Avkastningen från privata och publika fastighetsinvesteringar är något som undersökts extensivt, med slutsatsen att noterade fastighetsinvesteringar uppvisat en högre avkastning jämfört med onoterade fastighetsinvesteringar på kort sikt. Denna uppsats avser att analysera historiska direktavkastningar i syfte av att upptäcka eventuella diskrepanser i värdering mellan noterade och onoterade fastighetsinvesteringar. Utöver det, avser denna uppsats att diskutera huruvida det föreligger fördelar med att äga onoterade fastigheter som skulle motivera en högre värdering, trots historiskt lägre totalavkastning. Den underliggande datan är hämtad från MSCI Sweden Annual Property Index och Refinitiv Worldscope Fundamentals-databasen som säkerställts med årsredovisningar för de noterade fastighetsföretagen. Med hjälp av denna data skapades två direktavkastningsserier för perioden mellan 2000 - 2019. Dessa jämfördes sedan med varandra och påvisade diskrepanser i form av högre direktavkastning på den noterade marknaden under större delar av 00-talet medan den onoterade marknaden uppvisade en högre direktavkastning mellan 2011 - 2016. Sedan dess har direktavkastningen för båda noteringsformerna sjunkit till historiskt låga nivåer. Vad gäller onoterade fastighetsinvesteringar återfinns fördelar i form av målstyrning och genomförandet av långsiktiga utvecklingsprojekt, ofta som en del av en långsiktig och värdeskapande ägarstrategi. / The return of private and public real estate is a matter that has been studied extensively and has often proved the outperformance of securitized real estate over direct property in the short term. This paper will analyze historical capitalization rates in order to locate any value discrepancies between the direct and indirect property market in Sweden. Furthermore, the paper aims to understand whether there are any benefits to holding direct property, otherwise not justified by higher returns, that would explain its high valuation. The underlying data collection relies on MSCI Sweden Annual Property Index as well as financial reports and profile data from the Refinitiv Worldscope Fundamentals database for the listed real estate companies. Using the collected data, net operating income yields were built for the direct and indirect property market for the period between 2000 - 2019. These historical capitalization rate series were then compared to each other and showed some discrepancy in favor of securitized real estate which demonstrated higher capitalization rates during most of the 2000s. However, the direct real estate market was shown to outperform the indirect one between 2011 - 2016. Ever since, public and private real estate on the Swedish market has shown similar valuations and the capitalization rates are now historically low, (as at December 2019). As for holding direct property, advantages include the ability to carry out development projects, which are often part of a long-term and value-adding ownership strategy.

Public value has proven itself as an insightful concept through which to better understand, assess, and guide the contributions of public organizations to the common good. Corresponding to the increasing awareness that private organizations, too, bear considerable responsibility for society, the concept of public value has recently also been applied in the private sector. Following two additional current directions of public value research, i.e., shifting from a static assessment of public value to more process-oriented research, and providing incremental empirical support for previous conceptual research, this dissertation examines public value creation as a nonmarket strategy for the private sector. Therein, a framework text contextualizes three empirical papers within the nonmarket strategy framework of Mellahi et al. (2016) and its adaptation by Frynas and Yamahaki (2016). Drawing from Meynhardt's (2009, 2015) public value conceptualization, initial empirical evidence is provided to shine a light on why and how private organizations may strategically create public value. Addressing Moore's (1995) guiding questions for public value creation strategies and highlighting both the limitations of this work and the avenues for future research that arise from them, the present dissertation offers an orientation for future research on public value creation in the private sector.

