<p>The divergence of distinct cell populations from multipotent progenitors is poorly understood, particularly <italic>in vivo</italic>. The gonad is an ideal place to study this process because it originates as a bipotential primordium where multiple distinct lineages acquire sex-specific fates as the organ differentiates as a testis or an ovary. The early gonad is composed of four lineages: supporting cells, interstitial/stromal cells, germ cells, and endothelial cells. Each lineage in the early gonad consists of bipotential progenitors capable of adopting either a male or female fate, which they do in a coordinated manner to form a functional testis or ovary. The supporting cell lineage is of particular interest because the decision of these cells to adopt the male or female fate dictates the fate of the gonad as a whole. </p><p><p>To gain a more detailed understanding of the process of gonadal differentiation at the level of the individual cell populations, we conducted microarrays on sorted cells of the four lineages from XX and XY mouse gonads at three time points spanning the period when the gonadal cells transition from sexually undifferentiated progenitors to their respective sex-specific fates. Our analysis identified genes specifically depleted and enriched in each lineage as it underwent sex-specific differentiation. We also determined that the sexually undifferentiated germ cell and supporting cell progenitors showed lineage priming. Multipotent progenitors that show lineage priming express markers of the various fates into which they can differentiate and subsequently silence genes associated with the fate not adopted as they differentiate. We found that germ cell progenitors were primed with a bias toward the male fate. In contrast, supporting cell progenitors were primed with a female bias. This yields new insights into the mechanisms by which different cell types in a single organ adopt their respective fates. </p><p><p>We also used a genetic approach to investigate how individual factors contribute to the adoption of the male supporting cell fate. We previously demonstrated that <italic>Fgf9</italic> and <italic>Wnt4</italic> act as mutually antagonistic factors to promote male or female development of the bipotential mammalian gonad. <italic>Fgf9</italic> is necessary to maintain <italic>Sox9</italic> expression, which drives male development. However, whether FGF9 acted directly on <italic>Sox9</italic> or indirectly through repression of <italic>Wnt4</italic>, was unknown. <italic>Wnt4</italic> is a female-primed gene, and is therefore repressed during male development. To determine how <italic>Fgf9</italic> functioned, we generated double <italic>Fgf9/Wnt4</italic> and <italic>Fgfr2/Wnt4</italic> mutants. While single XY <italic>Fgf9</italic> and <italic>Fgfr2</italic> mutants showed partial or complete male-to-female sex reversal, loss of <italic>Wnt4</italic> in an <italic>Fgf9</italic> or <italic>Fgfr2</italic> mutant background rescued normal testis development. We also found that <italic>Wnt4</italic> and another female-associated gene (<italic>Rspo1</italic>) were derepressed in <italic>Fgf9</italic> mutants prior to the down-regulation of <italic>Sox9</italic>. Thus, the primary function of <italic>Fgf9</italic> is the repression of female genes, including <italic>Wnt4</italic>. We also tested the reciprocal possibility: that de-repression of <italic>Fgf9</italic> was responsible for the aspects of male development observed in XX <italic>Wnt4</italic> mutants. However, we show that loss of <italic>Fgf9</italic> in XX <italic>Wnt4<super>-/-</super></italic> gonads does not rescue the partial female-to-male sex reversal. </p><p><p>Based on the <italic>Fgf9/Wnt4</italic> double mutant studies, we propose a two part model of male sex determination in which both the activation of male genes and repression of female genes is required. Also, this work demonstrates that the repression of the female-primed gene <italic>Wnt4</italic> is required for male development, and <italic>Fgf9</italic> is one factor that leads to the repression of female-primed genes.</p> / Dissertation

This thesis describes basic research into visual word recognition and decision making. Determining the best matching lexical representation for a given stimulus involves interactions between representations. The standard task for studying these processes is the lexical decision task (LDT), but there is still debate regarding the factors that affect how individuals make lexical decisions. The nature of lexical interactions and the processes underlying lexical decision-making were addressed here by testing response congruency effects in the masked priming variant of the LDT. The results of seven masked priming experiments showed a robust response congruency effect that depends on the difficulty of the word-nonword discrimination. This finding resolved apparent inconsistencies in previous research. The experiments were simulated using the Bayesian Reader and the Spatial Coding Model (SCM). The probability based Bayesian Reader model failed to accommodate the findings. However, a good fit to the data was provided by a modified version of the SCM in which the assumptions regarding the nature of lexical interactions were changed such that word nodes inhibit only (closely) related competitors. The model also assumes that the difficulty of the word-nonword discrimination affects the degree to which stimulus typicality informs lexical decisions. A critical issue for these experiments involved the definition of orthographic typicality. An algorithm for measuring orthographic typicality and for generating nonwords with a specific level of orthographic typicality (OT3) was developed. An unprimed LDT experiment showed that OT3 affected decision latency even when other standard measures of orthographic typicality were controlled. Two additional masked priming experiments showed that highly typical primes lead to faster word responses and slower nonword responses than less typical primes. Overall, the results of this research enhance our understanding of the processes underlying visual word recognition and lexical decision making, and also have important methodological implications for the field.

