abstract: Beliefs about change reflect how we understand phenomena and what kind of predictions we make for the future. Cyclical beliefs about change state that events are in a constant flux, and change is inevitable. Linear beliefs about change state that events happen in a non-fluctuating pattern and change is not commonplace. Cultural differences in beliefs about change have been documented across various domains, but research has yet to investigate how these differences may affect health status predictions. The present study addresses this gap by inducing different beliefs about change in a European-American college sample. Health status predictions were measured in terms of predicted likelihood of exposure to the flu virus, of contraction of the flu, and of receiving a flu vaccine. Most differences were observed among those who have a recent history of suffering from the flu. Among them, cyclical thinkers tended to rate their likelihood for exposure and contraction to be higher than linear thinkers. However, linear thinkers indicated that they were more likely to receive a flu vaccine. The different patterns suggest the possibility that cyclical beliefs may activate concepts related to cautionary behaviors or pessimistic biases, while linear beliefs may activate concepts related to taking action and exercising control over the environment. Future studies should examine the interplay between beliefs about change and the nature of the predicted outcome. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2012

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L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en évidence l’influence automatique que peuvent avoir les croyances stéréotypiques sur nos comportements. Utilisant une technique d’amorçage indirecte et des mesures comportementales, nous démontrons que l’activation du stéréotype associé aux personnes handicapées mène à une détérioration non-intentionnelle et non-consciente des performances motrices chez des individus valides. Cette détérioration correspond au contenu spécifique du stéréotype associé à la catégorie sociale (performances réduites) et traduit un effet d’assimilation. Cet effet s’avère être plus important chez les personnes étant familières (contacts fréquents) avec des membres de la catégorie sociale activée que chez des personnes non-familières. Par ailleurs, nos résultats montrent que les personnes handicapées elles-mêmes subissent également l’influence délétère du stéréotype négatif associé à leur groupe d’appartenance, ceci notamment en situation d’évaluation potentielle. / The objective of this thesis is to show that stereotypic beliefs about a social group can automatically influence the guidance of behavior by demonstrating that priming the disability stereotype alters subsequent motor performance in a way that is consistent with the specific content of the considered stereotype (poor performance). Thus, this thesis emphasizes that priming able-bodied persons with the disability stereotype leads to such an assimilation effect, an effect which appears to be particularly pronounced with persons who are familiar with the members of the primed social group. In addition, the presented thesis shows that disabled people are themselves unfavorably influenced by the negative stereotype associated with their membership group, especially in situations where these individuals could feel like being under examination.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2015-11-30T15:14:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1577251 bytes, checksum: 9e3e4e15d07957ff4b5144764a3a6cc1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-30T15:14:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1577251 bytes, checksum: 9e3e4e15d07957ff4b5144764a3a6cc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Empresa Mineração da Vale no Quadrilátero Ferrífero e/ ou Carajás / O minério de ferro é o principal produto mineral exportado pelo Brasil. Entretanto, inerente ao processo de beneficiamento do minério está a geração de rejeitos, que são depositados em barragens. Ocorre, porém, que tais rejeitos comumente não apresentam características físicas e químicas adequadas para o crescimento de plantas, daí a importância da realização de experimentos para definir práticas adequadas de recuperação dessas barragens. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da adubação orgânica (lodo de esgoto e composto de lixo) no processo de revegetação de rejeito de beneficiamento de minério de ferro com a Crotalaria juncea (crotalária). O rejeito foi coletado na barragem Forquilha III da Unidade de Fábrica - VALE, localizada no município de Ouro Preto - MG. As unidades experimentais foram colunas constituídas por quatro anéis sobrepostos de PVC. A quantidade de rejeito utilizada foi a suficiente para se obter uma coluna de 30 cm de altura. Todos os tratamentos receberam uma camada de 10 cm de topsoil na parte superior da coluna. A quantidade de lodo de esgoto (5,24 t ha-1) e de composto de lixo (30 t ha-1) aplicada foi baseada no teor de nitrogênio desses compostos. Foram determinadas as taxas de crescimento absoluto de altura da planta, de diâmetro caulinar e de matéria seca de parte aérea e de raízes. Além disso, foram determinados os fluxos de C-CO2 e C-CH4 dos tratamentos e a contribuição direta das fontes de adubação orgânica e da planta nas emissões de C- CO2, pelo particionamento do C-CO2, como também, suas contribuições indiretas, por meio do efeito priming. A adubação orgânica mostrou-se efetiva para proporcionar maior crescimento das plantas na ausência de fertilização química, embora o uso de lodo de esgoto (5,24 t ha-1) e de composto de lixo (30 t ha-1) não tenha diferido quanto ao efeito sobre o crescimento das plantas. Quanto às emissões de gases de efeito estufa, os tratamentos com adubação orgânica apresentaram incremento nas emissões de C- CO2, por efeitos diretos e indiretos. A adubação orgânica desencadeou o efeito priming positivo ocasionando perdas de C nativo. Por sua vez, a presença da planta nos tratamentos com adubação orgânica e fertilização química inverteu esse cenário, contribuindo para a manutenção do C nativo através do efeito priming negativo. Além disso, os tratamentos apresentaram absorção de C-CH4, atuando como dreno de metano. / Iron ore is the main mineral product exported by Brazil. However, inherent to the ore beneficiation process is the tailings generation that are deposited in dams. Yet, these tailing commonly do not exhibit physical and chemical characteristics that are suitable for the growth of plants, thus the importance of conducting experiments to define appropriate practices in order to recover these dams. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of organic fertilization (sewage sludge and compost) on the revegetation of iron ore beneficiation tailing with the Crotalaria juncea (crotalaria). The tailing was collected in a dam called Forquillha III of Unidade de Fábrica - VALE, which is located in the city of Ouro Preto - MG. The experimental units were columns constituted by four overlapped rings of PVC. The amount of tailing used was sufficient to obtain a column of 30 cm height. To all treatments were added a 10 cm layer of topsoil on the top of the column. The amount of sewage sludge (5.24 t ha-1) and compost (30 t ha-1) applied was based on nitrogen content of these compounds. The rates of absolute growth in height, stem diameter and dry matter of the aerial part and roots were determined. Furthermore, the C-CO2 and C-CH4 fluxes of the treatments and the direct contribution of the organic fertilization and plant on the C-CO2 emissions, by partitioning of C-CO2, as well as its indirect contribution, through the priming effect. The organic fertilization was effective to provide greater plant growth in the absence of chemical fertilization, although, the use of sewage sludge (5.24 t ha-1) and compost (30 t ha-1) did not differ in regard to the effect on the growth of plants. The organic fertilization treatments showed an increase in C-CO2 emissions by direct and indirect effects. The application of organic fertilization triggered the positive priming effect causing loss of native C. On the other hand, the presence of plants in treatments with chemical fertilization reversed this scenario, contributing to maintaining the native C through the negative priming effect. Furthermore, the treatments showed absorption of C-CH4, acting as drain of methane.

