temas que se suscitan, a saber, sus efectos jurídico-procesales, sus efectos jurídico-materiales y su dimensión temporal.En la segunda parte (capítulos IV a VII) se abordó el tema desde el prisma diferente de las posiciones de jurisdicciones nacionales ante las sentencias prejudiciales, cuyo comportamiento, acatando o incumpliéndolas, corrobora o niega de manera evidente lo afirmado en los tres primeros capítulos. / The Doctorship Thesis lies in the analysis the spirit and the practice of the preliminary process, focusing it in the final stage of such process, the effects of the Court of Justice sentence and their subsequent enforcement by the national jurisdictions in the internal process of the resolution.The first part (chapters I to III) has been focused in the study of the legal effects of the interpretative preliminary rulings, analysing the three main subjects that are issued, i.e., their juridical procedural effects, their juridical material effects and their temporary dimension.In the second part (chapters IV to VII) the issue was laid down from the different point of view, the positions kept by the national jurisdictions, which behaviour, accepting or refusing the preliminary ruling, acknowledges or denies in a clear way what it was assessed in the first three chapters.
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Remedies for dissenting shareholders : a comparison of the current option of personal action and the proposed appraisal remedy under the companies bill of 2008Adebanjo, Adetoun Teslimat 11 1900 (has links)
Thesis / The Companies Bill B61-2008 proposes to introduce appraisal rights into South African law. Appraisal entitles a shareholder to demand payment from the corporate issuer of his shares at a fair cash value in certain instances where major transactions which would change the company's direction have been proposed. It allows a cash exit rather than being coerced into supporting the majority's decision. Arriving at a fair share value is a challenge to appraisal. Presently, under the Personal action, a shareholder who opines that the company's act or omission is unfairly prejudicial or that its affairs are conducted in an unfairly prejudicial manner, may apply to court for an appropriate order. It enables the minority to challenge the majority's decision. Both remedies will be available to dissenting shareholders under the new dispensation and a shareholder must decide which remedy best suits his purposes. Appraisal should be seen as a last resort. / Law / LL.M. (Corporate Law)
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