Boron carbide nano-powders, singly-doped over a range of compositions, were pressurelessly-sintered at identical temperature and atmospheric conditions in a dif- ferential dilatometer to investigate sintering behavior. Samples that achieved relative densities greater than 93% of theoretical density were post-HIPed. Post-HIPing re- sulted in an increase in relative density as well as an increase in Vicker's hardness. To optimize the sintering behavior, nano-powders with multiple dopants were prepared based on the results of single dopant experiments. These powders were studied using the same heating schedule as the single dopant samples. The powder with optimized composition was selected, and 44.45 mm diameter disks were pressed to determine the effects of sample size. Powder composition #166 with Al, Ti, W and Mg additions was processed using di¢çerent methods in order to create defect-free green bodies after uniaxial press- ing. The 44.45 mm diameter compacts were heat-treated to remove organics and B₂O₃coatings on particles and then encapsulated in an evacuated fused silica am- pule. Encapsulated samples were HIPed at temperatures below the coarsening region observed in the dilatometric traces of multiply-doped nano-powders. The E-HIPed sample showed a relative density of 96% with a limited extent of nano-sized grain microstructure.

Austenitic stainless steels are commonly used in nuclear reactors and have been considered as potential structural materials in fusion reactors due to their excellent corrosion resistance, good creep and fatigue resistance at elevated temperatures, but their relatively low yield strength and poor radiation tolerance hinder their applications in high dose radiation environments. High angle grain boundaries have long been postulated as sinks for radiation-induced defects, such as bubbles, voids, and dislocation loops. Here we provide experimental evidence that high angle grain boundaries can effectively remove radiation-induced defects. The equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique was used to produce ultrafine grained Fe-Cr-Ni alloy. Mechanical properties of the alloy were studied at elevated temperature by tensile tests and in situ neutron scattering measurements. Enhanced dynamic recovery process at elevated temperature due to dislocation climb lowers the strain hardening rate and ductility of ultrafine grained Fe-Cr-Ni alloy. Thermal stability of the ultrafine grained Fe-Cr-Ni alloy was examined by ex situ annealing and in situ heating within a transmission electron microscope. Abnormal grain growth at 827 K (600°C) is attributed to deformation-induced martensite, located at the triple junctions of grains. Helium ion irradiation studies on Fe-Cr-Ni alloy show that the density of He bubbles, dislocation loops, as well as irradiation hardening are reduced by grain refinement. In addition, we provide direct evidence, via in situ Kr ion irradiation within a transmission electron microscope, that high angle grain boundaries in nanocrystalline Ni can effectively absorb irradiation-induced dislocation loops and segments. The density and size of dislocation loops in irradiated nanocrystalline Ni were merely half of those in irradiated coarse grained Ni. The results imply that irradiation tolerance in bulk metals can be effectively enhanced by microstructure refinement.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 YankelBFC.pdf: 3745387 bytes, checksum: 0a72ac9538c533fa074f31beeeb3660d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Ceramics materials have good properties including chemical stability, high hardness and wear resistance. Moreover, due to its fragility, can suffer failure under relatively low levels of tension. Actually zirconia is the material of choice in metal free dental prostheses used in dentistry due its inertia in physiological environment, good bending strength, hardness and fracture toughness. The alumina and mixed tungsten and titanium carbides additions, acting as reinforcement elements in the zirconia matrix, have as their main objective the improvement of mechanical properties of this material. In this work, samples of zirconia, zirconia with 30% wt of alumina and zirconia with 30% wt mixed carbides were analyzed. The samples were sintered by uniaxial hot pressing on 30 MPa pressure, for 1 hour in an argon atmosphere. They were physically characterized by porosity and density measurements, and mechanically by 3-points bending