xvi, 191 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / A growing body of research has focused on how perspective taking leads people to perceive themselves as "merging" with the target of perspective taking, in terms of how they cognitively represent themselves and the target. In turn, this merging has been shown to facilitate social coordination between perceivers and targets and results in reduced stereotyping of the target's group. Using this past research as a starting point, this dissertation asks a related but new question: Does perspective taking lead perceivers to take on the attitudes of the target of perspective taking, even when these attitudes are socially reprehensible? Specifically, this dissertation tested whether taking the perspective of a racist target leads perspective takers to show greater racism and stereotyping. In Study I, 102 participants took the perspective of racist male target (or wrote about a day in his life without taking his perspective or about a day in their own lives), learning about his attitudes from visual information alone. No main effect for perspective taking was found. However, for perspective takers only, greater self-target merging predicted higher explicit racism scores. Also among perspective takers, greater internal motivation to respond without prejudice also ironically led to greater implicit stereotyping. In Study 2, 101 participants took the perspective of a female target who was generally likable but had subtly racist attitudes. Once again, no main effect of perspective taking was found, but for perspective takers, greater external motivation to respond without prejudice led to higher explicit racism scores. In Study 3, 101 participants took the perspective of the same target used in Study 1, but were given information about the genesis of the target's attitudes. The combination of perspective taking and information led to higher explicit racism scores, and this effect was mediated by self-target merging (and not by greater positive regard for the target). Under many circumstances, perspective takers appear to reject taking on a racist target's socially undesirable attitudes, adopting them only when they have been given some reason for why the target holds those attitudes. In addition, motivation to respond without prejudice may lead ironically to greater prejudiced responses. / Committee in charge: Sara Hodges, Chairperson, Psychology; Bertram Malle, Member, Psychology; Ulrich Mayr, Member, Psychology; Mia Tuan, Outside Member, Education Studies

xiii, 105 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / In this study I examined whether priming salient characteristics in martial arts students' martial arts identity would influence their motivation to learn conflict resolution skills. Through a factorial, between-subjects experimental design I evaluated the effects of priming three different characteristics of a martial arts identity on 242 martial arts students, including 'peace' and 'competition' characteristics (experimental conditions) and an exercise" characteristic (control condition). I also examined whether the strength of the specific martial arts identity primed would moderate this relationship and assessed the impact of the conditions on participants' value and self-efficacy for conflict resolution skills, as these are theoretically related to motivation to learn. By using both multivariate analyses of covariance and binary logistical analysis, I assessed for outcome differences among the conditions. Results demonstrated that participants primed with the notion that `peaceful' characteristics were related to a martial arts identity were significantly more likely to want additional training in conflict resolution skills in comparison to participants primed with the notion that `competitive' characteristics were related to a martial arts identity. When experimental conditions were compared to the control condition, effects differed by sex. The peace prime significantly predicted that men would want additional training in conflict resolution skills, but not women. The competition prime significantly predicted that women would not want additional training in conflict resolution skills, but this was not true for men. Contrary to hypotheses, strength of identity was not a significant moderator of these relationships, and significant differences between experimental and control conditions were not found for the outcome measures of participant value and self-efficacy of conflict resolution skills. Ceiling effects and measurement issues may explain the lack of significant findings on a continuous measure of motivation to learn, but the dichotomous motivation to learn outcome variable was significantly influenced by the prime conditions in the hypothesized directions. Results of this study have the potential to improve the content and delivery of conflict resolution training with the purpose of improving participant participation and engagement. Study results, strengths, limitations, and implications for future research and practice are discussed. / Committee in charge: Benedict McWhirter, Chairperson, Counseling Psychology and Human Services; Ellen McWhirter, Member, Counseling Psychology and Human Services; Lauren Lindstrom, Member, Counseling Psychology and Human Services; Thomas Dishion, Outside Member, Psychology

Det här är ett examensarbete i Informationsdesign med inriktning mot rumslig gestaltning. Syftet med studien är att skapa ett gestaltningsförslag till en utställning som kan bidra till en förståelse för cirkulär ekonomi. Av den anledningen undersöks vilka visuella element som kan stödja denna förståelse. Förslaget är anpassat specifikt till ReTuna Återbruksgalleria, men ska även kunna appliceras i andra miljöer. Studien baseras på teorier och tidigare forskning om cirkulär ekonomi, kognition, visuella representationer, konceptuella modeller, utställningsdesign, material och färg. Metoder som har genomförts är användartest, kvalitativ intervju och rumslig analys. Studien har resulterat i ett gestaltningsförslag för hur cirkulär ekonomi genom rumslig gestaltning kan kommuniceras.

