Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease with adverse effect on a global scale. The disease is one of the major causes of death in sub-Saharan Africa. Nearly 70% of TB-infected persons are co-infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). About 50% of TB/HIV patients are smear negative and up to 28% are sputum scarce, which is a significant problem in South Africa since sputum smear microscopy is the most widely used diagnostic test for TB. The detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and resistance to the TB drug rifampicin (RIF) are the basis of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF protocol. The GeneXpert MTB/RIF is an automated nucleic acid amplification technique for detecting the DNA that originates from MTB. However, low sensitivity and low concentrations of MTB for DNA amplification are a serious issue associated with the protocol. Therefore, other TB diagnostic methods, such as the ones involving biochemical markers of TB, are becoming very important. / 2020-08-31

The subject matter of this dissertation work are calendars, that were printed in Bohemia between years 1570 ? 1670. This work is divided in three parts. The first part provides history of calendar´s evolution and it´s graphical imaging in Europe and subsequently in Bohemia with the biggest emphasis on history in early modern times. Second part deals with creators of these Bohemian calendars, in this place profiles of the most frequent authors and printers were chosen with regard to their lives and work focused on calendrsa. Last part is focused on internal and external analysis of calendars printed between years 1570 and 1670, as well as on a chapter that deals with feast days, which were found in unpublished archive sources. Supplements of work are primarily list of printed calendars in Bohemia and images of several interesting parts of calendars.

BARROCAS, Amélia Landim. Avaliação do uso dos livros eletrônicos do acervo da Universidade Federal do Ceará nos cursos de pós-graduação. 2014. 133f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Políticas Públicas e Gestão da Educação Superior, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-13T14:49:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_albarrocas.pdf: 3001651 bytes, checksum: a31cb4a57445e6f0875f9d0369b4b0a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-05-13T14:52:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_albarrocas.pdf: 3001651 bytes, checksum: a31cb4a57445e6f0875f9d0369b4b0a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-13T14:52:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_albarrocas.pdf: 3001651 bytes, checksum: a31cb4a57445e6f0875f9d0369b4b0a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The twenty-first century came under the great impact of the media revolution and the new electronic and digital information technologies, which led to the introduction of different means of communication, especially in academia, which facilitated the production of and access to information. Since 2009, the Federal University of Ceará had the policy to purchase eBook titles as need to insert academia into this new model of teaching and research practices. Thus, its main University Library has acquired a collection of electronics books on various fields, available to all university community, as an alternative source of information for research, teaching and community services. Observing this fact and knowing the need to evaluate products and services for libraries, this research proposes the following problem: What factors are considered decisive for the use of electronic books, available on the UFC´s library system for graduate students and Professors in all graduate programs? The research methodology works with quantitative and qualitative data, collected through electronic questionnaires, developed and applied through google docs tool. This will allow us to translate the answers into numbers and information, in order to organize them and to facilitate the analysis and suggestions for this new knowledge. This is an exploratory survey with a random sample, with no final conclusive arguments. The method of data analysis is the functionalist, accomplished through study of selected cases showing relevance to the research. To tabulate the data, we used the Microsoft Excel program. As a result, it was observed that teachers have demonstrated more knowledge on the existence of the collection of electronic books purchased and available by UFC than the students. In contrast, students demonstrated knowing more strategies of access than the teachers. As to the importance and satisfaction with this type of collection, students have a better knowledge on the electronic library than teachers. Even being unaware of this collection, students consider it very important. Teachers who don´t know the existence of this type of collection consider it more important than teachers who know it. To the degree of satisfaction, teachers demonstrated to be more satisfied than the students with the eBook collection. It was evident that the factors that contributed to the use of eBooks were: its gratuity at UFC portal, its wide availability and practicality. The factors that contributed to the failure of the use of this feature are: lack of motivation, information not included in the basic bibliographies, lack of a more significant disclosure, need for a tool to access it, and finally, resistance to change, once the public not want to change the pleasure of leafing a printed book to a virtual one. / O século XXI chegou sob o grande impacto da revolução dos meios de comunicação e das novas tecnologias eletrônicas e digitais da informação, que ocasionou a introdução de diferentes suportes, sobretudo no meio acadêmico, que facilitaram a produção e o acesso à informação. A partir de 2009, a Universidade Federal do Ceará passou a adquirir títulos de livros eletrônicos como exigência de inserção nesse novo modelo de ensino e práticas de pesquisas. Com isso, a