Native and Colonial Americans had vastly different approaches to the world, and viewed nature and other people in quite dissimilar ways. The concept of self is central to this project because personal values and attitudes toward others are grounded in agency - actions that emerge from the self and define the way that one treats his or her surroundings and everyone or thing in it. The way that one's self is perceived is necessarily communicated within the context of social settings. Situation in a world of other people (and of nature) requires that actions be weighed in accordance with agency. The very concept of what it is to have self is a key way to understand a world-view, because the values that are central to cultural communities have their locus within self. As such, the importance of defining to what or to whom one is agent must be addressed. The concepts of self that were fostered in members of tribes and early settlement communities contributed greatly to the world-views of their members, and consequently the treatment of their surroundings. One aim of Native American religions was to cultivate within tribal members the worthiness of respect harbored within beings of all sorts. Native American oral traditions established in members, from early on, the skill of actively listening to nature and the mindset that the earth and its inhabitants should be approached with care and respect. This was apparent in the treatment of nature, for personhood was extended to living creatures of all kinds, and even what we might regard as inanimate objects. Native Americans viewed themselves as vitally related to all other living powers of the world. These approaches to interacting with nature, combined with a word-view that was willing to accept a wide array of entities as beings, instilled a broad concept of self within Native American peoples. In contrast, based on traditional Western thought - foundationally that of Descartes and highly influenced by John Locke - Colonial Americans developed a very different concept of self from which members of this culture saw the world as hierarchical. As a result, selves turned inward and understood personal existence as other than, or separate from, nature. Persons were manifestly cognitive beings with moral agency, and only other beings with the same attributes should be afforded equal respect or regarded as having rights, as such. The thematic that developed as a result was, and still is today, founded upon the value of property ownership and the utilization of property and natural resources for production. Why is it important to look at the individual Native American tribe member or Colonial American community member? Since the actions of each member contribute to the wellbeing of the whole group, and consequently of nature, it is important to grasp how self-conduct that is necessarily a product of the individual self, fits into the bigger picture and affects the attitudes and actions of the individual toward other people and the environment. This coincides with the purpose of this project to show how the concept of self for Native Americans can be illuminating in many ways, consequently casting light on how we might learn from their ways, rather than give the impression to readers that one concept of self is any better or worse than the other. It is my aim to illustrate the unique and intriguing way that Native Americans view the self as part of nature, and investigate how these differing concepts of self, in relation to nature, affect how the these groups act toward nature. My hope is that readers will be encouraged to reflect on their own values and the roles that those values play in modern America, including some of the implications that these concepts of self have had in the past and continue to have for the future.

Esta tese propõe a investigação sobre as origens doutrinárias da função social dos contratos e, a partir delas, apresenta os instrumentos para a interpretação da cláusula geral do art. 421 do Código Civil. A tese encontra na doutrina italiana e no pensamento de Miguel Reale a base doutrinária da clláusula geral. A principal proposição dessa incursão é de que o juiz, ao aplicar a cláusula geral, deve usar os parâmetros doutrinários construídos pela tradição. A tradição e os dispositivos constitucionais que disciplinam a liberdade de contratar são os principais instrumentos para o controle das decisões judiciais, o que é indispensável que se preserve as regras do regime constritucional democrático e princípio da dignidade da pessoa. / The thesis proposes to survey the doctrinary origins of the social function of contracts and, from them, to present the instruments to interpret the general clause contained on the Civil Code’s article 421. The thesis sets the general clause doctrinary base on the Italian doctrine and also on Miguel Reale’s thought. The approach’s main proposition is that the judge, on applying the general clause, must use the doctrinary parameters built by tradition. Tradition and constitutional prescriptions that discipline the freedom to establish a contract are the main instruments to carry out the control of judicial decisions, what is fundamental to preserve the rules of the democratic constitutional regime and the person’s dignity principle.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-11T18:01:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson Case.pdf: 757710 bytes, checksum: c6948d04eeb1a1c4dd6168b867edb5b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-18T13:06:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson Case.pdf: 757710 bytes, checksum: c6948d04eeb1a1c4dd6168b867edb5b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-18T13:06:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anderson Case.pdf: 757710 bytes, checksum: c6948d04eeb1a1c4dd6168b867edb5b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / O presente trabalho visa a esclarecer o equívoco que incorrem a doutrina, a jurisprudência e os operadores do direito brasileiro, ao reproduzirem de forma acrítica e impensada o entendimento sufragado pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça, por meio da súmula 227, de que as pessoas jurídicas podem ser indenizadas por danos morais. Os danos morais são lesões aos direitos da personalidade, inerentes tão somente aos seres humanos, fruto de lutas históricas para conseguir o seu reconhecimento e proteção, baseados no princípio constitucional da dignidade da pessoa humana. Portanto, as pessoas jurídicas não podem ser consideradas titulares de direitos da personalidade, em decorrência da dificuldade que se tem na liquidação de determinados danos patrimoniais sofridos pelos entes fictícios e por se emprestar a forma de liquidação dos danos fora do patrimônio para a resolução deste problema, haja vista a existência da diversidade de valores e princípios entre seres humanos e entes fictícios. No que se refere às associações filantrópicas e fundações, os danos serão institucionais, acarretando a perda da credibilidade perante a sociedade, com repercussão no desenvolvimento de suas atividades. / Salvador