Kvinnlig organisering finns i många former och det har gjorts en del internationell och svensk forskning om det. Denna uppsats är skriven för att fylla i luckan angående den åländska kvinnoorganiseringen i form av Ålands Marthadistrikt. Marthaverksamheten startade på det finska fastlandet 1899 och kom till Åland 1912. 1932 firade de åländska marthorna 20-årsjubiléet av detta och det fanns deltagare från alla 32 föreningarna. Undersökningens syfte är att göra en organisationsstudie om Ålands Marthadistrikts verksamhet och dess värderingar 1932–1934 med utgångspunkt från teorin om privat och offentlig sfär. Detta görs med hjälp av tre frågeställningar som är: 1. Vilken verksamhet genomförde marthorna 1932–1934? 2. Vilka likheter och skillnader finns det mellan föreningarna inom distriktet? 3. Vilka värderingar eller ideologier ligger bakom verksamheten? För att uppfylla syftet används både en kvantitativ metod och en kvalitativ metod med fokus på textanalys. Materialet som används är hämtat från Ålands Marthadistriktsarkiv och består av styrelseprotokoll, årsberättelser, förteckningar och räkenskaper. Ålands Marthadistrikt ordnade en verksamhet som mest bestod av möten, föredrag, kurser, studiecirklar och samkväm. Varje år förekom en lite större tillställning som marthorna deltog i eller anordnade. Dessa var bland annat 20-årsjubiléet, presidentbesöket och den årliga Marthadagen. De föredrag och kurser som distriktet och föreningarna genomförde handlade om olika sorters hemvård eller hemslöjd exempelvis huslig ekonomi, madrasstillverkning, trädgårdsskötsel och sömnad. Kvinnosynen i distriktet var att kvinnorna skötte hemmet och därför fokuserade majoriteten av verksamheten på det. Dock uppmuntrade distriktet kvinnor att delta i saker utanför hemmet som arbete och politik. En annan viktig del av verksamheten var att ordna tillfällen där kvinnor kunde träffas och umgås vilket uppskattades stort bland medlemmarna. Resultat i undersökningen är att marthaverksamheten till största del verkade i den privata sfären hemmet och att den gjorde att kvinnorna fick en egen sfär frånskild männen i samhället. Dock fanns det även verksamhet som bidrog till att kvinnor kom in i den offentliga sfären och beblandades med männen i samhället / Women organisation has many forms, and these have been studied international and in Sweden in some degree. This essay is written with the purpose of filling the blank about the women organisation in Åland called Ålands Martha district. The Martha activity started on the Finnish mainland in 1899 and came to Åland 1912. In 1932, the Åland Marthas celebrated the 20th anniversary of this and there were participants from all 32 associations. The purpose of this survey is to do an organizational study about Ålands Martha district’s activity and values 1932-1934 starting from the theory of private and public sphere. This is done with the help of three questions which are: 1. What activities did the Marthas carry out in 1932-1934? 2. What similarities and differences are there between the associations within the district? 3. What values and ideologies are behind the activity? To fulfil the purpose, both a quantitative method and qualitative method with a focus on text analysis are used. The material used is taken from Åland’s Martha district’s archive and consists of board minutes, annual reports, listings, and accounts. Ålands Martha district arranged activities that mainly consisted of meetings, lectures, courses, study circles and parties. Each year a big happening took place in which the Marthas participated in or arranged. These were, among other things, the 20th anniversary, the president’s visit, and the yearly Martha day. The lectures and courses that the district and associations arranged were about different kind of house caring or home crafting, for example, home economics, mattress manufacturing, gardening, and sewing. The view of women in the district was that the women managed the home and therefore most of the activities focused on it. However, the district encouraged women to participate in things outside of the home such as work and politics. Another important part of the activities was to arrange occasions where women could meet and hang out which were highly appreciated between the members. The result of the survey is that the Martha’s activity mostly operated in the private sphere of the home and that it gave the women their own sphere separated from the men in the society. However, there were activities that contributed to women taking a place in the public sphere and being mixed up with the men in the society.

This cumulative dissertation, which consists of three empirical papers, one book chapter and an introductory framework paper, aims to enhance the understanding of the common good concept within an organisational context, focusing specifically on the employee level. Making use of Meynhardt’s public value approach (2009, 2015), the main objective is to identify the relationship between public value orientation and positive psychology, and to examine the relationship’s effects on individual, organisational and societal outcomes. Incorporating multiple studies, the dissertation theoretically discusses and empirically analyses to examine how employees and society perceive the organisational public value orientation and how these perceptions affects different facets of their behaviour. By leveraging psychologically established models, the relationship between organisational public value and relevant psychological constructs is explored and substantiated. In addition, this dissertation utilises the empirical results to elaborate the practical relevance for managers and organisations.

The aim of this research was to explore the ICT skills of LIS students in Kuwaiti HE that are potentially defined by the job market. These skills are deemed essential for the employment of LIS graduates in different job market sectors. As a result, the ICT skills of current LIS students, the needs of employers, and the LIS curriculum in Kuwait were all investigated. In addition the factors that had an impact on students ICT skills were also investigated. To fulfil the research aim and objectives, mixed research methods were employed. The research subjects were employers, LIS students, and teaching staff. Their views were sought through qualitative and quantitative methods that included: 54 semistructured interviews; 225 self-administered questionnaires; these were supplemented by three focus groups; and content analysis of relevant web sites, reports, and LIS syllabus to provide further documentation and analysis. The main findings of the research were: (1) overall the students had knowledge and basic ICT skills, but they lacked advanced searching and internet navigation skills. 85% of the students did not have enough ICT skills; their ICT skills level was selfrated as intermediate or beginner ; (2) the research investigated negative factors such as: unsuitable teaching and learning environment, negative attitudes, social influences, and lack of resources; (3) the students most preferred teaching and training method was group training ; (4) the employers identified further ICT skills and non-ICT skills that LIS graduates should possess for employability; (5) gaps were found in the curriculum and in teaching and training the ICT courses such as: course content was inconsistent; did not reflect the needs of the job market and were outdated; an imbalance between theory and practical training, courses had different outline and little use of the English language hindered the students ICT skills improvement and ICT use. In addition, work placement needed careful consideration. Recommendations based on the research findings and conclusions were made to the DLIS in Kuwait and stakeholders. Future ideas were identified for further research.