sua Biblioteca Universitária adquiriu para o seu acervo uma coleção de livros eletrônicos nas mais variadas áreas do conhecimento, disponível a toda comunidade universitária, como fonte alternativa de informação para a pesquisa, ensino e extensão. Observando-se esse fato e sabendo-se da necessidade de se avaliar produtos e serviços de bibliotecas, esta pesquisa propõe o seguinte problema: Quais fatores são considerados determinantes para o uso dos livros eletrônicos comprados e disponibilizados no sistema de bibliotecas da UFC, por alunos e professores dos programas de pós-graduação dessa instituição, contemplados com esse tipo de acervo? A pesquisa optou por uma metodologia quanti-qualitativa, através de questionários eletrônicos elaborados e aplicados por meio da ferramenta google docs, por buscar traduzir em números, as respostas e informações, bem como a fala dos participantes, e organizá-las de modo a facilitar análise e proposição dos conhecimentos novos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, com uma amostragem não probabilística, pois, devido à estratégia de coleta de dados, torna-se inviável uma amostra definitiva. O método de análise dos dados é o funcionalista, realizado por meio de estudo de casos selecionados a partir da pertinência mais próxima com a pesquisa. Para a tabulação dos dados, utilizou-se o programa Microsoft Excel. Como resultado, observou-se que os professores demonstraram ter mais conhecimento da existência do acervo de livros eletrônicos comprados e disponibilizados pela UFC que os estudantes. Em contrapartida, os estudantes demonstraram conhecer mais as estratégias de acesso que os professores. Quanto ao quesito importância e satisfação com esse tipo de acervo, os estudantes demonstraram melhor relação com o acervo eletrônico que os professores. Entretanto, os estudantes que não têm conhecimento desse acervo, em sua maioria, o consideram muito importante. Já professores que desconhecem este tipo de acervo o consideram mais importante do que professores que conhecem. Quanto ao grau de satisfação, professores demonstraram estar mais satisfeitos que os estudantes com esse tipo de acervo. Ficou evidente que os fatores que mais contribuíram para o uso dessa nova mídia foram: a gratuidade pelo portal da UFC; a ampla disponibilidade e a praticidade. Os fatores que mais contribuíram para a não utilização desse recurso são: falta de motivação; não constarem nas bibliografias; falta de uma divulgação mais expressiva; necessidade de uma ferramenta para o acesso e, por último, a resistência à mudanças; o público para não querer trocar o prazer de folhear um livro impresso pela rigidez de um eletrônico.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_ab_me_assis.pdf: 1297340 bytes, checksum: 45de1c32a26013a400b6a9bddeee5c5a (MD5) / Para além da tríade prensa, papel e tinta, o jornal “A Voz da Raça” se constituíra em bastião simbólico no universo da cultura letrada e da experiência política e cultural dos afrodescendentes no decênio de 1930. Dimensionar as lides da palavra impressa do grupo em questão é, em linhas gerais, o escopo deste trabalho. / Further beyond the paper, ink, and printing triad, São Paulo City the “A Voz da Raça” press has established itself as a symbolic landmark in the universe of both the literate culture and the political and cultural experience of afro-descendants in the 1930 decade. Verifying some dimensions of that group's printed word battle is the overall scope of this work.

Orientador: Antonio Celso Ferreira / Banca: Lúcia Helena Oliveira Silva / Banca: Moacir José dos Santos / Resumo: Para além da tríade prensa, papel e tinta, o jornal "A Voz da Raça" se constituíra em bastião simbólico no universo da cultura letrada e da experiência política e cultural dos afrodescendentes no decênio de 1930. Dimensionar as lides da palavra impressa do grupo em questão é, em linhas gerais, o escopo deste trabalho. / Abstract: Further beyond the paper, ink, and printing triad, São Paulo City the "A Voz da Raça" press has established itself as a symbolic landmark in the universe of both the literate culture and the political and cultural experience of afro-descendants in the 1930 decade. Verifying some dimensions of that group's printed word battle is the overall scope of this work. / Mestre

O avanço da tecnologia de aparelhos eletro-eletrônicos favorece a troca constante dos equipamentos. O freqüente descarte de aparelhos obsoletos se torna um problema de sustentabilidade e também um problema ambiental devido ao seu acúmulo em aterros. A solução para minimizar estes impactos é a reciclagem de seus componentes. Por esta razão, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o processamento das placas de circuito impresso de telefones celulares através de operações unitárias de Tratamento de Minérios e hidrometalurgia a fim de se recuperar o cobre contido nas placas. Para isso, inicialmente, placas de circuito impresso foram processadas em moinho de martelos, a fim de liberar os materiais, em seguida foi feita a separação magnética do material cominuído. Com a fração não magnética foi feita a separação eletrostática e o material foi separado em: fração condutora, mista e não condutora, com cada fração foi feita a classificação granulométrica e, posteriormente, realizaram-se ensaios de caracterização como pirólise, digestão em água régia e análise química de espectroscopia de emissão óptica por indução de plasma. Os processos hidrometalúrgico aplicados para a recuperação de cobre nas placas de circuito impresso de aparelhos celulares obsoletos envolvem etapas lixiviação com ácido sulfúrico na ausência e na presença de peróxido de hidrogênio. Os resultados da caracterização mostraram que as placas de circuito impresso de celulares após a moagem possuem 24% de cerâmicas; 12,7% de polímeros e 63,3% de metais. Além disso, após a classificação granulométrica e a separação eletrostática os materiais não se concentraram em nenhuma fração especifica, portanto o processamento mecânico visando a recuperação de metais