This thesis investigated the processing of emotional stimuli by the visual system, and how the processing of emotions interacts with visual awareness. Emotions have been given ‘special’ status by some previous research, with evidence that the processing of emotions may be relatively independent of striate cortex, and less affected by disruption to awareness than processing of emotionally neutral images. Yet the extent to which emotions are ‘special’ remains questionable. This thesis focused on the processing of emotional stimuli when activity in V1 was disrupted using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and whether emotional properties of stimuli can be reliably discriminated, or affect subsequent responses, when visibility is low. Two of the experiments reported in this thesis disrupted activity in V1 using TMS, Experiment 1 with single pulses in an online design, and Experiment 2 with theta burst stimulation in an offline design. Experiment 1 found that a single pulse of TMS 70-130 ms following a presentation of a body posture image disrupted processing of neutral but not emotional postures in an area of the visual field that corresponded to the disruption. Experiment 2 did not find any convincing evidence of disruption to processing of neutral or emotional faces. From Experiment 1 it would appear that emotional body posture images were relatively unaffected by TMS, and appeared to be robust to disruption to V1. Experiment 2 did not add to this as there was no evidence of disruption in any condition. Experiments 3 and 4 used visual masking to disrupt awareness of emotional and neutral faces. Both experiments used a varying interval between the face and the mask stimuli to systematically vary the visibility of the faces. Overall, the shortest SOA produced the lowest level of visibility, and this level of visibility was arguably outside awareness. In Experiment 3, participants’ ability to discriminate properties of emotional faces under low visibility conditions was greater than their ability to discriminate the orientation of the face. This was despite the orientation discrimination being much easier at higher levels of visibility. Experiment 4 used a gender discrimination task, with emotion providing a redundant cue to the decision (present half of the time). Despite showing a strong linear masking function for the neutral faces, there was no evidence of any emotion advantage. Overall, Experiment 3 gave some evidence of an emotion advantage under low visibility conditions, but this effect was fairly small and not replicated in Experiment 4. Finally, Experiments 5-8 used low visibility emotional faces to prime responses to subsequent emotional faces (Experiments 5 and 6) or words (Experiments 7 and 8). In Experiments 5, 7 and 8 there was some evidence of emotional priming effects, although these effects varied considerably across the different designs used. There was evidence for meaningful processing of the emotional prime faces, but this processing only led to small and variable effects on subsequent responses. In summary, this thesis found some evidence that the processing of emotional stimuli was relatively robust to disruption in V1 with TMS. Attempts to find evidence for robust processing of emotional stimuli when disrupted with backwards masking was less successful, with at best mixed results from discrimination tasks and priming experiments. Whether emotional stimuli are processed by a separate route(s) in the brain is still very much open to debate, but the findings of this thesis offers small and inconsistent evidence for a brain network for processing emotions that is relatively independent of V1 and visual awareness. The network and nature of brain structures involved in the processing of subliminal and low visibility processing of emotions remains somewhat elusive.

This Ph.D. thesis focuses on how priming perception influence the development of brand personality in perspecitve of Consumer Behaviour. Three main deep empirical studies has been made in order to show the relationship and common interaction amnog the listed variables. ANOVA analysis was used during the research as the main analytical tool.