strength and Vickers microhardness. The X-ray diffraction was used for the phase identifications and microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of mixed carbides as reinforcement elements in zirconia matrix provides improvements in all properties analyzed in this work. The alumina addition has dropped the zirconia strength, although it caused improvement in other properties / Materiais cer?micos apresentam boas propriedades incluindo estabilidade qu?mica, elevada dureza e resist?ncia ao desgaste. Por outro lado, devido a sua fragilidade, podem sofrer falha sob n?veis de tens?es relativamente baixos. A zirc?nia ? hoje o material de escolha em odontologia para o uso em pr?teses dentais do tipo metal free por ser inerte em meio fisiol?gico, apresentar boa resist?ncia ? flex?o, dureza e tenacidade ? fratura. A adi??o da alumina e dos carbetos mistos de tungst?nio e tit?nio ,atuando como elementos de refor?o na matriz de zirc?nia, t?m como principal objetivo o aperfei?oamento das propriedades mec?nicas deste material. No presente trabalho, foram analisadas amostras de: zirc?nia, zirc?nia com 30% em peso de alumina e zirc?nia com 30% em peso de carbetos mistos. Os corpos de prova foram sinterizados por prensagem a quente uniaxial, sobre press?o de 30 MPa, durante 1 hora em atmosfera de arg?nio. Os mesmos foram caracterizados fisicamente por meio de medidas de porosidade e de densidade, e mecanicamente por resist?ncia a flex?o em 3 pontos e microdureza Vickers. A difra??o de raios X foi utilizada para a identifica??o das fases presentes e a microestrutura foi analisada por microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV). A adi??o dos carbetos mistos como elemento de refor?o da matriz de zirc?nia ocasionou uma melhoria em todas as propriedades analisadas neste trabalho. A adi??o da alumina proporcionou uma queda na resist?ncia mec?nica da zirc?nia, apesar de ter ocasionado melhora nas demais propriedades

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Dans le cadre de ce travail, une méthode chimique, la voie « polymère précéramique », a été mise en œuvre pour générer des (nano)composites céramiques à matrice de carbure, carbonitrure et nitrure de silicium et contenant des (nano)cristaux à base de métaux de transition (Ti ou Zr). Ces matériaux ont été préparés sous forme d’objets massifs. Cette thèse consiste tout d’abord en un premier chapitre de bibliographie décrivant les (nano)composites, la méthode de préparation mise en œuvre dans ce manuscrit ainsi que les matériaux visés et leur application, principalement dans le domaine de l’énergie nucléaire et solaire à concentration. L’étude consiste dans un deuxième chapitre à décrire les méthodes de synthèse mises en jeu dans notre étude ainsi que les différentes techniques de caractérisation mises en œuvre pour caractériser les précurseurs de départ, les matériaux au cours de leur élaboration et les matériaux finaux. Le chapitre 3 s’est intéressé à l’élaboration des (nano)composites autour du système Si-C-Ti, pouvant notamment entrer dans la composition de gaines à combustible au sein des réacteurs nucléaires à fission de génération IV. Ces matériaux ont été élaborés à partir de mélanges de nanopoudres à base de titane et d’un polycarbosilane hyperbranché, l’allylhydridopolycarbosilane (AHPCS). Les nanopoudres à base de titane jouent le rôle de charges passives/actives dans l’AHPCS pour s’opposer au retrait volumique que subit le polymère lorsque celui-ci est pyrolysé sous argon à 1000°C. Des objets massifs sont élaborés par moulage. Une étude détaillée du comportement à la pyrolyse des différentes formulations est faite et les matériaux finaux ont été caractérisés structuralement. Une étude préliminaire en implantation hélium de ces matériaux est réalisée. Dans le chapitre 4, nous nous sommes intéressés au même système en travaillant plus particulièrement la chimie de polymères précéramiques. L’objectif a été de synthétiser des polymères dit à « source unique » (=polytitanocarbosilanes) qui, par des traitements thermiques appropriés, conduisent à des (nano)composite dans lesquels des nanocristaux de carbure de titane (nc-TiC) sont dispersés dans une phase amorphe ou cristallisée de carbure de silicium sans phases secondaires comme dans l’approche détaillée au chapitre 3. Ces polymères ont été synthétisés pour être adaptés à la conception d’objets massifs par compactage à chaud puis traitement thermique des compacts polymères. Les