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The school is an important actor in creating good future opportunities for children and youths, but despite the school's duty, the school absence is common in the municipal school. The purpose of the study was to illustrate how schools in Halmstad municipality work to promote school attendance and how they work to prevent pupils from ending up in a school refusal problem in elementary school, grade 7-9. The relational perspective, sociocultural perspective and sense of coherence (SOC) has been applied as a theoretical basis to get an understanding of how schools handle the complex situation of absence. The study has used a hermeneutic basis where conclusions have been drawn from an abductive approach. With the qualitative design, empirical data has been collected through four semi-structured interviews. The empirical work has then been analyzed through a qualitative content analysis, which resulted in three main categories that account for how the schools relate to absenteeism and meet pupils with interventions and measures to deal with the problem. The analysis resulted in the categories: Organizational efforts and approaches, Pedagogical efforts and measures for participation and Prerequisites for presence through the social environment. In summary, all schools attempted to maintain preventive and promotional efforts based on an organizational, pedagogical and social level at an early stage, where relationships were seen as the prime condition for promoting presence and preventing absence.

People living with honor-related violence and oppression has in many cases a limited room for maneuver. Even though it exists several organizations today that work to support vulnerable people in Sweden, the problems remain. The present study aims to examine Swedish located and thereby obtain an increased knowledge and a deeper understanding of the organizations work and their crime prevention efforts against honor-related violence and oppression. The study conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews with five different organizations, all of which worked with support and protection efforts for people who are exposed to honor-related violence and oppression. The results showed that the context of honor is governed by patriarchal societal that are reproduced for generations. As, according to the context of honor, it is of great importance that women follow the group’s norms, it leads to women being most exposed to the problem. Therefore, should more organizations develop preventive measures towards changing attitudes of the perpetrator. At last, the results showed that more knowledge is required to be able to create more long-term efforts that prevent the emergence of honor-related violence and oppression. / Personer som lever med hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck har i många fall ett begränsat handlingsutrymme. Trots att det idag finns flera verksamheter som arbetar med att stödja personer som är utsatta i Sverige, kvarstår problematiken. Den föreliggande studien syftar till att undersöka svenskbelägna verksamheter och därigenom erhålla en ökad kunskap och en djupare förståelse om verksamheternas arbete och deras brottspreventiva insatser mot hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Studien genomförde kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem olika verksamheter som alla arbetade med stöd- och skyddsinsatser till personer som är utsatta för hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Resultatet visade att hederskontexten styrs utifrån patriarkala samhällsstrukturer som reproduceras i generationer. Då det enligt hederskontexten är av stor vikt att kvinnor efterföljer gruppens normer leder det till att kvinnor blir mest utsatta för problematiken. Därför bör fler verksamheter utveckla förebyggande insatser mot att förändra attityderna hos gärningspersonen. Slutligen krävs mer kunskap för att kunna skapa långsiktiga insatser som förhindrar uppkomsten av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck.

<p>  </p> <p>Food insecurity describes the lack of access to foods and affects 10.2% of general U.S. households and 27% of low-income households in 2021. Food insecurity is a pervasive public health concern in the United States and has been linked to poor dietary intake and diet quality, overweight and obesity (especially among women), and risk of other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. </p> <p>To better understand food security status and address its associated health and dietary outcomes among low-income populations, a conceptualized model was built and served as research framework for the dissertation, including 1) internal factors and motivations, such as traits related to self-efficacy and sufficiency that may influence diet and health; 2) external factors of temporary support, such as financial benefits from assistance programs that low-income populations are eligible for that may influence diet and health; and 3) external factors of potentially long-term support, such as nutrition education programs targeting low-income groups that may foster internalized knowledge that could sustain impact and improvement of diet and health in the long-term. Each chapter of this dissertation addresses a component of the model.</p> <p>Cross-sectional analysis of a sample of rural veterans using food pantries quantified psychological traits related to self-motivation and efficacy including grit and help seeking, at the individual and internal factors level of the conceptualized model, and their links to food security and resource use, and revealed an inverse association between grit score and risk of food insecurity. The findings provided evidence for future interventions targeting food insecurity improvement to include education and resources that address traits related to self-efficacy, such as grit, among low-income populations to improve health outcomes directly or through improving food security or use of resources. </p> <p>Using nationally representative data, the second study investigated relationships between food assistance through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation, a type of societal level external support, and dietary outcomes among low-income older U.S. adults. There were no differences in dietary quality, usual nutrient intake or risk of inadequacy between SNAP participants and eligible nonparticipants. Furthermore, results revealed a high prevalence of not meeting the Estimated Average Requirement from dietary sources for several nutrients (vitamins A, C, D, E, calcium, and magnesium) but the prevalence was lower when nutrients from dietary supplements were included. The results highlight a need for continued effort to improve nutrient and dietary intake among low-income older adults.</p> <p>External factors of potentially long-term support (e.g. nutrition education and food assistance) were evaluated for relationships with body mass index. A longitudinal sample of low-income women interested in participating in nutrition education through SNAP-Education (SNAP-Ed) was examined to determine the relationship between nutrition education (SNAP-Ed) and food assistance program participation through (SNAP, WIC), separately and in combination, with long-term changes in body mass index. No differences in changes of weight status over time were observed by nutrition education, food assistance, or combination participation. The prevalence of obesity was high among this sample, calling for targeted obesity prevention interventions and further support of healthy lifestyle promotion among low-income populations. </p> <p>The findings shown in this dissertation further reveal a high health burden among low-income groups. The studies filled several research gaps described in the conceptualized model. The results may be used to inform future tailored interventions to address food insecurity, dietary and health outcomes at individual and societal levels, incorporating internal motivation and external support to mediate health and dietary risks among low-income population.</p>