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-07-11T17:53:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_ROSSANA_KRAMER_COMPLETO.pdf: 1720222 bytes, checksum: e0b14c36fb3b4a0de9628774eb51a0da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T17:53:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_ROSSANA_KRAMER_COMPLETO.pdf: 1720222 bytes, checksum: e0b14c36fb3b4a0de9628774eb51a0da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The present study aimed at investigating the priming effect of repeated syntactic structures in elementary school children. Reading is a complex process that requires the use of many skills which depend on processes called lower cognitive processes in the first years of elementary school, such as decoding. As reading improves with practice, resources of high level cognitive skills start being used by readers (CAIN; OAKHILL, 2006). The priming effect consists of the identification of objects, words or sentences after a prior exposure to a related item (SQUIRE & KANDEL, 2003). According to Pickering and Branigan (1998), the syntactic priming effect increases when not only a syntactic structure between sentences is repeated, but also when the same verb in the prime and in the target sentences is used. This study was based on research carried out by Segaert et al. (2012, 2013). A reading task created by Kuerten et al. (2016) was applied to children from 10 to 12 years old regularly enrolled in public schools linked to the ACERTA Project (Evaluation of Children at Risk of Learning Disorder), from Brain Institute in Rio Grande do Sul. The present study investigated: a) reading fluency of 5th and 6th grade Elementary School students; B) if the repetition of the passive voice structure promotes the syntactic priming effect; and c) reading compreension. The performance of 126 Elementary School children from 5th and 6th grades, which were divided between good and poor readers, was compared. The results pointed out that 6th grade children read more words per minute than 5th grade ones, but that the reading fluency is below the expected for both grades. Both good and poor readers have shown syntactic priming effects on passive sentence comprehension, which is an evidence that the passive voice is a complex structure for children from 10 to 12 years old and that previews exposure benefits structure processing. However, 6th grade good readers showed less effect, indicating that the syntactic priming effect for sentences in passive voice might not happen once their linguistic skills improve. Besides contributing to research related to reading and syntactic processing, the present study calls our attention to problems in the development of reading outcomes in school years succeeding the literacy phase. / O objetivo desta tese foi investigar o chamado efeito de priming, ou de facilita??o, a partir da repeti??o de estruturas sint?ticas em crian?as do ensino fundamental. A leitura ? um processo complexo que exige o uso de diversas habilidades, as quais dependem de processos chamados de cognitivos inferiores nos primeiros anos do Ensino Fundamental, como a decodifica??o. Com o desenvolvimento e automaticidade destes processos, disponibilizam-se recursos para os chamados processos cognitivos superiores, como o processamento sint?tico, inferencia??o e compreens?o (CAIN; OAKHILL, 2006). O efeito de priming consiste na facilita??o do processamento de objetos, palavras ou senten?as ap?s exposi??o pr?via de um outro item relacionado, ou seja, a exposi??o a um prime (SQUIRE & KANDEL, 2003). Segundo Pickering e Branigan (1998), o efeito de priming sint?tico aumenta quando n?o somente a estrutura sint?tica entre senten?as ? repetida, mas tamb?m quando utilizamos o mesmo verbo na senten?a prime e alvo. Tomando-se como base a pesquisa realizada por Segaert et al. (2012, 2013), utilizou-se a tarefa de Kuerten et al. (2016) a qual foi aplicada a crian?as entre 10 e 12 anos regularmente matriculadas em escolas p?blicas vinculadas ao Projeto ACERTA (Avalia??o de Crian?as Em Risco de Transtorno de Aprendizagem), do Instituto do C?rebro do Rio Grande do Sul. O presente estudo investigou: a) a flu?ncia m?dia de leitura dos estudantes dos 5o e 6o anos do ensino fundamental das escolas estaduais selecionadas para este estudo; b) se a exposi??o pr?via da estrutura sint?tica favorece a compreens?o leitora das senten?as, promovendo o efeito de priming sint?tico e c) a compreens?o leitora das senten?as nesses leitores. Para tanto, o desempenho na leitura de 126 crian?as dos 5o e 6o anos do Ensino Fundamental, divididos entre bons e maus leitores, foram comparados. Os resultados apontam que crian?as do 6 o ano leem mais palavras por minutos que as do 5o ano, mas que a flu?ncia de leitura est? abaixo do m?nimo esperado para ambos os anos. Tanto os bons leitores quanto os maus leitores apresentaram efeito de priming sint?tico na compreens?o das senten?as na voz passiva, confirmando que a voz passiva ? uma estrutura complexa para crian?as de 10 a 12 anos e que a exposi??o pr?via facilita o processamento da estrutura apresentada. No entanto, bons leitores do 6o ano apresentaram um efeito menor, indicando que, ao passo que a linguagem vai se desenvolvendo na crian?a, o efeito de priming sint?tico para senten?as na voz passiva fica mais dif?cil de ser encontrado. Al?m de contribuir para a pesquisa relacionada ? leitura e ao processamento sint?tico, essa tese alerta para problemas no desenvolvimento da leitura nos anos letivos que sucedem a fase da alfabetiza??o.

