L’enseignement du français a été et demeure la priorité de l’école primaire en France. Malgré cette volonté affichée, dans les faits, l’apprentissage de la langue nationale pose beaucoup de problèmes, de grandes disparités subsistent entre les élèves. Comme l’ont montré les enquêtes PISA (2012), notre système scolaire « excelle » à creuser les inégalités entre les élèves. Comment justifier un pareil décalage ? En outre, comment expliquer les difficultés liées à l’enseignement du français ? Afin de répondre à ces questions, le point de vue diachronique nous a semblé salutaire à plus d’un titre. Il convient en premier lieu de décrire et de comprendre comment s’est constituée notre école. En outre, la place des langues anciennes - latin et grec ancien - fut longtemps considérable, et leur quasi disparition n’a pas été sans conséquences sur l’enseignement du français. En effet, l’histoire de la langue et de la discipline nous montre que, pendant longtemps, le français n'a pas pu être envisagé sans les humanités classiques. Notre analyse nous conduit à interroger ces liens et à envisager d’introduire les langues et cultures de l’Antiquité dans l’enseignement du français à l’école primaire. Celles-ci se révèlent en effet de précieuses alliées pour la mise en place de postures - réflexive, métalinguistique et épistémique – nécessaires à la réussite. Elles permettent à tous élèves d’acquérir des stratégies d’apprentissage qui les aideront à développer une langue riche et donc une pensée riche. En outre, la culture antique est à la racine de tous les domaines du savoir, elle lie les matières entre elles et donne du sens aux apprentissages. / French language was and still remains the priority of French primary school. Despite this will, reality is a bit different: learning French remains complicated at school, there are big gaps between pupils. According to the results from PISA's survey (2012), our system of education is « very good » at creating even more inequalities between pupils. How can such difference be explained? Moreover, why is French so hard to teach and to learn? In order to answer these questions, a diachronic approach was salutary in many respects. At first, it is important to describe and to understand how our school was built. In addition, the place of Classics – Latin and Ancient Greek – was once great in our system, and their nearly disappearance had serious consequences on French learning. Indeed, the history of the language and the discipline shows us that French could not have been taught without classics for a long time. In our analysis, we question these links and we consider introducing classics in French learning at primary school. Classics reveal themselves to be very precious tools in order to create postures among pupils – reflexive, metalinguistic and epistemic – which allow them to succeed. They help all pupils to acquire strategies, which enable them to learn a rich language, therefore to develop a rich mind. Moreover, antic culture is at the basis of all fields of knowledge, it is a link between all disciplines and it makes them meaningful.

One of the subjects in Swedish schools that has become increasingly important is the English subject. This study aimed to analyse what language teachers use in different situations in an English lesson. The study’s purpose was also to find out what reasons teachers gave for their choice of language use during English lessons. The method chosen for this study was a survey. The survey was published in Facebook groups intended for teachers. The results of the survey showed that when asking questions to pupils most teachers chose to use English whereas Swedish was mostly used when helping the students during exercises. The results also showed that teachers’ own experience was the main determining factor when teachers planned the lessons and what language to use.

This study examines teachers’ approaches and attitudes towards their choice of content in English language teaching and learning. The study identifies if, and in what amount, teachers use students’ interests and experiences in English language learning. To examine this, interviews with teachers, material and lesson plan analysis and ethnographic observations focused on the teachers’ actions were conducted. The results reveal that some teachers attempt to use students’ interests and experiences when planning English lessons, but in diverse amounts. Because of the time constraints of the English subject in Swedish primary school, the aspect of using students’ interests and experiences is often set aside.