deve contemplar a moagem e a separação magnética. / The technology advancement of electro-electronics devices favors the constant equipment exchange. The frequent disposal of obsolete equipment becomes a sustainability problem and also an environmental problem due to their accumulation in landfills. One possible solution to minimize these impacts is the recycling of their components. For this reason the aim goal of this study is processing of printed circuit boards of mobile phones utilizing unit operation of ore treatment and hydrometallurgy to recover the copper contained in the printed. Therefore, initially printed circuit boards were processed on a hammer mill to release the materials, then it was made magnetic separation of comminuted material. With the non-magnetic fraction was made electrostatic separation in which the material was separated into: conductive, mixed and non-conductive fraction, with each fraction was made grain sized classification and then assays were performed analysis of characterize as pyrolysis, digestion in aqua regia and chemical analysis of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Hydrometallurgical processes applied to the cooper recovery in printed circuit boards of obsolete mobile phones, involve steps leaching with sulfuric acid in the absence and presence of hydrogen peroxide. The characterization results showed that the printed circuit boards of mobile phones after grinding have ceramics 24%, polymers 12.7% and metals 63.3%. Moreover, after grain sized classification and electrostatic separation the materials didn\'t concentrate in no specific fraction, therefore the mechanical processing in order to recover metals should include grinding and magnetic separation.

Os resíduos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos é um dos fluxos de resíduos que mais cresce no mundo. O aumento na produção destes equipamentos como resultado dos avanços tecnológicos e a sua rápida obsolescência promovem o aumento de geração deste tipo de resíduos. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a recuperação de níquel presente no licor de lixiviação de placas de circuito impresso de telefones celulares obsoletos, através da aplicação de processos hidrometalúrgicos e eletrometalúrgico. Inicialmente, foram preparadas soluções sintéticas a partir da composição química do licor de lixiviação das frações magnética (MA) e não magnética (NMA) das placas de circuito impresso cominuídas. Os elementos presentes nas soluções são: ferro, zinco, níquel e alumínio. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma etapa de remoção do ferro, através de precipitação seletiva. A morfologia e a composição química do precipitado foram analisadas através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e EDS, respectivamente. A composição química das soluções resultantes da precipitação foi determinada através da técnica de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Através do processo de precipitação conseguiu-se uma porcentagem de remoção de ferro na solução NMA de 99,6% e na solução MA de 99,9%, porém, observou-se também a coprecipitação de zinco, alumínio e níquel. Com as soluções resultantes desta etapa, foi realizada a purificação das soluções através de extração por solvente, utilizando Cyanex 272 como agente extratante. As variáveis estudadas nos ensaios de extração por solvente foram: pH, concentração do extratante, relação fase aquosa/orgânica (A/O) e temperatura. . Além disso, também foi determinado o número de contatos necessários para a extração de ferro, zinco e alumínio, obtendo assim, uma solução aquosa contendo unicamente níquel. Finalmente, foram realizados os ensaios de eletrodeposição para a obtenção de níquel metálico. Foi avaliado o efeito da temperatura sobre o filme depositado. A morfologia dos depósitos e a espessura da camada foram analisadas através do MEV, verificando que o aumento da temperatura influencia nas características do depósito obtido. / Electric and electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world. Continuous increasing production owing to the technological advances and the products consumption rise, all together with the rapid obsolescence of this scrap promotes the necessity of exchange and the increasing of generate waste. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study a recovering of nickel from leach liquor of cell phones printed circuit boards, through of hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical process application. Firstly, was prepared synthetic solutions of both magnetic (MA) and nonmagnetic (NMA) fractions of printed circuit boards. The metal ions present in the synthetic solutions are: iron, zinc, nickel and aluminium. Afterwards was realized the iron removal stage, through both selective precipitation and solvent extraction process, in order to make a comparison of these techniques. The precipitates were analyzed across of scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the chemical composition of these solutions through atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). With selective precipitation it was obtained 99,6% and 99,9% of iron removal with selective precipitation in NMA and MA solutions, respectively. Therefore, it was also observed co-precipitation of zinc, aluminium and nickel. With solutions after precipitation stage was carried out the solutions purification through solvent extraction using cyanex 272 as extractant. Solvent extraction test were studied different parameters, such as: equilibrium pH, extractant concentration, aqueous-organic (A/O) ratio and temperature. It was also determinates the stages number required for iron, zinc and aluminium extraction, to obtain nickel in aqueous solution uniquely. Finally, was carried out the electrodeposition test for obtain metallic nickel. Was analyzed the effect of temperature on the deposited layer. Surface Morphology and thickness of the deposits were evaluated by MEV, verifying that temperature increasing influences on deposited layer.