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2016-09-27T16:20:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cintia.pdf: 1535608 bytes, checksum: faa2e10cc54821d374ba4978d5565e94 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T16:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cintia.pdf: 1535608 bytes, checksum: faa2e10cc54821d374ba4978d5565e94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / This dissertation aims to investigate the influence of grapho-phonic-phonological knowledge on both vowel production and the processing of priming among multilinguals. For that purpose, 5 multilingual speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (L1), Spanish (L2) and English (L3) were selected to take part in tasks of oral reading of words in the three languages, while other 20 multilingual individuals, speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (L1), French (L2) and English (L3), participated in a lexical task containing grapho-phonic-phonological priming. The 20 multilinguals were further assigned to a group of 10 academic multilinguals, or to a group of 10 participants called immersion context (Canada). Four specific goals were laid out. For the vowel production study, the focus was the extent to which vowels production in the participants’ L1, L2 and L3 was influenced by linguistic proficiency and by graphophonic- phonological characteristics of the tested languages. For the priming study, it was investigated whether grapho-phonic-phonological similarities among words in the three languages influence on reaction time, and whether the degree of proficiency in each one of the multilinguals’ language would determine in each direction the interlinguistic transfer would occur. Finally, the role of the context of L2 and L3 immersion in the transfer of grapho-phonic-phonological patterns was also investigated. Multilinguals’ vowel production was analyzed in the software Praat. F1, F2 and duration values were statistically analyzed, and a strong association between L1 and L2 vowels, as well as L1 and L3 vowels, was found. For the priming study, it was found that academic multilinguals process lexical items containing a graphophonic- phonological relation between prime and target in a slower fashion than items without this relation between prime and target. However, linguistic proficiency did not show an effect on the performance of participants in the priming study. On the hand, multilingual individuals in immersion context process lexical items bearing a graphophonic- phonological relation between prime and target in a significantly slower fashion than they process non-related prime-target. The comparison between the results of the groups of multilinguals led to the finding multilingual individuals in immersion context present a significantly longer time to process target-prime pairs containing related grapho-phonic-phonological priming. The findings are discussed in the perspective of the Dynamic Systems Theory. / Este trabalho investigou a influência do conhecimento grafo-fônico-fonológico na produção de vogais e no processamento de priming em multilíngues. Para tanto, foram selecionados 5 multilíngues residentes no Brasil, falantes de português brasileiro (L1), de espanhol (L2) e de inglês (L3), para realizar tarefas de leitura oral nas três línguas, e outros 20 multilíngues, falantes de português brasileiro (L1), de francês (L2) e de inglês (L3), para realizar uma tarefa de acesso lexical com priming grafo-fônico-fonológico. Esses 20 multilíngues foram divididos em dois grupos: multilíngues acadêmicos (residentes no Brasil) e em contexto de imersão (Canadá). Foram propostos quatro objetivos específicos. Para o estudo da produção oral, analisou-se como a produção de vogais orais em L1, L2 e L3 é influenciada pela proficiência linguística e pelas características grafo-fônico-fonológicas das línguas testadas. Para o estudo de priming, investigou-se se semelhanças grafo-fônicofonológicas entre palavras da L1, da L2 e da L3 de multilíngues influenciam o tempo de reação durante o acesso lexical e também se o grau de proficiência em cada uma de suas línguas determina em que direção ocorrem as transferências interlinguísticas. Por fim, estudou-se como o contexto de imersão na L2 e na L3 influi sobre a transferência dos padrões grafo-fônico-fonológicos. A produção de vogais dos multilíngues foi analisada acusticamente por meio do software Praat. Os valores de F1, F2 e duração obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística, que apontou para uma forte associação entre as vogais da L1 e da L2 e da L1 e da L3. Para o estudo de priming, foram considerados os tempos de reação que os multilíngues levaram para identificar as palavras-alvo apresentadas. A análise desses dados indicou que multilíngues acadêmicos processam itens lexicais contendo relação grafo-fônico-fonológica de forma mais demorada do que itens sem essa relação entre prime e alvo. Porém, não se verificou um efeito da proficiência linguística sobre o desempenho na tarefa de priming. Por outro lado, os multilíngues em imersão processam itens lexicais com relação grafo-fônico-fonológica de forma significativamente mais demorada do que itens não relacionados. Ao compararemse os resultados dos dois grupos de multilíngues, descobriu-se que multilíngues em contexto de imersão levam um tempo significativamente maior para processar pares prime-alvo contendo priming grafo-fônico-fonológico relacionado. Os resultados encontrados são discutidos de acordo com a abordagem da Teoria dos Sistemas Dinâmicos.