matériaux finaux ont alors été caractérisés par différentes techniques afin de sélectionner les paramètres opératoires, allant de la synthèse des polymères à leur conversion en céramique, conduisant aux (nano)composite souhaités (e.g. matrice amorphe de carbure de silicium) avec les propriétés visées (e.g. comportement sous implantation Helium). Dans un cinquième chapitre, l’étude est plus fondamentale et vise à suivre la même démarche de chimiste que le chapitre 4 pour synthétiser des polymétallocarbosilazanes qui sont des précurseurs des systèmes carbonitrures et nitrures de type Si-N-M-(C) (M = Ti, Zr). Une étude de l’effet de la nature du polymère sur les propriétés des (nano)composites est notamment entreprise par RMN du solide, analyse thermogravimétrique et diffraction des rayons X. Une étude préliminaire d’application de ces matériaux en énergie solaire à concentration est proposée. / In the present work, the Polymer Derived Ceramics (PDCs) route has been investigated to prepare silicon carbide (SiC), silicon carbonitride (SiCN) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) matrix (nano)composites in which transition metal-containing (nano)phases (Ti or Zr) are distributed. This approach has been applied to produce bulk materials. In the first chapter, we develop a literature review on the definition and the different types of nanocomposites, the different strategies to prepare them with a particular focus on the PDCs route and the targeted applications in the nuclear and concentrating solar system energy field. In a second chapter, the synthesis experimental protocols and the various methods to characterize the materials at each step of their preparation have been described. The third chapter focuses on the Si-C-Ti compositional system which displays potential to be used in the fuel cladding of the 4th generation of nuclear fission reactor. The precursors are prepared by mixing titanium (Ti)-based nanofillers and a hyperbranched polycarbosilane named allyhydridopolycarbosilanes (AHPCS) to be cast into a green compact then pyrolyzed to generate bulk (nano)composites which represent multiphase materials according to the composition of the nanofillers. In particular, the active behavior of Ti nanopowders into the AHPCS significantly limit the volume shrinkage of the polymer during its pyrolysis at 1000°C under argon to form (nano)composites composed of titanium carbide, titanium silicide and silicon carbide phases. Their structure has been investigated in details and a preliminary study on helium implantation has been done on these materials. In the chapter IV, we considered the same system. Here, our objective was to focus on the chemistry of preceramic polymers to prepare single-source precursors called polytitanocarbosilanes. We investigated their chemistry and structure by solid-state NMR as well as their pyrolysis behavior by thermogravimetric analyses up to 1000°C under argon. Amorphous materials were generated at 1000°C. Titanium carbide nanocrystals precipitated during a further heat-treatment up to 1600°C in a silicon carbide matrix. Dense pieces were prepared by warm-pressing of polytitanocarbosilanes followed by pyrolysis of the green compact. Helium implantation tests have been done and compared with the results gained in chapter 3. In the fifth chapter, we followed the same strategy, with a more fundamental aspect, for (nano)composites prepared in the Si-N-M-(C) (M=Ti, Zr). The effect of the polymetallocarbosilazane formulation on the (nano)composite properties has been investigated by solid-state NMR analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. The structural evolution of these materials has been investigated up to 1600°C under ammonia and nitrogen atmosphere. The final materials represent nanocomposites of the type nc-TiN/a-Si3N4 with nc, nanocrystals and a being amorphous after a pyrolysis at 1400°C. By increasing the temperature up to 1600°C, the matrix crystallized. The effect of zirconium instead of titnanium has been investigated. A preliminary study on the potential of these materials as solar absorber for concentrating solar power (CSP) is reported.