Numerous approaches have been proposed for solving partial differential equations; all these methods have their own advantages and disadvantages depending on the problems being treated. In recent years there has been much development of particle methods for mechanical problems. Among these are the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM), Element Free Galerkin (EFG) and Moving Least Squares (MLS) methods. This development is motivated by the extension of their applications to mechanical and engineering problems. Since numerical experiments are one of the basic tools used in computational mechanics, in physics, in biology etc, a robust spatial discretization would be a significant contribution towards solutions of a number of problems. Even a well-defined stable and convergent formulation of a continuous model does not guarantee a perfect numerical solution to the problem under investigation. Particle methods especially SPH and RKPM have advantages over meshed methods for problems, in which large distortions and high discontinuities occur, such as high velocity impact, fragmentation, hydrodynamic ram. These methods are also convenient for open problems. Recently, SPH and its family have grown into a successful simulation tools and the extension of these methods to initial boundary value problems requires further research in numerical fields. In this thesis, several problem areas of the SPH formulation were examined. Firstly, a new approach based on ‘Hamilton’s variational principle’ is used to derive the equations of motion in the SPH form. Secondly, the application of a complex Von Neumann analysis to SPH method reveals the existence of a number of physical mechanisms accountable for the stability of the method. Finally, the notion of the amplification matrix is used to detect how numerical errors propagate permits the identification of the mechanisms responsible for the delimitation of the domain of numerical stability. By doing so, we were able to erect a link between the physics and the numerics that govern the SPH formulation.

Esta tese propõe a investigação sobre as origens doutrinárias da função social dos contratos e, a partir delas, apresenta os instrumentos para a interpretação da cláusula geral do art. 421 do Código Civil. A tese encontra na doutrina italiana e no pensamento de Miguel Reale a base doutrinária da clláusula geral. A principal proposição dessa incursão é de que o juiz, ao aplicar a cláusula geral, deve usar os parâmetros doutrinários construídos pela tradição. A tradição e os dispositivos constitucionais que disciplinam a liberdade de contratar são os principais instrumentos para o controle das decisões judiciais, o que é indispensável que se preserve as regras do regime constritucional democrático e princípio da dignidade da pessoa. / The thesis proposes to survey the doctrinary origins of the social function of contracts and, from them, to present the instruments to interpret the general clause contained on the Civil Code’s article 421. The thesis sets the general clause doctrinary base on the Italian doctrine and also on Miguel Reale’s thought. The approach’s main proposition is that the judge, on applying the general clause, must use the doctrinary parameters built by tradition. Tradition and constitutional prescriptions that discipline the freedom to establish a contract are the main instruments to carry out the control of judicial decisions, what is fundamental to preserve the rules of the democratic constitutional regime and the person’s dignity principle.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O trabalho foi construÃdo no sentido de evidenciar o ensino inadequado do cÃlculo de volume no Ensino MÃdio onde, na maioria das vezes, sÃo colocadas fÃrmulas para que alunos decorem, com o intuito de resolverem questÃes inerentes, sem nenhuma compreensÃo dos conteÃdos ou como surgiram. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho à apresentar como axioma o PrincÃpio de Cavalieri, para com aplicaÃÃes do mesmo, gerar um encadeamento das ideias, e chegarmos Ãs fÃrmulas dos volumes dos sÃlidos geomÃtricos mais comuns no Ensino MÃdio: o prisma, o cilindro, a pirÃmide, o cone e a esfera, destacando a forma mais clara de ensino desse conteÃdo para os alunos. / The work was constructed in order to reveal the inadequate teaching of the volume calculation in high school where, in most cases, formulas are placed so that students memorize in order to resolve issues involved, without any understanding of the content or how they came about. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present as an axiom the principle of Cavalieri, towards the same applications, generate a chain of ideas, and get to the formulas of the volumes of common geometric solids in high school: prism, cylinder, pyramid, cone and sphere, highlighting the clearest form of teaching that content to students.