Case management, a coordinating process designed to align service provision more closely to the identified needs of people requiring assistance in the context of complex care systems, is an example of those policies and practices that cross the borders of different national welfare systems, ostensibly to resolve the same or similar problems in the adopting country. Developed in the USA, case management was re-named 'care management' upon adoption in the UK as part of the community care reforms of the early 1990s, reforms which have framed my professional life in English local authority adult social care services ever since. In 2007, a temporary research fellowship (TH Marshall Fellowship, London School of Economics) enabled me to spend four months in Berlin studying a citywide case management service for older people in the context of German long-term care policy and legislation. This experience sits at the core of this thesis which addresses the extent to which the study of a specific case management service for older people in Berlin can illuminate how case management translates across differing national welfare contexts, taking into account the particular methodological challenges of cross-national research. Drawing on both cross-national social policy and translation studies literatures and adopting a multi-method case study approach, the central problems of determining similarity and difference, equivalence and translation form the core of the thesis. Informed by a realist understanding of the social world, the study took a naturalistic turn in situ that fore-grounded the more ethnographic elements in the mix of documentary research, semi-participant observation and meetings with key informants that formed my data sources and were recorded in extensive field notes. The data were analysed to trace how case management was constructed locally in relation to both state and federal level policy and legislation, and then comparatively re-examined in the context of the key methodological problems identified above in relation to understandings of care management in England as reported in the literature, in order to further explore the question of comparability of case management across different welfare contexts. The research clearly demonstrates how institutional context both shaped and constrained the adoption of case management in Berlin, and highlights a need in comparative research for close contextual examination of the apparently similar, with a focus on functionally equivalent mechanisms, to determine the extent to which case management can be said to be similar or different in different contexts, particularly where English words and expressions are directly absorbed into the local language. Relating the case study to findings from earlier studies of care management in England highlights the extent to which care management in England is itself a locally shaped and contextualised variant of case management as developed in the USA that matches poorly to the variant in Berlin. Indeed problems discovered in the research site constructing definitional boundaries for case management in practice mirror issues in the wider literature and raise questions about the specificity of the original concept itself. Nonetheless, the study shows that, despite the multiple asymmetries of equivalence and difficulties of translation, there are sufficient points of similarity for cautious potential lessons to be drawn from Berlin, particularly with regards to policy changes on the horizon in England, but also in the other direction with regards to how case management in Berlin may also be re-shaped following recent reforms to German long-term care legislation.

Through the theoretical lens of Foucault's archaeological method, this thesis undertakes a discourse analysis to examine how old age and ageing are strategically positioned as forms of governmentality in New Labour social care policy documents. It is argued that these discourses are not directed purely at the older generation, but at everyone, at all stages of life, encompassing all aspects of everyday living. Old age thus becomes a strategy of governing the population through individual everyday lives. This hints at the way ageing is prefigured, anticipated and lived in advance. An analytical method is developed by weaving together Foucault's notions of archaeology and governmentality; the latter is utilised both as an analytical perspective and to provide an understanding of how people primarily act and interact in contemporary Western societies. This analytical perspective is initially applied to an exploration of how the form and function of social policy enable ordinary practices of life to become targets of political government, making both possible and desirable the government of everyday living: governing how we ought to live in every aspect of life from work and finances to health, to personal relationships and leisure activities. The thesis progresses to explore this in more detail through a practical application of governmentality and focused discourse analysis of eight New Labour social care policy texts. The aim of the analysis is to explore what subjectivities and forms of life are possible within these discourses and therefore what these policies actually do, as distinguished from what they claim to be doing. It is argued that the discourses that emerge in these policies act to limit and subjectify, by attempting to contain and stabilise the multitude of possibilities for practices of living. By ostensibly aiming to create social inclusion the policies make possible vast areas of exclusion that become prime spaces of government. Thus many ways of living, ageing, and being old become untenable due to their inherent contradiction with the social values and rationalities upon which these discourses are based. Whilst governmentality analyses have been brought to many other policy areas, this thesis makes an original contribution by: developing a governmental analysis of social policy as a form of biopolitics; by applying this analysis to the social care field; and by using policy discourses of old age and ageing to draw out significant aspects of a governmental society. In particular it explores the dispersion of many traditional boundaries, leading to the rearrangement of relations, responsibilities and subjectivities.

