Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, & Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N+2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N+2 or word N+2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N+1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N+2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N+2 preview both for young and for old adults with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N+1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T19:13:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Liliane Rose Refatti.pdf: 7424459 bytes, checksum: 001cbdba44ba65a447392f3216f134f9 (MD5) Liliane Rose Refatti.pdf.jpg: 3248 bytes, checksum: 7dc4ae5405977fe928e72025ad87817f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the present work was to investigate the contributions of Didactic engineering methodology along with the software GeoGebra and Cabri 3D in the understanding of the concept of geometrical transformation, in a class of graduate course in mathematics. Wondered if the Dynamic Geometry environments promote the development of geometric skills of students; if the interaction provided by software, helped in the process of knowledge construction concerning geometric transformations; and the way the students if appropriate tools and/or features of GeoGebra and Cabri 3D content in the learning of geometrical transformations. The methodology of the study relied on assumptions of Engineering Didactics to Artigue (1996). The subject search participants were students who attended the discipline of Geometry I, of course of degree in Mathematics. By analyzing the data obtained from observation of the teacher and of the buildings produced by students, as well as the questionnaire applied at the end of the survey, it was possible to verify that the interaction of students with the software when working with the sequence of elaborate activities facilitated the visualization and mental assimilation of concepts worked. / No presente trabalho investigou-se as contribuições da metodologia da Engenharia Didática juntamente com os softwares GeoGebra e Cabri 3D na compreensão do conceito de transformação geométrica, numa turma do curso de Licenciatura em Matemática. Questionou-se, se os ambientes de Geometria Dinâmica promovem o desenvolvimento das competências geométricas dos alunos; se a interação propiciada pelos softwares, auxiliaram no processo de construção do conhecimento relativo às transformações geométricas; e a maneira como os alunos se apropriam das ferramentas e/ou recursos do GeoGebra e do Cabri 3D na aprendizagem do conteúdo de transformações geométricas. A metodologia do estudo apoiou-se nos pressupostos da Engenharia Didática de Artigue (1996). Os sujeitos participantes da pesquisa foram os alunos que frequentaram a disciplina de Geometria I, do curso de Licenciatura em Matemática. Ao analisar os dados obtidos, a partir da observação da professora e das construções produzidas pelos alunos, assim como o questionário aplicado ao final da pesquisa, foi possível verificar que a interação dos alunos com os softwares ao trabalhar com a sequência de atividades elaborada facilitou a visualização e a assimilação mental dos conceitos trabalhados.

This comparative legal thesis discusses abstract judicial preview in Sweden and the Netherlands. Both countries have Councils of State in place that are tasked with advising government on legislation and governance to maintain a congruent judicial system. The aim of the analysis is to examine, describe and compare the judicial preview of law proposals carried out in Sweden and the Netherlands. By applying a legal-dogmatic method and a comparative law method the results show that abstract judicial preview of law proposals in Sweden and the Netherlands share both similarities and differences. The primary similarity infers that the judgements of the Councils of State have no binding effect for the legislator. Regarding the differences, the Swedish Council of State mainly focuses on advising the government on legislation, whilst the Dutch Council of State consists of two divisions that operate under the same name. The Administrative Jurisdiction Division is the country’s highest general administrative court and the Advisory Division, as implied by its name, advises the government and Parliament in matters regarding legislation and governance. Finally, one of the surprising conclusions show that an official from the relevant Swedish department of state recites a bill before the Council of State. This differs from the Netherlands, where the Council of State operates behind closed doors when a bill is put forward. Meaning that it does not occur that an official or any other outsider is involved in assessing bills and other requests for advice. In conclusion, abstract judicial preview in Sweden and the Netherlands plays a fundamental role in contributing to a harmonious legal order and norm hierarchy.