Objetivos: O objetivo do nosso estudo foi verificar se a umidificação dos comprimidos com formulação brasileira de misoprostol vaginal aumenta a dilatação cervical antes da aspiração manual por vácuo (AMIU), em comparação com o uso de misoprostol seco nos abortos espontâneos no primeiro trimestre. O objetivo secundário foi verificar se houve correlação entre o pH vaginal e o grau de dilatação cervical usando um comprimido de misoprostol umedecido ou seco. Métodos: Estudo unicêntrico, duplo cego e randomizado, com 46 pacientes com aborto espontâneo de primeiro trimestre foram alocados aleatoriamente para o tratamento com 400 μg de misoprostol seco ou umedecido (com 200 μl de água destilada). Resultados: A dilatação cervical mediana (intervalo) nos grupos úmido e seco foi de 8 mm (6-12 mm) e 7 mm (5-10 mm), respectivamente ( p = 0,06). O tempo médio entre a inserção de misoprostol e a realização do procedimento não diferiu entre os grupos seco (406 min, intervalo 180-550 min) e molhado (448 min, intervalo 180-526 min) ( p = 0,1). Não foi encontrada correlação entre o pH vaginal e a dilatação cervical usando dados continuos ( p = 0.57; r = 0.08; intervalo de confiança de 95% -0.02, 0.3) ou dados dicotômicos (pH ≤5 /> 5, dilatação cervical ≥8 mm ou <8 mm; p = 0,8). Conclusão: Não foi observada diferença na dilatação cervical entre o uso de misoprostol umedecido e não umedecido antes do AMIU. / Objectives: The aim of our study was to ascertain whether moistening the Brazilian formulation of vaginal misoprostol tablets increases cervical dilation before manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), compared with use of dry misoprostol, in first-trimester miscarriage. The secondary objective was to ascertain whether there was any correlation between vaginal pH and the degree of cervical dilation using a moistened or dry misoprostol tablet. Methods: In a single-centre, double-blind, randomised trial, 46 patients with first-trimester miscarriage were randomly allocated to treatment with dry or moistened (with 200 μl distilled water) 400μg of misoprostol. Results: The median (range) cervical dilation in the wet and dry groups was 8 mm (6–12 mm) and 7 mm (5–10 mm), respectively (p=0.06). The median time between misoprostol insertion and carrying out the procedure did not differ between the dry (406 min, range 180–550 min) and wet (448 min, range 180–526 min) groups (p=0.1). No correlation was found between vaginal pH and cervical dilation using continuous data (p=0.57; r=0.08; 95% confidence interval -0.02, 0.3) or dichotomous data (pH ≤5/>5; cervical dilation ≥8 mm or <8 mm; p=0.8). Conclusion: No difference was observed in cervical dilation between moistened and non-moistened misoprostol use prior to MVA.