Cette recherche qualitative se base sur une triangulation des méthodes : un recueil d’une soixantaine de questionnaires, une observation de près de quatre ans dans une école en zone urbaine sensible et des entretiens semi-directifs auprès d'une quinzaine de professeurs des écoles de la région Lorraine. Le professeur est confronté dans l’exercice de son métier à une ethnicisation des relations à la fois au niveau des savoirs et des savoir-être. Certains enseignants se considèrent comme les derniers défenseurs des valeurs de la République ; ils expriment leur malaise devant certaines affirmations et revendications communautaires. Pourtant, ils occultent souvent leur propre implication dans ce processus d’ethnicisation. Ils peuvent avoir recours à des catégorisations qui débouchent parfois sur des discriminations qui vont alimenter la spirale de l'ethnicité. La religion est une véritable pierre d'achoppement pour l'enseignant. Des expériences marquantes professionnelles et personnelles ont façonné le vécu ethnique du professeur qui influence sa façon d'enseigner mais aussi celle de percevoir la diversité culturelle et la laïcité. Nous avons établi des profils professoraux basés sur leurs conceptions de l'ethnicité et de la laïcité : - Les laïcistes : pacifiste / laïcard - Les indifférentialistes : nihiliste / universaliste - Les patriotes : nationaliste / républicain- Les modernistes : paternaliste / humaniste. L’identité et les postures professionnelles de l’enseignant résultent d’une construction évolutive imbriquée de son rapport à l’ethnicité avec son éthique. / This qualitative research is based on a triangulation of methods which involved compiling around sixty questionnaires, observing what happens in a school situated in an urban hotspot over a period of nearly four years and interviewing thanks to semi-leading questions, approximately fifteen primary-school teachers in the Lorraine region of France. While carrying out their duties, teachers are confronted with a process of “ethnicization” in their relationships concerning both knowledge and social skills. Some teachers see themselves as the last defenders of our republican values: they express their discomfort in the face of a number of assertions and demands which originate from different communities. Yet, they often hide their own involvement in this process of “ethnicization”. They can resort to categorizations that sometimes lead to discrimination which ends up fuelling the spiral of ethnicity. Religion is also a real stumbling block for teachers. Memorable professional and personal experiences have shaped teachers’ day-to-day reality in terms of ethnicity, and this has an influence on their teaching methods, and also on their perception of cultural diversity and laïcité. We have drawn up teachers’ profiles based on their perception of ethnicity and laïcité : - The secularist type : pacifist / atheist or anti-religion - The indifferentialist type : nihilist / universalist - The patriot type : nationalist / republican - The modernist type : paternalist / humanist. The teachers’ identities and professional positions are the result of a progressive construction in which their connection to ethnicity overlaps with their own personal sense of ethics.

The theoretical part of this diploma thesis shows the content of phraseology and the meaning of the word idiom. It widely defines the word phraseology and idiom from the point of view of books and authors specialized on phraseology. This work deals with the constituents of phraseology and gives illustrative examples. It outlines other theoretical opinions connected to the Czech phraseology, needed for the researching part. Next part describes the basis of folk art, folklore and its constituents that make our mother-toque richer and we can find them as a part of the education at secondary schools. This work will also describe the way phraseology is taught in language books and methods used in these books. In the researching part it shows different methods of work with phrasemes and offers couple of lesson plans. The aim is to bring some new materials and worksheets working with phrasemes usable in lessons.

The thesis deals with current methods of cursive writing in the first grade of primary schools. The work consists of two parts, theoretical end empirical, supplemented with numerous charts and diagrams. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on historical and contemporary writing methods (the classical method, the alternative method, Comenia Script font, the unbound font by Fraus publishing house, the print font of publishing house Nova škola, s.r.o. and the unbound font Alter Script by publishing house Alter) and on the concept of current writing exercise books. The latter part of the thesis analyses a survey conducted among teachers who gave their opinions on current writing exercise books for first grade pupils at primary schools and on alternative methods of writing. The thesis is accompanied with supplementary material.