本研究主要探討四方面。第一、探討試題預覽是否有助於聽力成績表現。第二、進一步探究試題預覽的效益是否因聽力程度不同而有所差異。第三、了解學生以試題預覽方式參加聽力測驗的實際經驗與看法。第四、研究試題預覽是否是一個可行的評量聽力的測驗方式。 參加本實驗的受試者為來自竹山國中120位三年級的學生。首先，他們被分為能力相當的兩組，每一組再被細分為高、中、低三個能力組別，接著研究者分別對兩組受試者施以聽力測驗，不同之處在於實驗組提供試題預覽。最後，實驗組的受試者須填寫一份關於他們對此測驗方式 (試題預覽方式) 的經驗及觀感。 本研究之主要發現如下: 1. 受試者在聽力測驗中顯著受益於試題預覽。 2. 高、中程度的受試者比低程度的受試者從試題預覽中獲得較多的助益。 3. 由問卷統計結果得知大部分受試者對於試題預覽表達正面的態度。 4. 試題預覽促進聽者預測聽力內容及使用由上而下的聽力理解方式是一個可行的評量聽力的測驗方式。 最後, 本研究建議老師們在實施聽力測驗時應以試題預覽的方式進行。再者, 老師們可以以試題預覽做為訓練聽力時的教學活動。另外, 老師們必須考慮學生聽力程度的不同並為低程度者設計額外的聽力訓練活動以便提升其聽力理解能力。 / The present study chiefly focuses on four issues. The first issue concerns whether test question preview method can make test takers get better scores on listening comprehension tests or not. The second issue examines whether the effectiveness of test question preview varies with the students’ proficiency levels or not. The third issue aims to probe test takers’ practical experience of taking the listening comprehension test with question preview test method. The fourth issue explores if question preview method is practical in measuring the students’ listening comprehension. The participants of this study were 120 third-year students at Chu-shan Junior High School. Firstly, they were divided into two homogeneous groups, each group were further subdivided into three subgroups- high, medium and low proficiency. Then the researcher administered the experimental test to both the experimental group and the control group; the only difference in the treatment was that question preview was used to the experimental group. At last, the experimental group was asked to fill in a questionnaire designed to investigate the experience of taking the listening test with test question preview method. The major findings of the study are as follows: (1)The junior high EFL students benefited significantly from the test question preview. (2)Listeners of high and medium proficiency level gained much assistance from the question preview than those of low proficiency level. (3)Questionnaire responses confirmed the positive effects of the test question preview. (4)The test question preview promoted information prediction and top-down information processing of test takers; therefore, it is a practical method for assessing learners’ listening comprehension. Therefore, it is suggested that teachers incorporate question preview method in the tests of listening comprehension. In addition, it is necessary for teachers to use question previewing as a teaching activity when training students’ listening skills. Finally, teachers should pay more attention to the differences in students’ listening ability and design some other additional activities for low proficiency listeners to promote their ability of understanding the previewed questions and improve efficiency of listening.

This internship academic report is the result of a 480--‐hour internship at New Orleans Auction Galleries completed from February--‐September 2015. New Orleans Auction Galleries is a for--‐profit arts organization located in the Arts District of New Orleans, Louisiana. During my internship, I worked closely with the Art Department and Office Administration, as well as preview receptions andauctions. This experience provided me with a valuable education of the inner workings of New Orleans Auction Galleries from its day--‐to--‐day operations to its vision as an organization. His report begins with the history and goals of New Orleans Auction Galleries and moves forward with discussing the structure of the organization as it stands today, a SWOT analysis, best practices, recommendations, and concludes with my final thoughts.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'étude de l'efficacité de la commande CRONE avec effet anticipatif robuste dans les problèmes de poursuite et de régulation pour les systèmes monovariables et multivariables. L'objectif de l'anticipation est de concevoir des algorithmes de commande capables de minimiser un critère quadratique basé sur l'erreur entre la sortie du système et le signal de référence avec modération du niveau du signal de commande. La solution proposée repose sur l'association d'une commande robuste de type feedback à une commande anticipative de type feedforward. L'action feedforward utilise un filtre anticipatif synthétisé dans le domaine fréquentiel en utilisant des critères d'optimalité et de contraintes de type $mathcal{H}_2$ et $mathcal{H}_infty$. La réduction du nombre de paramètres du filtre anticipatif en utilisant une période d'échantillonnage plus lente a été traitée. Des exemples académiques illustrent les développements théoriques. Une application pratique sur un système de régulation hydraulique a montré la pertinence de cette nouvelle approche. / The work presented in this thesis is part of the study of the effectiveness of CRONE control with anticipative effect in the problems of tracking and control for monovariable and multivariable systems. The anticipation objective is to design a control algorithm that minimizes a quadratic error between the reference and the output of the system and at the same time achieve a good level of the control signal. The proposed solution combines a robust feedback control with a feedforward control. The feedforward action uses optimality criteria and an anticipative filter which is designed in the frequency domain using a mix of $mathcal{H}_2$ et $mathcal{H}_infty$ constraints. The reduction of the number of parameters of the anticipative filter by using a slower sampling period for the anticipative filter is treated. Academic examples highlight the theoretical developments. A practical application on a hydraulic control system has shown the efficiency of the developed approach.