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EduardoGR.pdf: 1635946 bytes, checksum: 593244cdda721eea4684ae85323cfee4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The calcium phosphate ceramics have been very investigated as material for bone implants. The tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) had a great potential for application in temporary implants like a resorbable bioceramic. This material presents a limitation in its sintering temperature due to occurrence of the allotropic transformation β → α at temperatures around 1200?C, not allowing the attainment of dense ceramic bodies. This transformation also causes cracks, what diminishes the mechanical strength, limiting its use to applications of low mechanical requests. This work studies the influence of the addition of manganese oxide in the sintering of β-TCP. Two processing routes were investigated. The first was the powder metallurgy conventional process. The test bodies (samples) were pressed and sintering at temperatures of 1200 and 1250?C. The second route was uniaxial hot pressing and its objective was to obtain samples with high relative density. The samples were physically characterized through density and porosity measurements. The thermal behavior was studied through dilatometric, thermal differential and thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties were characterized by three point flexure test and Vickers microhardness measurements. The microstructure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The addition of manganese oxide caused an improvement of the mechanical strength in relation to the material without additive and promoting the stabilization of β-TCP to greater temperatures / As cer?micas de fosfato de c?lcio t?m sido intensamente investigadas como materiais para implantes ?sseos. O fosfato tric?lcico (β-TCP) possui um grande potencial para aplica??o em implantes tempor?rios por ser uma biocer?mica absorv?vel. Entretanto, este tipo de material apresenta uma limita??o na sua temperatura de sinteriza??o devido ? ocorr?ncia da transforma??o alotr?pica β → α em torno de 1200?C. Isto impede a obten??o de corpos cer?micos densos e provoca trincas, diminuindo a resist?ncia do material e limitando a sua utiliza??o a aplica??es de baixa solicita??o mec?nica. A influ?ncia da adi??o de ?xido de mangan?s na sinteriza??o do β-TCP foi estudada neste trabalho. Duas rotas de processamento foram investigadas. A primeira utilizou o processo convencional de metalurgia do p?. Os corpos de prova foram prensados, sendo posteriormente sinterizados nas temperaturas de 1200 e 1250?C. O segundo m?todo de processamento utilizou a rota de prensagem uniaxial a quente, e tinha como objetivo obter corpos de prova com alta densidade relativa. As amostras foram caracterizadas fisicamente por meio de medidas de porosidade e densidade e termicamente por dilatometria e an?lise termogravim?trica e t?rmica diferencial. Os corpos sinterizados foram caracterizados mecanicamente por resist?ncia a flex?o em 3 pontos e microdureza Vickers, sendo tamb?m sua microestrutura analisada por microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. A adi??o do ?xido de mangan?s ocasionou uma melhoria da resist?ncia mec?nica em rela??o ao material sem aditivo, al?m de promover uma estabiliza??o do β-TCP em temperaturas mais elevadas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foi investigado o processamento e propriedades mecânicas e tribológicas do compósito cerâmico Al2O3- NbC com o objetivo de desenvolver um compósito cerâmico com melhores propriedades do que a alumina pura. Como material para comparação foi utlizado a alumina que é uma cerâmica tradicionalmente aplicada onde é necessária elevada resistência mecânica e ao desgaste. A composição Al2O3-0,5%wtY2O3-20%wtNbC, que origina o compósito, passou por moagem e mistura em moinho tipo atrittor e secagem em evaporador rotativo. O pó obtido foi caracterizado quanto a distribuição granulométrica e morfologia. A alumina seguiu a rota tradicional de moagem e mistura em moinho de bolas, secagem em spray dryer; e mesma caracterização realizada para o compósito. Foi realizado estudo da sinterização em dilatômetro para os dois materiais com intuito de determinar as condições ideais de sinterização. Por meio de prensagem uniaxial seguida de prensagem isostática a frio foram confeccionadas amostras na forma de discos e pinos. Os materiais densos foram obtidos por sinterização normal sendo que a alumina ao ar e o compósito em atmosfera de argônio. As fases formadas no dois materiais foram determinadas por difração de raios X. As microestruturas foram estudas em microscópio eletrônico de varredura nas superfícies polidas e atacadas. Entre as propriedades mecânicas foram medidas