Abstract The demands toward the development of simple and cost-effective fabrication methods of metallic structures with high lateral resolution on different substrates - applied in many fields of technology, such as in microelectronics, optoelectronics, micromechanics as well as in sensor and actuator applications - gave the idea to perform this research. Due to its simplicity, laser-assisted chemical liquid-phase deposition (LCLD) has been investigated and applied for the metallization of surfaces having practical importance (Si, GaAs, SiO2, Si3N4, etc.) since the beginning of the 80s. By the invention of novel substrates (polyimide, porous silicon), it was adequate to work out new precursors or just adopt old ones and optimise LCLD in order to fabricate metallic micro-patterns upon these materials for various purposes. According to the motivations mentioned above, LCLD was utilized for the fabrication of palladium (Pd) micro-patterns on polyimide (PI), polyimide/copper flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs), fused silica (SiO2) and silicon (Si). The selective metallization of porous silicon (PS) has been carried out with nickel (Ni). Depending on the types of lasers, either the focusing (Ar+ laser beam) or diaphragm projection (KrF and XeCl excimer laser pulses) method was employed. In the course of the work, various precursors of the corresponding metals have been investigated and utilized. In the beginning, the pyrolytic decomposition of palladium-amine complex ions ([Pd(NH3)4]2+) on PI by a scanned and focused Ar+ laser beam was optimised and discussed. Thick (up to several micrometers) and narrow (~ 10 μm) Pd conductor lines with electrical conductivity close to that of the bulk were obtained. In the continuation of these investigations, the precursor was developed further. [Pd(NH3)4]2+ was mixed with the solution of formaldehyde (HCOH) in order to induce the reduction of the metal complex ions. To our knowledge, we were the first - so far - who applied this solution and described the reaction. With the proper choice of the laser parameters, thin Pd films as catalyst layers for electroless copper plating were deposited utilizing Ar+ and excimer lasers as well. The chemically plated copper deposits - upon the obtained Pd film - have excellent electrical and good mechanical properties. In the second part of the thesis, three practical applications (metallization of via holes drilled in PI/Cu flexible PCBs, end-mirror fabrication on single-mode optical fibers, and carbon nanotube growth on Pd activated Si and Si/SiO2 substrates) of Pd LCLD were realized. The previously presented [Pd(NH3)4]2+ and [Pd(NH3)4]2+/HCOH precursors were employed for creating the catalyst Pd layers for the carbon nanotube chemical vapor-phase deposition and for the autocatalytic electroless chemical copper plating, respectively. Finally, a simple novel method was introduced for the area-selective metallization of PS. Since the surface of PS reduces spontaneously most metals from their aqueous solutions, it is difficult to realize localized metal deposition from liquid-phase precursors on it. We proposed the application of a stable Ni plating bath from which the metal deposits only when the PS is irradiated with photons having wavelength shorter than 689 nm, thus making possible an area-selective laser-assisted metal deposition. The deposited metal structures and patterns were analysed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), by the milling and imaging modes of a focused ion beam system (FIB), optical microscopy, profilometry, resistance, and by reflectance measurements.