Esta tese propõe a investigação sobre as origens doutrinárias da função social dos contratos e, a partir delas, apresenta os instrumentos para a interpretação da cláusula geral do art. 421 do Código Civil. A tese encontra na doutrina italiana e no pensamento de Miguel Reale a base doutrinária da clláusula geral. A principal proposição dessa incursão é de que o juiz, ao aplicar a cláusula geral, deve usar os parâmetros doutrinários construídos pela tradição. A tradição e os dispositivos constitucionais que disciplinam a liberdade de contratar são os principais instrumentos para o controle das decisões judiciais, o que é indispensável que se preserve as regras do regime constritucional democrático e princípio da dignidade da pessoa. / The thesis proposes to survey the doctrinary origins of the social function of contracts and, from them, to present the instruments to interpret the general clause contained on the Civil Code’s article 421. The thesis sets the general clause doctrinary base on the Italian doctrine and also on Miguel Reale’s thought. The approach’s main proposition is that the judge, on applying the general clause, must use the doctrinary parameters built by tradition. Tradition and constitutional prescriptions that discipline the freedom to establish a contract are the main instruments to carry out the control of judicial decisions, what is fundamental to preserve the rules of the democratic constitutional regime and the person’s dignity principle.

- 1 - Abstract The thesis focuses on specific aspects of relationship between the lessor and the lessee with emphasis to the principle of the autonomy of the will and its restrictions. The most significant restrictions occur in the area of rental housing in relation to its substantial social impacts. Increased tenant protection results in decrease of the rights of the other party and it happens so through imperative norms. The purpose of my thesis is to analyze balance between the rights of the parties and the possibility to affect its contents. The introductory part outlines general legislation on the lease law. The following chapters Two and Three deal with terminology, describe the principles on which the relationship of the parties is based and define lease law in terms of rental housing. Chapter four is subdivided into three parts, each of them dealing with different aspects of limitation of the basic principles in relation to specific institutes of the lease law. Part one focuses on unlawful agreements in the contract, part two on the restriction on agreements that would limit the rights given to the lessee and part three describes selected rights given to the lessee. Conclusions are drawn in the Summary chapter and provide an outline of the most significant problems in relationship between the parties.

Författarna har i denna uppsats inriktat sig på planeringen utav den moské som kommer uppföras i Karlstad. Ansvariga för detta är Karlstad kommun och Islamiska Kultur Föreningen, vilka vi har intervjuat varsina respektive representanter om hur de ser på integration och hur de väljer att inkludera integration i planeringen kring moskén. För att undersöka hur man förhållit sig till integration har vi jämfört detta med Europeiska Unionens Common Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration. Frågeställningar för att begränsa arbetet var; hur ser de två studieobjektens på integration samt vilken påverkan en moské kan ha på integration. Teorin som appliceras är en ”tvåvägsprocess” som innebär att integration sker från både subjekt (vilket i denna uppsats innebär nyanlända) och objekt (värdsamhälle). Utöver intervjuerna så har vi analyserat textdokument från Karlstad kommun om exempelvis värderingar och kommunens vision. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att Islamiska Kultur Föreningen och Karlstad Kommun följer många punkter från Common Basic Principles och att en moské har goda förutsättningar att vara integrerade med ett öppet styre samt samarbeten med andra institutioner.

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