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2017-11-17T11:32:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULA CRISTIANE BUENO KUHN.pdf: 1867810 bytes, checksum: 541f683bd5b28c86dd95927afb3fabd2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-17T11:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULA CRISTIANE BUENO KUHN.pdf: 1867810 bytes, checksum: 541f683bd5b28c86dd95927afb3fabd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-15 / Following the literature on multilingualism, this study aimed at testing the perception of the English vowels //, //, //, //, //, and // and investigating the effect of the native language (L1) on the grapho-phonic-phonological processing of English as a third language (L3). The participants in this study were adolescent monolinguals from the city of Pelotas, learners of English at a language institute, and adolescent monolinguals from the country side of the city of São Lourenço do Sul, a place where a great number of German and Pomeranian descendants still speak Pomeranian. A considerable number of students from this school have Pomeranian as their L1 and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) as their L2, since this language is, for many of them, acquired when they start studying at school. The participants, whose ages range from 12 to 15 years, were organized into three groups: (1) nine bilinguals (Pomeranian-L1 and BP-L2); (2) seven monolinguals (BP) who reside in São Lourenço do Sul; and (3) 12 monolinguals who reside in the city of Pelotas. The monolingual participants from São Lourenço do Sul and the bilingual participants took an identification test which aimed at testing the perception of English vowels with identical and similar counterparts in BP and Pomeranian. The results showed that the two groups of participants have difficulty identifying the English vowels //, //, //, confusing them with the vowels present in both the BP and Pomeranian inventories //, //, //, respectively, and vice-versa. In the second part of the present study, the participants from the three groups took a grapho-phonic-phonological priming test in both BP and English. Priming experiments intend to investigate events related to the perception of preconscious events and to implicit memory, which is related to involuntary processing. The perception of a given stimulus, in this case, is automatic and occurs unconsciously. Thus, it is possible to design experiments in which both prime and target are present with or without graphemic similarities; with or without phonological similarities. The stimuli used in the experiment were BP and English mono- and disyllabic words and the combinations were formed by six pairs of words (prime and target), each pair making orthographic and phonetic-phonological similarities evident – or not – among themselves (related or nonrelated graphophonic-phonological priming). The results are presented in terms of accuracy and reaction time by the two groups (monolinguals and bilinguals learning English). No significant differences were found between groups reagarding accuracy; however, as regards reaction times, monolinguals from Pelotas identified the target significantly faster than monolinguals from São Lourenço do Sul, the latter are those exposed to Pomeranian, and bilinguals in the majority of conditions tested. / Seguindo a literatura sobre multilinguismo, este trabalho objetivou investigar a percepção das vogais do inglês //, //, //, //, // e // e averiguar qual o efeito da língua materna (L1) e da segunda língua (L2) no processamento grafo-fônicofonológico do inglês (terceira língua: L3). Os participantes deste estudo foram adolescentes monolíngues da cidade de Pelotas, aprendizes de inglês de um curso de idiomas e adolescentes monolíngues e bilíngues do interior de São Lourenço do Sul, um município onde grande número de descendentes de alemães e de pomeranos até hoje falam pomerano. Um considerável número de alunos da Escola Municipal Francisco Frömming, tem como L1 o pomerano e o português brasileiro (PB) como L2, pois essa é, para muitos deles, adquirida apenas quando os alunos chegam à escola. Os participantes, na faixa etária dos 12 aos 15 anos, foram distribuídos em três grupos: 1) nove bilíngues (L1 Pomerano e L2 PB); 2) sete monolíngues (L1 PB) residentes em São Lourenço do Sul; e 3) doze monolíngues residentes na cidade de Pelotas. Os informantes monolíngues de São Lourenço de Sul e os bilíngues realizaram um teste de identificação que visou investigar a percepção de vogais do inglês que possuem correspondentes identicos e semelhantes a algumas vogais do PB e do pomerano. Os resultados revelaram que os dois grupos de informantes têm dificuldades para identificar as vogais inglesas //, //, //, confundindo-as com as vogais presentes no inventário do PB e do pomerano //, //, //, respectivamente, e vice-versa. Num segundo momento da pesquisa, os informantes dos três grupos fizeram um teste de priming grafo-fônico-fonológico em português e em inglês. Os experimentos de priming procuram investigar eventos relacionados à percepção pré-consciente e à memória implícita, o que está ligado ao processamento involuntário. A percepção de algum estímulo, nesse caso, é automática e ocorre de forma inconsciente. Dessa forma, podem-se criar experimentos nos quais prime e o alvo são apresentados com ou sem semelhanças grafêmicas; com ou sem semelhanças fonológicas. Os estímulos usados no experimento foram palavras mono e bissilábicas em PB e inglês, e as combinações foram formadas por seis pares de palavras (prime e alvo), cada par evidenciando – ou não – semelhanças ortográficas e fonético-fonológicas entre si (priming grafofônico-fonológico relacionado ou não relacionado). Os resultados são apresentados em termos de acurácia e tempo de reação na tarefa pelos dois grupos (monolíngues e bilíngues aprendendo o inglês). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto à variável acurácia; porém, quanto ao tempo de reação, os monolíngues de Pelotas, sem exposição ao pomerano, foram mais rápidos que os monolíngues de São Lourenço, expostos ao pomerano, e que os bilíngues na maioria das condições testadas.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-09-15T19:31:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Renata Napolis Fonte.pdf: 2644583 bytes, checksum: c2421580b82f9265d2881382fabdf85d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T19:31:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Renata Napolis Fonte.pdf: 2644583 bytes, checksum: c2421580b82f9265d2881382fabdf85d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / CAPES / Corn seed storage is a vital phase, in order to maintain high seed germination and vigor from harvest until planting. There is not many studies dedicated to find substitutes to synthetic fungicides and inseticides. The present study aimed evaluate effects of using plant extracts, diatomaceous powder and a synthetic fungicide, wich main active is captan, associated with osmo and hydropriming in corn (Zea mays L.) seed treatment and storage. Vegetal extracts of pepper (Piper nigrum), garlic (Allium sativum) e tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) were used, chosen after being reported as owner of antimicrobial properties. Diatomaceous powder has been being used successfully in small farms, basically because it is composed mainly of silica, wich causes dehydration and death of insects of Sitophilus gender, commonly called ?carunchos?. Priming seeds comprehends controlled exposion of water, wich brings positive effects. Three experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, all products were used in the form of powder, in seeds storaged in polyethylene (PET) bottles for ten months. In the second experiment the products were used associated with osmopriming, drying back to a water content near 10%, and the seeds were storaged in PET bottles for 8 months. In the third experiment, all products were used associated with hydropriming, dried back to a water content near 10%, and the seeds were storaged for 8 months. Evaluations were made every two months, measuring the seeds quality through germination test, germination speed index, seedlings length, weight, water content and blotter test during storage period. First experiment was outlined using a factorial design 6x6 (6 products: pepper, garlic and tobacco extracts, diatomaceous powder, synthetic fungicide and control e 6 storage periods: at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 months). Second and third experiments were outlined using a factorial design 6x5 (6 products and 5 storage periods). Statistical analisys was performed by Sisvar software, storage periods were analysed using regression and products were submitted to Tukey test (p<0,05). It was observed a reduction in physiological quality of seeds with the advancement of storage, in all experiments performed. The use of the powder pepper extract resulted in the greatest % of germination and first germination count found. Garlic extract associated with osmopriming in seeds treatment resulted in higher values of seeds germinated at the end of storage. The hydropriming associated with the pepper extract resulted in higher values of germination speed index, length of seedlings and seedling dry weight. Regarding sanitary quality, the most frequently found were species of the genera Rhizopus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Fungicide resulted in better control of these pathogens in most analysis, but was overcome by the use of garlic extract associated with osmopriming in control of Rhizopus and Penicillium and was similar to the use of diatomaceous earth and tobacco extract associated with hydropriming in control of Rhizopus. / O armazenamento de sementes de milho ? uma etapa crucial do processo de produ??o e quase sempre obrigat?ria, considerando a diferen?a entre a ?poca de colheita e semeadura posterior. Na produ??o de sementes em cultivo org?nico, n?o existe abund?ncia de trabalhos que estudem alternativas ao uso de inseticidas e funcigidas sint?ticos. O presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos de extratos vegetais, terra diatom?cea e funcigida comercial com captana como princ?pio ativo associados ao condicionamento fisiol?gico no tratamento e armazenamento de sementes de milho (Zea mays L.). Os extratos usados foram de pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum L.), alho (Allium sativum L.) e tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), detentores de propriedades antimicrobianas. A terra diatom?cea ? usada com sucesso no armazenamento de sementes na agricultura familiar, no controle de insetos do g?nero Sitophilus, comumente chamados de ?carunchos?. O condicionamento fisiol?gico engloba um conjunto de t?cnicas, que envolvem a exposi??o das