This submission is based on a critical analytical literature review of the moral paradigm of virtue ethics and a specific application of this to social work value discourse in search of lost identity. It echoes the philosophical academy's paradigmatic wars between 'act' and 'agent' appraisals in moral theory. Act appraisal theories focus on a person's act as the primary source of moral value whereas agent appraisal theories - whether 'agentprior' or stricter 'agent-based' versions - focus on a person's disposition to act morally. This generates a philosophical debate about which type of appraisal should take precedence in making an overall evaluation of a person's moral performance. My starting point is that at core social work is an altruistic activity entailing a deep commitment, a 'moral impulse', towards the distressed 'other'. This should privilege dispositional models of value that stress character and good motivation correctly applied - in effect making for an ethical career built upon the requisite moral virtues. However, the neo-liberal and neo-conservative state hegemony has all but vanquished the moral impulse and its correct application. In virtue ethical language, we live in 'vicious' times. I claim that social work's adherence to act appraisal Kantian and Utilitarian models is implicated in this loss. Kantian 'deontic' theory stresses inviolable moral principle to be obeyed irrespective of outcome: Utilitarian 'consequentualist' theory calculates the best moral outcome measured against principle. The withering of social work as a morally active profession has culminated in the state regulator's Code of Practice. This makes for a conformity of behaviour which I call 'proto-ethical' to distinguish it from 'ethics proper'. The Code demands that de-moralised practitioners dutifully follow policy, rules, procedures and targets - ersatz, piecemeal and simplistic forms of deontic and consequentualist act appraisals. Numerous inquiries into social work failures indict practitioners for such behaviour. I draw upon mainstream virtue ethical theory and the emergent social work counter discourse to get beyond both code and the simplified under-theoretisation of social work value. I defend a thesis regarding an identity-defining cluster of social work specific virtues. I propose two modules: 'righteous indignation' to capture the heartfelt moral impulse, and 'just generosity' to mindfully delineate the scope and legitimacy of the former. Their operation generates an exchange relationship with the client whereby the social worker builds 'surplus value' to give back more than must be taken in the transaction. I construct a social work specific minimal-maximal 'stability standard' to anchor the morally correct expression of these two modules and the estimation of surplus value. In satisficing terms, the standard describes what is good enough but is also potentially expansive. A derivative social work practice of moral value is embedded in an historic 'care and control' dialectic. The uncomfortable landscape is one of moral ambiguity and paradoxicality, to be navigated well in virtue terms. I argue that it is incongruous to speak of charactereological social worker virtues and vices and then not to employ the same paradigm to the client's moral world. This invites a functional analysis of virtue. The telos of social work - our moral impulse at work - directs us to scrutiny of the unsafe household. Our mandate is the well-being of the putative client within, discoursed in terms of functional life-stage virtues and vicious circumstance. I employ the allegorical device of a personal ethical journey from interested lay person to committed social worker, tracking the character-building moral peregrinations. I focus on two criticisms of virtue ethics - a philosophical fork. It is said that virtue ethical theory cannot of itself generate any reliable, independently validated action guidance. In so far as it does, the theory will endorse an as-given, even reactionary, criterion of right action, making 'virtue and vice' talk the bastion of the establishment power holders who control knowledge. I seek to repudiate these claims. Given that this demands a new approach to moral pedagogy, the practical implications for the suitability and training of social workers are discussed.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the development of integrated child welfare services through an exploration of how professionals providing such services make sense of children's rights and interpret their understandings in their approach to practice. The study focuses on professionals providing services for children between 5 and 13 years old within the Every Child Matters initiative, designed to support the assessment and provision of integrated child and family preventive services in England. The aims were to explore professional understandings of, and engagement with children's rights, provide a description and analysis of the empirical data, and develop a theorised understanding of the factors influencing sense-making and their implications for professionals' interpretations of their role. Areas of interest included similarities and differences in professionals' understandings and how these matched the understandings of service users and those evident in legal and policy texts. It was anticipated that professionals' understandings and engagement would draw on a complex mix of variable knowledge and embedded assumptions and practices, contested and negotiated in relation to welfare structures, texts and professional identities. The study was designed to explore whether this was borne out. A post-modernist theoretical approach was used, drawing on Bourdieu's theories of structured inequalities and influenced by Actor Network Theory's perspectives on networks. Using qualitative methodologies a case study was undertaken within one local area, linking a range of elements in an iterative process, with data from one phase interwoven in the next. Thirty-nine semi-structured