The Same-Different task has a long and controversial history in cognitive psychology. For over five decades, researchers have had many difficulties modelling the simple task, in which participants must respond as quickly and as accurately as possible whether two stimuli are the “Same” or “Different”. The main difficulty in doing so stems from the fact that “Same” decisions are much faster than can be modelled using a single process model without resorting to post-hoc processes, a finding since coined the fast-same phenomenon. In this thesis, I evaluate the strengths and shortcomings of past modelling endeavours, deconstruct the fast-same phenomenon while exploring the role of priming as its possible mechanism, investigate coactivity as a possible architecture underlying both decision modalities, and present an accumulator model whose assumptions and parameters stem from these results that predicts Same-Different performance (both response times and accuracies) using a single-process, a finding deemed near impossible by Sternberg (1998).

abstract: Language and music are fundamentally entwined within human culture. The two domains share similar properties including rhythm, acoustic complexity, and hierarchical structure. Although language and music have commonalities, abilities in these two domains have been found to dissociate after brain damage, leaving unanswered questions about their interconnectedness, including can one domain support the other when damage occurs? Evidence supporting this question exists for speech production. Musical pitch and rhythm are employed in Melodic Intonation Therapy to improve expressive language recovery, but little is known about the effects of music on the recovery of speech perception and receptive language. This research is one of the first to address the effects of music on speech perception. Two groups of participants, an older adult group (n=24; M = 71.63 yrs) and a younger adult group (n=50; M = 21.88 yrs) took part in the study. A native female speaker of Standard American English created four different types of stimuli including pseudoword sentences of normal speech, simultaneous music-speech, rhythmic speech, and music-primed speech. The stimuli were presented binaurally and participants were instructed to repeat what they heard following a 15 second time delay. Results were analyzed using standard parametric techniques. It was found that musical priming of speech, but not simultaneous synchronized music and speech, facilitated speech perception in both the younger adult and older adult groups. This effect may be driven by rhythmic information. The younger adults outperformed the older adults in all conditions. The speech perception task relied heavily on working memory, and there is a known working memory decline associated with aging. Thus, participants completed a working memory task to be used as a covariate in analyses of differences across stimulus types and age groups. Working memory ability was found to correlate with speech perception performance, but that the age-related performance differences are still significant once working memory differences are taken into account. These results provide new avenues for facilitating speech perception in stroke patients and sheds light upon the underlying mechanisms of Melodic Intonation Therapy for speech production. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Communication Disorders 2015

Sveriges regering och SÄPO har identifierat fake news som ett hot mot demokratin. I denna studie undersöker vi om fake news påverkar individer, trots att de vid samma tillfälle erhåller korrekt information inom ämnet. Detta gjordes genom en enkätundersökning på studenter vid Uppsala universitet. Vi fann att erhållandet av korrekt information inte är tillräckligt för att motverka effekten av att exponeras för falsk information. De studenter som fick läsa en mening med falsk information var 15 procentenheter mer sannolika att svara att de anser att staten lägger för mycket resurser på invandringen jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Resultatet tyder på att politiker, organisationer och privatpersoner kan dra nytta av att sprida fake news, att de kan göra så anonymt, och att faktagranskning ensamt inte kan stävja problemet med fake news. / The Swedish government and the Swedish Security Service have identified fake news as a threat to democracy. In this study, we investigate if fake news affect individuals, even though they receive correct information regarding the subject simultaneously. This was accomplished through handing out a survey to students at Uppsala University. We found that obtaining correct information is insufficient to counteract the effects of being exposed to fake news. The students who read a sentence with false information were 15 percentage points more likely to answer that they believe that the Swedish government allocates too much resources towards immigration compared to the control group. The result indicate that politicians, organizations and individuals can take advantage of spreading fake news, that they can do so anonymously, and that fact checking alone cannot solve the problem of fake news.