sementes ? embebi??o controlada de ?gua, com benef?cios para seu armazenamento. Foram realizados 3 experimentos. No primeiro foram usados os extratos bot?nicos e a terra diatom?cea em p?, em sementes armazenadas em garrafas de polietileno (PET) por dez meses. No segundo, foram usados os mesmos produtos via osmocondicionamento, com posterior secagem at? as sementes atingirem teores de ?gua pr?ximos a 10% e armazenamento por 8 meses. No terceiro, os produtos foram usados via hidrocondicionamento, seguido de secagem at? teores pr?ximos de 10% de ?gua e armazenamento por 8 meses. Foram realizadas avalia??es sobre a qualidade fisiol?gica (testes de germina??o, velocidade de germina??o, comprimento de pl?ntula, massa seca de pl?ntulas e teor de ?gua) e sanit?ria (blotter test) a cada dois meses durante o per?odo de armazenamento. O primeiro experimento foi delineado em esquema fatorial 6x6 (6 produtos: extrato de pimenta-do-reino, alho e tabaco, terra diatom?cea, fungicida comercial e testemunha ? nenhum produto e 6 pontos de avalia??es durante os dez meses de armazenamento). O segundo e terceiro experimento foram delineados em esquema fatorial 6x5 (6 produtos e 5 pontos de avalia??es durante os 8 meses de armazenagem). Os dados foram submetidos ? an?lise estat?stica no programa Sisvar, usando regress?o para per?odos de armazenamento e teste Tukey (p<0,05) para produtos. Foi observada redu??o da qualidade fisiol?gica das sementes com o armazenamento em todos os experimentos realizados. O uso do extrato de pimenta-do-reino em p? resultou nas maiores porcentagens de germina??o e primeira contagem da germina??o. O extrato de alho associado ao osmocondicionamento resultou nos maiores valores de sementes germinadas ao final do armazenamento. O hidrocondicionamento associado ao extrato de pimenta-do-reino resultou nos maiores valores de ?ndice de velocidade de germina??o, comprimento de pl?ntulas e massa seca de pl?ntulas. Em rela??o ? qualidade sanit?ria, foram encontrados com maior frequ?ncia esp?cies dos g?neros Rhizopus, Penicillium e Fusarium. O fungicida apresentou melhores resultados no controle desses pat?genos, na maioria das avalia??es, por?m, foi superado pelo uso do extrato de alho associado ao osmocondicionamento no controle de Rhizopus e Penicillium e foi similar ao uso de terra diatom?cea e extrato de fumo associados ao hidrocondicionamento no controle de Rhizopus.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-11-23T17:01:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - L?lian Guimar?es de Almeida.pdf: 713686 bytes, checksum: 57c134f17845f669da63a2f32063c483 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T17:01:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - L?lian Guimar?es de Almeida.pdf: 713686 bytes, checksum: 57c134f17845f669da63a2f32063c483 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-22 / CAPES / The objective of this study was to evaluate the imbibition and white lupine seeds physiological quality as affected by the pre-sowing treatments using immersion on the solutions with distinct micronutrients. The experimental design was conducted in a completely randomized in factorial (3 lots x 7 treatments) with four replications, by period of evaluation (start and after four months of storage). There were used three white lupine seed lots and seven distinct pre-sowing treatments (soaked or not soaked seeds on distilled water and in solution of boric acid (H3BO3), zinc sulphate (ZnSO4), manganese sulphate (MnSO4), copper sulphate (CuSO4), and molybdic acid (H2MoO4)). The seeds were evaluated to the imbibition and subsequently were submitted to the germination and vigor tests (first count of germination and electrical conductivity, dry weight and length of seedlings), as well the determinate of the seeds nutrients content. From the results it can be concluded that there was decreased speed of water absorption in the seed lot with lower physiological quality in the presence of manganese and molybdenum. Seed treatment by immersion in distilled water and in solutions of micronutrients favored physiological seed quality of three lots of white lupine. / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a embebi??o e a qualidade fisiol?gica de sementes de tremo?o branco ap?s terem sido submetidas ao tratamento de pr?-semeadura por imers?o em solu??es de micronutrientes. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (3 lotes x 7 tratamentos), com quatro repeti??es, por per?odo de avalia??o (inicial e ap?s quatro meses de armazenamento). Foram utilizados tr?s lotes de sementes de tremo?o branco e sete distintos tratamentos de pr?-semeadura (sementes imersas ou n?o em ?gua destilada e em solu??o contendo ?cido b?rico (H3BO3), sulfato de zinco (ZnSO4), sulfato de mangan?s (MnSO4), sulfato de cobre (CuSO4) e ?cido mol?bdico (H2MoO4)). As sementes foram avaliadas quanto ? embebi??o e, em seguida, submetidas aos testes de germina??o e de vigor (primeira contagem e condutividade el?trica, comprimento e massa de pl?ntulas) bem como ? avalia??o do teor de nutrientes. Pelos resultados pode-se concluir que houve diminui??o da velocidade de absor??o de ?gua nas sementes do lote com menor qualidade fisiol?gica inicial, na presen?a de mangan?s e molibd?nio. O tratamento de sementes via imers?o em ?gua destilada e em solu??es de micronutrientes favoreceu a qualidade fisiol?gica das sementes dos tr?s lotes de tremo?o branco.