Reading aloud is something that is considered important for children's linguistic development, although I have experienced that reading is something that has rarely taken place in the teaching context I´ve found myself in. I therefore chose to study how the attitude to reading aloud looks among selected teachers at the lower secondary school. The purpose of my thesis is to investigate how often pedagogues use reading aloud. I also want to investigate how the pedagogues proceed with the selection of text or book for their reading aloud and how the educator connects his or hers reading to the curriculum. My choice to gather information is based on a selected framing of questions through three semi-structured interviews in which three teachers from grade 1, 2 and 3 participates. All educators practice reading aloud but the scope and purpose varies slightly. All participants share the same view of reading aloud, they say that it’s important and meaningful. I’ve also used a survey to get a broader view of the topic. The result is clear; most of the pedagogues who participated in the survey uses reading aloud for their students, similar to the interviews the scope varied. My personal teaching experience thus differs from the results that the survey provides. / Högläsning är något som anses vara viktigt för barns språkliga utveckling. Trots detta har jag upplevt att högläsning är något som sällan ägt rum i de undervisningssammanhang jag befunnit mig i. Jag valde därför att studera hur inställningen till högläsning ser ut bland utvalda pedagoger på lågstadiet. Syftet med mitt examensarbete är således att undersöka hur ofta pedagogen arbetar med högläsning på lågstadiet. Jag vill även undersöka hur pedagogen går tillväga vid valet av text eller bok till sin högläsning och hur pedagogen kopplar sin högläsning till läroplanen. I min studie använder jag mig av tre semistrukturerade intervjuer där tre respondenter från årskurs 1, 2 samt 3 medverkar för att samla information om valda frågeställningar. Samtliga pedagoger använder sig av högläsning, men omfattningen och syftet varierar något. Respondenterna ser på högläsning som något viktigt och betydelsefullt. Jag använder mig även av en enkätstudie för att få en bredare syn på ämnet. Precis som vid resultatet för intervjuerna, är resultatet vid enkätundersökningen tydligt; de flesta av pedagogerna som medverkade i enkätundersökningen högläser för sina elever, och likt intervjuerna varierade omfattningen något. Min personliga pedagogiska erfarenhet skiljer sig således från resultaten som undersökningen ger.

Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender as relações tramadas pelos sujeitos a partir da escola, bem como seus efeitos no processo de escolarização e na constituição da profissão docente no século XIX. Por meio de um jogo de escalas (REVEL, 1998), articulando o local e o global, procurei analisar as diferentes maneiras dos professores e das famílias dos alunos das escolas públicas no município da Corte operarem na dinâmica da sociedade, ao lançarem mão de um jogo de estratégias sociais que mostram suas condições e recursos, mas que também os constituem num permanente processo de negociações, mediações e redefinições das próprias posições no espaço social. Para compreender as tramas enredadas pelos atores escolares, selecionei um fio para alinhavar a análise: a longa trajetória do professor público primário Candido Matheus de Faria Pardal. Seu nome constituiu uma bússola, aos moldes de Ginzburg (1991), que contribuiu para definir caminhos e estratégias de pesquisa, análise e escrita. Nesse sentido, o recorte temporal foi delineado considerando o percurso de vida e de profissão de um decano dos professores públicos, partindo da década de 1830 e se estendendo até a última década do Império. As fontes utilizadas formam um conjunto variado de materiais como relatórios, documentos manuscritos e periódicos da época. O estudo está organizado em quatro movimentos. No primeiro, busco analisar as relações com o governo e as agências operadas pelos professores da Corte que atuaram no mesmo período que Pardal. No segundo, procurei analisar as múltiplas redes estabelecidas a partir dos sujeitos escolares, atrelada à dinâmica local em que a escola estava inscrita, dando relevo às relações e agências constituídas entre professor, alunos e habitantes. No terceiro, pretendi compreender a inserção dos professores no movimento da cidade por meio de suas instituições sociais, culturais e políticas que permitiram o exercício de um protagonismo docente. No quarto, almejei refletir sob a perspectiva de histórias conectadas, buscando apreender a interlocução dos professores com saberes, sujeitos ou experiências provenientes de outros lugares, mais especificamente, em conexão com a França, por meio do professor Pardal. Dessa forma, procuro incialmente focalizar questões em torno do território do ofício docente na Corte. Em seguida, detenho-me na escala de uma escola e de sua localidade, para então me deslocar para a atuação dos sujeitos em um cenário mais alargado e perceber suas conexões com outros espaços, e, assim, alinhavar os fios que compõem a urdidura do magistério primário, a trama de um professor da Corte e os lugares da docência na cidade. / This study aimed at understanding the relationships established by the subjects from the school, as well as their effects on the schooling process and the constitution of the teaching profession in the nineteenth century. Through a game of scales (REVEL, 1998), linking local and global levels, I tried to analyze the different ways of teachers and students families, from public schools in the city of the Imperial Court, operating in dynamic society, when they employ of social strategies that show their conditions and resources, but also constitute themselves in a permanent process of negotiation, mediation and redefinitions of their positions in the social space. To understand the webs established by school actors, I selected a \"thread\" to guide the analysis: the long trajectory of one public primary teacher, Candido Matheus de Faria Pardal. His name constituted a compass, in the molds of Ginzburg (1991), which helped to define ways and strategies of research, analysis and writing. In this sense, the time frame was designed considering the path of life and profession of a \"doyen of public school teachers\", starting from the 1830s and extending to the last decade of the Empire. The sources used are a diverse group of materials such as reports, manuscripts documents and journals of the time. The study is organized in four movements. In the first chapter, I try to analyze the relationships with the government and agencies operated by teachers of the Court who acted with Pardal in the same period. In the second, I tried to analyze the multiple networks established from school subjects, linked to the local dynamics in which the school was located with the emphasis on relationships and agencies formed between teacher, students and residents. In the third, I intended to understand the teachers in the movement of the city through social, cultural and political institutions that allowed the exercise of teacher protagonism. In the last chapter, I aimed at reflecting in the perspective of \"connected histories\" to understand the teachers dialogue with knowledge, subjects or experiences from other places, specifically in connection with France, by Professor Pardal. Thereby, I intended initially to focus on questions around the territory of the teaching profession in the Court. Then I focus on the scale of one school and its location, and then I move the analysis to the activities of the subjects in a broader scenario and understand their connections with other spaces, and so connecting the threads that make the weaving of primary teaching, the story of a teacher of the Court and the places of teaching in the city.