Les fauteuils roulants électriques (FRE) ont permis à nombre de personnes handicapés moteurs de retrouver une mobilité satisfaisante, ce qui a amélioré leur qualité de vie, un vaste champ d’activités leur étant devenu accessible. Lors de la prescription d’un FRE ou d’une phase d’apprentissage à la conduite il est cependant nécessaire d’évaluer les capacités de ces personnes à piloter un fauteuil. Dans ce contexte, notre objectif consiste à déterminer des paramètres pertinents permettant de décrire la qualité de la conduite d’un FRE pour des personnes ayant des déficiences motrices sévères. Tout d’abord, nous avons modélisé le système pilote-FRE par le modèle OPCM (Optimal Preview Control Model) de Sharp. Ce modèle est basé sur la distance anticipée (Dp) par l’utilisateur durant sa conduite du FRE. Cette distance a été estimée grâce à un système de suivi du regard combiné avec le simulateur 3D ViEW du laboratoire LCOMS. Un panel de 15 sujets valides a été recruté pour faire des tests de conduite sur simulateur et valider la modélisation OPCM. La distance Dp a permis de décrire le comportement du pilote. Ensuite, une analyse de la distance anticipée Dp en fonction de différentes zones du parcours (slalom serré, virage, slalom large), a montré que ce paramètre peut être utilisé pour différencier les différents comportements de conduite liées aux différentes situations du parcours. Ensuite nous avons comparé cette distance anticipée entre deux groupes, familiarisés et novices vis-à-vis de la conduite en FRE. L’analyse a montré que le groupe familiarisé présente une distance Dp plus importante que le groupe novice. Enfin, une dernière expérience a eu lieu au Centre de Réadaptation de Flavigny sur Moselle (54, France). Nous avons estimé la distance anticipée (Dp) pour des sujets à déficiences motrices sévères, afin de valider le paramètre Dp comme indicateur de performance. Une étude de cas a été établie portant sur 5 enfants en situation de handicap, en comparant leurs résultats à ceux obtenus précédemment sur un panel de personnes valides / The Powered wheelchairs (PW) allowed many people with motor disabilities to find a suitable mobility, which improved their quality of life. Hence, a vast field of activities has become accessible for them. When prescribing a PW or in a learning phase, however, it is necessary to evaluate the ability of these people to drive a wheelchair. In this context, our goal is to determine relevant parameters to describe the quality of driving on PW for people with disabilities. First, we modeled the pilot-PW system using the OPCM (Optimal Preview Control Model) model proposed by Sharp. This model is based on the preview distance (Dp) of the user during his driving. This distance has been estimated thanks to an eye-tracking system combined with the ViEW 3D simulator of the LCOMS laboratory. A panel of 15 healthy subjects was recruited to drive the PW on a 3D simulator and to validate the OPCM modeling. This distance Dp allows to describe the behavior of the pilot. If this distance is important, it guarantees the tracking trajectory of the OPCM model. Otherwise, the OPCM model diverges. This shows that if the user looks a long part of his future path, he will better anticipate the future control applied to the PW (change of direction, braking, etc.), which allows him to follow his path. In this situation the user has a tracking behavior. In the otherwise, the user’s behavior is rather compensatory. Then, an analysis of preview distance Dp with respect to the different zones of the path (tight slalom, turn, wide slalom), showed that the parameter Dp can be used to differentiate the different driving behaviors related to the different situations of the path. Next, we compared the preview distance between two groups, familiar and novice with regard to the PW driving. The analysis showed that the familiar group has a greater distance value than the novice group. Finally, a last experiment took place at the Rehabilitation Center of Flavigny sur Moselle (54, France). We estimated the preview distance (Dp) for subjects with severe motor impairment, in order to validate the parameter Dp as a performance indicator. A case study analysis was established on five children with disabilities comparing their results with those previously obtained with the healthy subjects