Que peut-il bien cacher ce titre ? Ou plutôt révéler ? Il laisse entendre une certaine inclinaison au jeu de mots. Ceci parle déjà du style. « Tourner la page » puisqu’il s’agit de livre, de lecture. « Tourner la page » puisque le temps du livre semble être compté, à en croire certains pronostics auxquels ce travail ne réagit pas. «Autour de la matérialité » puisque la page papier du codex tourne littéralement autour d’un axe matériel, soit-il cousu, broché ou collé. « Autour » encore car il est question de matérialité, qualité intrinsèque et fondamentale qui définit l’écriture, détermine le rapport au langage écrit et le distingue de sa version numérique. « Objet de lecture », terme qui permet d’élargir le cercle des supports de lecture traditionnellement représentés par des livres aux objets technologiques, tout en précisant qu’ils ne sont pas des livres. « Objet » encore, car l’approche sémio-pragmatique tient à souligner le côté objectal de la lecture face à son côté linguistique. « Observations », ce mot précise et qualifie le non-aboutissement et la teneur approximative de ce qui est dit et comment il est dit dans ce mémoire. « Sémiotiques » indique la méthode et le point de vue sous lequel le propos est déployé. « Perspectives pédagogiques », c’est pour annoncer l’ambition de cette étude de se projeter vers le domaine dont elle est inspirée et vers lequel elle retourne, en espérant créer des passerelles et y apporter des propositions pluridisciplinaires. Ce résumé en forme d’explicitation du titre prétend également servir de plan qui suit le cheminement de la réflexion sur le rapport de l’homme à l’écriture à la base de la matérialité de celle-ci. / What could this title hide? Or reveal instead? It insinuates a certain tendency to a play on words. It hints at style. “Turn the page” since it’s about books, about reading practice. “Turn the page” because the days of books seem numbered, to believe certain prognostication to which this work does not address. However, there are new, digital pages. "About the materiality", since the paper page of the codex is turning literally around a material axis, sewn, stapled or glued. “Materiality", it is as an intrinsic quality of the book object which defines the products of writing. “Reading object,” it means different objects of reading, traditionally represented by printed books. While, now, it is possible to read technological objects too. “Object” once more, for the semio-pragmatic approach that desires to emphasize the material aspect of reading practice versus its linguistic aspect. “Observations,” it specifies and qualifies the approximate tenor of what is said and how it is said. “Semiotics,” it is the definition of the method and of the point of view under which these objects are investigated. “Pedagogical perspectives”, it is to refer to the field from which this study took its inspiration. Also, towards that it returns hoping to create bridges between several disciplines. This summary is a kind of explanation of the title, also intends to indicate the way of the reflection that develops the relationship of man to the written word that is based on the materiality.

With a rising demand for low cost solutions to healthcare services, analysis, and toxicology, the Integrated Biosensor Platform developed by Acreo Swedish ICT and Linköping University, fills the gap where conventional sensors are not suitable. This report focuses the update of hardware and software in order to increase stability, introduce new sensors, and allow for wireless communication through NFC. Positive result and increased stability is presented, when measuring with a stable reference potential. The potential of NFC is shown in a breadboard setup and problems when printing an antenna is elaborated in terms of coil turns and size. An ethanol sensor is introduced to the platform and discussion manly focuses on characterization of the sensor. A potentiometric setup is also tested with low results and the problems of the current platform as a potentiometric sensor is discussed. From the collective results and a broader look at society is the justification of the platform existence evaluated. The need for the platform, especially as a mean to solve health problems in development countries, is argued to justify the environmental footprint of a disposable platform. / Med en ökad efterfrågan på tjänster inom hälsovård, analys, och toxikologi är målet för Integrated Biosensor Platform från Acreo Swedish ICT och Linköpings Universitet, att fylla gapet där konventionella sensorer inte är brukliga. Den här rapporten fokuserar på uppdateringen av hård och mjukvara för att öka stabiliteten, introduktionen av nya sensorer samt möjligheten till trådlös kommunikation genom NFC. Positiva resultat och ökad stabilitet presenteras med introduktionen av en stabil referens spänning. NFC och dess möjligheter testas i utvecklingsmiljö och problem diskuteras i samband med tryckta antenner utifrån storlek och design. En ethanolsensor inkluderas till plattformen och resultatet utvärderas främst från användningsområden och karaktärisering av sensorn. En potentiometrisk konfiguration av plattformen testas med lågt resultat och problemen med den nuvarande plattformen som potentiometrisk sensor presenteras. En samlad utvärdering av plattformens existensberättigande görs från både resultat som rapporten presenterat och en omvärldsanalys. Behovet av plattformen är, framför allt som en lösning till hälsovård i utvecklingsländer, ansett att rättfärdiga dess negativa miljöpåverkan som en "engångssensor".