o módulo elástico, a dureza e a tenacidade à fratura por meio de impressões Vickers. O compósito desenvolvido apresentou valores superiores em todas estas propriedades em relação a alumina. O estudo do comportamento tribológico foi realizado por meio do deslizamento de pinos, com extremidade cônica, de alumina e do compósito cerâmico sobre discos de alumina. Os ensaios foram realizados com a velocidade de 0,4m/s e com carregamento, por meio de peso morto, de 10N sob diferentes níveis de umidade relativa ( 26,8; 48 e 76,3%). O coeficiente de atrito cinético médio, assim como a taxa de desgaste, diminuiu em todos os ensaios com o aumento da umidade relativa, para os dois materiais. Este comportamento foi relacionado com a formação de uma camada na interface de contato entre as superfícies do pino e do disco de hidróxido de alumínio. O compósito demostrou maior resistência ao desgaste em todas as condições tribológicas estudadas. O compósito cerâmico desenvolvido claramente possui boas perspectivas como um novo material cerâmico em importantes aplicações técnicas. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Esta tese descreve o projeto e manufatura de membranas cerâmicas para separação de emulsões óleo/água. A escolha correta do material para a fabricação de membranas é importante para processos cujo desempenho depende da afinidade entre o meio poroso e o fluido. As condições de manufatura são também importantes, pois determinam a morfologia da membrana, que influencia fortemente as propriedades de transporte e conseqüentemente, a eficiência da membrana. Tendo isso em vista, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver membranas cerâmicas tubulares (porosas e densas) por prensagem isostática, aplicáveis em processos de microfiltração para a separação de emulsões óleo-água. Para tanto, foi realizado um controle rigoroso do tamanho e distribuição dos poros através do uso da sacarose como agente porogênico. Suspensões de alumina e zircônia com sacarose de diferentes dimensões foram preparadas. Após esse processo a barbotina foi seca e granulada para obtenção do pó usado na conformação das membranas porosas ou como suporte das membranas densas. Para a manufatura das membranas densas, uma fina camada da suspensão foi depositada no núcleo do molde que foi preenchido com o pó (de alumina ou zircônia) e então submetido à co-prensagem (isostática) para obter simultaneamente o suporte e o filme de zircônia. Posteriormente, as membranas (porosas e densas) sofreram um tratamento térmico (para queima parcial da sacarose) e foram sinterizadas (a 1500°C). As membranas foram caracterizadas por MEV, porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio, medidas de peso por imersão (para obtenção da porosidade e densidade aparente), ensaios de permeabilidade ao ar e à água. A caracterização morfológica das membranas constatou a formação de membranas porosas de alumina e de zircônia e de membranas densas: uma integral (\'ZR\'\'O IND.2\'/\'ZR\'\'O IND.2\') e outra composta (\'ZR\'\'O IND.2\'/\'AL IND.2\'\'O IND.3\'). A análise de porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio apresentou tamanho médio de poros de 1,8 \'mü\'m para as membranas porosas e de 0,01-0,03 \'mü\'m e 1,8 \'mü\'m para as membranas densas, respectivamente para camada seletiva e suporte. Todas as membranas obtiveram porosidade total de aproximadamente 50%, que é considerada uma porosidade satisfatória. Os ensaios de permeabilidade ao ar demonstraram que as membranas de zircônia obtiveram maior permeabilidade do que as membranas de alumina. Já os ensaios de permeação de água, na condição de fluxo tangencial, mostraram que as membranas porosas apresentaram maior fluxo transmembrana do que as membranas densas, na mesma velocidade de escoamento. As membranas densas e porosas foram testadas na separação óleo-água e a maioria apresentou bom desempenho no processo de microfiltração e alta rejeição da fase óleo (entre 98 e 99%). Dentre essas membranas, a membrana densa composta (sinterizada a 1400°C) foi a que obteve melhor desempenho, pois apresentou fluxo permeado de aproximadamente 230 L/h.