本研究探討中文讀者對於中文雙字詞的早期語意處理，特別要探討的是中文讀者是否能在凝視一個中文雙字複合詞之前，即可提取該詞的語意資訊。在中文的閱讀研究中曾經發現單字的語意資訊可以在該單字被凝視之前提取，不論是成詞的單字或是多字詞其中的組成單字。也有證據顯示中文雙字詞或雙字複合詞呈現在中央視野時的處理方式是整詞處理。由於事實上就詞長來看，雙字詞的詞類數量為中文詞類的最大宗，也是最常被使用的詞類，因此中文雙字詞語意處理的時間歷程便是本研究的研究目標。 　　實驗一旨在檢視雙字詞的語意資訊是否能和單字一樣，在被凝視之前即被提取。本實驗採用邊界典範（Boundary paradigm, Rayner, 1975），除了目標詞預視（identical preview）之外，本實驗亦包含語意相關預視（semantic-related preview）、語意無關預視（semantic-unrelated preview）及非詞預視（nonword preview）。實驗發現語意相關預視能促進目標詞的處理。然而和預視空間（preview space）及預視時間（preview time）的交互作用則顯示語意預視效益（benefit）在預視空間較大的時候會隨著預視時間拉長而增加，在預視空間較小的時候，則會隨著預視時間漸減。 　　在實驗一中，語意關聯性的高低和該詞合理性（plausibility）的高低是共變的，因此這兩個要素構成一個混淆的因子。語意相關預視和語意無關預視之間的效果有可能來自語意關聯性的差異，或是來自在句中合理性的差異。合理性同時也能解釋在為何在實驗一中，不合理的語意無關預視在目標前詞（pretarget）上造成較短的閱讀時間。為了解決這項混淆的因子，實驗二因此採用對目標詞預視、語意相關預視、及語意無關預視都合理的句子。結果發現，語意預視的主要效果消失。然而交互作用的模式則顯示出，語意預視效益在較長的預視時間、較大的預視空間下仍會存在。但在較小的預視空間下，會隨著較長的預視時間而轉為耗損（cost）。實驗二的結果因此提供證據支持在沒有合理性的交互作用下，中文雙字詞的語意預視效應仍會發生。最後，兩個實驗的差異顯示在中文閱讀中存在合理性的預視效益，此結論和之前中文閱讀的研究結果一致。 / The present study investigates the early semantic processing of Chinese two-character words by Chinese readers. Specifically, whether Chinese readers are able to extract semantic information of an up-coming two-character compound as a whole when the word is yet being fixated. In Chinese, it has been demonstrated that semantic information can be extracted from a single character, whether it is a word or part of a word, before the character is being fixated. There is also evidence for whole word processing of foveally presented two-character compounds/words. Since two-character words actually constitute the majority of word type and are used most frequently in total, the time course of processing the meaning of such combination of characters during reading is then the goal of this study. The first experiment aimed to examine whether semantic information of a two-character word can be extracted before it is fixated, as what have been found for single characters. Boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) was used, with identical, semantic-related, and semantic-unrelated words, as well as nonwords as preview. Semantic-related preview did facilitate target word processing. The interaction pattern of the effects with preview space and preview time, however, showed that semantic preview benefit could increase with preview time with small preview space, but decrease with preview time under large preview space. A possible confounding factor in the first experiment was the overlap between semantic relatedness and plausibility. The effect between semantic-related and semantic-unrelated previews could be of semantic or plausibility nature. Plausibility may also explain the shortened fixation duration found in Experiment 1 when implausible semantic-unrelated preview was presented parafoveally. Experiment 2 then solved this confounding by using sentence frames which are plausible for identical, semantic-related, and semantic-unrelated previews. In Experiment 2, main effect of semantic preview benefit disappeared, while the interaction patterns showed that such benefit existed for large preview space with long preview time, but became cost for small preview space with long preview time. The results of Experiment 2 thus provide evidence for semantic preview effect of Chinese two-character words without the interaction with plausibility. Finally, the discrepancies between the two experiments indicate the existence of plausibility preview benefit, which previous studies have suggested to exist in Chinese.

Den svenska arbetsmarknaden lider av en strukturell brist av IT- kompetens. Situationen börjar väcka oro bland myndigheter och privata aktörer samtidigt som att attrahera och behålla kompetenta IT- kandidater är en nödvändighet för många av dagens IT-organisationer. Denna kvalitativa studie hade 8 respondenter och syften var att erbjuda rekryterare och andra intresserade aktörer en större förståelse för kandidaternas upplevelser under rekryteringsprocesserna. Studien gav stöd till att en stark och realistisk arbetsgivarvarumärke kan leda till högre förväntningar och attityder av engagemang och inlevelse som kan löna sig långsiktigt. Trots att tidigare forskning belyser att RJP har en bättre effekt efter anställning, uppmärksammar denna studie att kandidaternas intresse för organisationens grad av ärlighet och stabilitet innan anställning ger stöd till att fortsatt forskning inom RJP kan vara vinstgivande för både organisationen och kandidaten.

The Master’s thesis explains API and features of Google Wave technology, which was designed for flexible real-time collaboration of defined participants. The project aim was description of Google Wave basic elements and creation of sample Wave extensions, demonstrating capabilities of the communication protocol. The first extension (robot) was developed using client libraries in Java. The second extension (gadget) shows another approach of Google Wave extensions, based on XML, HTML, CSS and JavaScript.