interviews with professionals from social work, education and health settings drew on material developed from focus group discussions with child and parent service users and were supplemented by analysis of legal and policy texts and of 30 case records and site-based observations. Initial findings were discussed in parent and professional focus groups. In a second stage analysis of a subset of the data, these findings were explored further and situated within research and academic debate on professional practices and theories of childhood and of rights. Three broad configurations emerged from the data, reflecting differing professionals' constructions and practice interpretations of children's rights. Some participants interpreted children's rights as an essential ‘golden thread' underpinning their practice; others took a more selective ‘pick and mix' approach; and in a third perspective, children's rights were positioned as ‘uncomfortable accommodations' in relation to interpretations of professional role and of family life. These varying dispositions and related interpretations of professionals' regulated liberties were associated with perspectives on childhood, rights knowledge, professional setting, personal dispositions and relational practices. The findings are necessarily tentative and a causal relationship cannot be inferred. Three overarching themes emerged across these configurations. These related to: a common rights language and framework; children's longer-term welfare rights; and conceptualisations of the role of rights within relationships. The absence of a common rights framework to support professional and interprofessional discussions of children's rights was evident across all settings, as was a professional focus on the immediate and lack of attention to children's longer-term welfare, civil and social rights. Participants indicated that providing information about children's rights and exploring rights-based relationships in work with parents and carers was very rare and often avoided. The study proposes that in order to address children's rights in a more consistent and holistic way professionals need opportunities to explore theories of human and children's rights using a broad common framework such as the UNCRC. In integrating children's rights within professional practice increased attention is needed to children's longer-term welfare and development rights and to providing children and adults with information about, positive modelling of and opportunities to explore the place of rights in children's key relationships.

This study from the onset sought to explore, through a postcolonial critique, the meaning ascribed to child labour by fishers in a fishing community in Ghana. The purpose was to inform practice in social work so that social justice might be achieved for working children and their parents. However the study expanded, methodologically and theoretically, to preliminarily include a psychoanalytically informed psychosocial and discursive approach, extending the postcolonial critique to develop a nuanced understandings of the fishers' lived experience of, and responses to, children's work. Distinct from the dominant reductionist and positivistic etiologic understandings of child labour, this approach neither derides child labour as morally reprehensible and unequivocally dangerous, nor romanticises its beneficial aspects and links to cultural and traditional beliefs and practices (see Klocker, 2012). Instead, enables understanding of the fishers as ‘defended subjects' who invest in certain discourses as a way of defending against their vulnerable selves. It also affords a critically reflexive understanding of myself as a ‘defended researcher', owing to my semi-insider position as a former child labourer, and of the impact of this on my research relationships and findings. The study is intended to inform social worker practices in order to deal with complex situations concerning the relationship among fishers and their children paying equal attention both to the inner and the social circumstances of the fishers (Wilson, Ruch, Lymbery, & Cooper, 2011). In this regard it is inspired by Mel Gray's (2005) contention that social work practice should be shaped by the extent to which local social, political, economic, historical and cultural factors, as well as local voices, mould and shape social work responses. The study is conducted using critical ethnographic design that draws on the lived experiences of 24 fishers. Attempts were made to explore the fishers' experiences using psychoanalytically informed method (FANI) in addition to other conventional methods. The study highlights the fishers' use of narratives of slavery to explicate child labour. It focuses on the relationships that the fishers' have developed with their children and with the laws surrounding the use of children in work. It gives an indication of how the fishers' violently and aggressively relate with their working children. It also highlights the fishers' rejection of the laws surrounding child labour as being foreign and an imposition which excludes customary laws. The study further examines the identities the fishers developed in relation to laws that regulate them and children's work. It suggests that others see the fishers as powerless subjects who don't matter. It also underscores my shame and worries as a researcher considered by the fishers as an ‘educated elite' who works for ‘white people'. It further highlights how I provided self-justifying explications to defend myself as a researcher. The findings imply that solutions to child labour need to be localised paying equal attention to both the psyche and the social life of the fishers. They speak to the imperative for critical review of social workers/NGOs practices taking into account the unconscious processes that go on between fishers as parents and social workers as service providers. This thesis introduces a psychosocial dimension and insight into debates on child labour in Ghana.