NAME: The Pangea Mathematical Competition in the 4th year of the 1st degree of Elementary school. Solution analysis. AUTHOR: Anna Marek DEPARTMENT: Department of Mathematics and Didactics of Mathematics LEADING OF TASK: PhDr. Michaela Kaslová ABSTRACT: This diploma thesis deals with the problems of mathematical competitions in the Czech Republic. Mathematical competitions are structured according to pre-selected criteria. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the data obtained from mathematical competitions for elementary schools, it is possible to create a coherent picture of the current situation. With this context, the author advovates a relatively young Pangea mathematical competition. The main objective is to analyze data from the Pangea competition. Particular attention is paid to the tasks for the 4th year of the Pangea Primary School from the school round in the school year 2016/2017. The data obtained from 7 864 solverrs are analyzed both from the point of view of individual tasks and from the point of view of specific phenomena. Based on the data analysis, attention is paid to pupils' responses - the procedures for solving the individual tasks developed by 60 pupils of the 4th year of the 1st degree of non-selected schools. The work presents a number of new findings. All analyzes can be used...

Matematická soutěž Pangea ve 4. ročníku 1. st. ZŠ - analýza řešení AUTOR: Anna Marek KATEDRA: Katedra matematiky a didaktiky matematiky VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE: PhDr. Michaela Kaslová ABSTRAKT: Předložená diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou matematických soutěží v České republice. Matematické soutěže jsou charakterizovány strukturovaně dle předem zvolených kritérií. Na základě srovnávací analýzy získaných dat z matematických soutěží pro základní školy je možné si vytvořit ucelenou představu o součastné situaci. Do tohoto kontextu autorka zasazuje relativně mladou matematickou soutěž Pangea. Hlavním cílem je analyzovat data ze soutěže Pangea. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována úlohám pro 4. ročník základní školy soutěže Pangea ze školního kola ve školním roce 2016/2017. Data získaná od 7 864 řešitelů jsou analyzována jak z pohledu jednotlivých úloh, tak z pohledu specifických jevů. Nový pohled přináší pozorování analýzy řešených úloh s analýzou dotazníků, které byly zadány 150 žákům 4. ročníků ze tří základních škol. Práce prezentuje řadu nových poznatků. Všech analýz lze využít jak při přípravě budoucích učitelů, tak při tvorbě úloh, tak v učitelské praxi při hodnocení a podpoře matematických soutěží. NAME: The Pangea Mathematical Competition in the 4th year of the 1st degree of Elementary school. Solution analysis...