\'M POT.2\' e coeficiente de rejeição médio de 99,77%, os quais são valores desejáveis para a aplicação de membranas em processos industriais. / This thesis describes the project and manufacture of ceramic membranes for separation of oil/water emulsions. The selection of raw material for the manufacture of membranes is fundamental in processes whose performance depends on the affinity between the porous medium and the fluid. The manufacturing conditions are also important as they determine the membrane\'s morphology. Such morphology strongly influences the transport properties hence the membrane\'s performance. In this context, this work aims to develop tubular ceramic membranes (porous and asymmetric) by isostatic pressing which will be applicable to microfiltration processes for the oil-water emulsions separation. For such a purpose, a rigorous control was realized on the distribution and size of pores by use of the sucrose as porogenic agent. Suspensions of zirconia and alumina with sucrose of different dimensions were prepared. After that process, the slurry was dried and granulated to obtain the dust used in the manufacture of the membranes. For the manufacture of the supported zirconia membranes, a thin layer of suspension was deposited onto the nucleus of the mould, which was filled with the dust (of alumina or zirconia) and then, it was subjected to co-pressing (isostatic) to obtain the support and the zirconia top-layer, simultaneously. Next, the porous and supported membranes underwent a thermal treatment (for a partial burning of sucrose) and were sintered (until 1500°C). They were characterized by SEM, porosimetry by mercury intrusion, measurements of weight by immersion (for the determination of the apparent porosity and density) and water and air permeability tests. The morphologic characterization of membranes identified the formation of zirconia and alumina porous membranes, an asymmetric \'ZR\'\'O IND.2\' membrane (zirconia top-layer on the porous zirconia support) and a supported \'ZR\'\'O IND.2\'/\'AL IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' composite membrane. The results of porosimetry analysis by mercury intrusion presented a mean pore size of 1,8 \'mü\'m for the porous membranes and for the other membranes, 0,01-0,03 \'mü\'m and 1,8 \'mü\'m, respectively, for the top-layer and support. All membranes achieved a total porosity of about 50%, which is considered a satisfactory porosity. The air permeability tests showed that the zirconia membranes achieved higher permeability than the alumina membranes. Otherwise, the water permeation tests in cross-flow condition showed that the porous membranes (of alumina and zirconia) presented higher transmembrane flow than the asymmetric \'ZR\'\'O IND.2\' and supported \'ZR\'\'O IND.2\'/\'AL IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' composite membranes in the same flow average velocity. Such membranes were applied to oil-water emulsions separation and the most they presented good performance in the microfiltration process and high rejection of oil phase (between 98 and 99%). Among those membranes, the zirconia supported membrane (sintered until 1400°C) obtained the most performance because it showed transmembrana flow of about 230 L/h.\'M POT.2\' e rejection coefficient of 99,77%, which are appreciable values for the application of membranes in industrial processes.

Topic of the diploma thesis is Zn-Mg bulk material preparation by powder mixtures sintering at hot pressing. Structure, porosity and physically mechanical properties of prepared bulk materials were evaluated. Obtained results and their interpretation were served as feedback for following optimization of individual processing parameters of bulk materials preparation. Solution of diploma thesis is focused on study and control of processes during bulk material preparation and processes description from physical-chemical point of view with respect to structure creation and final material properties.

The project elaborated design of technology production of the metal yoke of electrical socket made of steel DX51D + Z200 by compound progressive tool. Stock material for series of 200 000 pieces is a strip of coil. Manufacturing is realised in five steps consist of cutting, bending and flanging. For flanging was constructed a special mechanism for whose is necessary to use hydraulic counterholder, which is sold as a special peripheral equipment of manufacturing machine. The machine choice was adapted to this criterium. The servopress DSF-N1-800A was chosen as a manufacturing machine, which is made by AIDA company. The press can produce force of 800 kN and make work of 4000 J. Selling price of a one yoke is 24,5 Kč when the profit is one hundred percent. The break-even point comes with 58 140 made piece.