Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-04T11:45:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Estefani Clementino da Rocha.pdf: 6954022 bytes, checksum: 3c03b9a09e2fd8ab5b173ed2d9cc6ee0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-04T11:45:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estefani Clementino da Rocha.pdf: 6954022 bytes, checksum: 3c03b9a09e2fd8ab5b173ed2d9cc6ee0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The presence of contractual provision of social assistance services with Civil Society Organizations (CSO) is no exception in Brazilian public management. Since the 1930s, this type of articulation has been adopted, although at the beginning more focused on transfers of financial resources through subsidies and exemptions. The contractualized format of social service management, even though it was nominated as an agreement, had its practice started in the 1960s and was disseminated to countless services and projects of Brazilian public social policy in the three federative entities. To such a point, the dissemination of this management format was denounced, due to its intransparency and lack of social control that flowed into a national audit, from which a new regulatory law flowed: the Regulatory Framework of State- Organizations Relation of Civil Society (MROSC). Thus, this study deals with the examination of the guarantees of social rights that the social assistance services contracted with the CSO, which operate in the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS), assure their users, in order to highlight and problematize the practice of monitoring the service contracted, performed by the public agent, named by the new MROSC legislation as Manager of the Partnership, or by previous standards as Technical Supervisor, particularizing the management of SUAS in the city of São Paulo. Thus, the study was dedicated to identifying the ways in which the Manager / Technical Supervisor of social assistance services contracted in the city of São Paulo performed their professional work, as well as their main lines of action, through the analysis of normative acts published by the Municipal Secretary of Assistance and Social Development (SMADS). It is concluded that the practice of Partnership Management / Technical Supervision is weak in the city of São Paulo, in view of normative stimuli that direct its professional work, mainly for a centralizing management, with content of work front demarcated by the excess production of as well as by the strong imbalance in the constitution of the social assistance network, the accumulation of functions and power attributed to some CSO that hold the largest number of contracts with the São Paulo management of SUAS. However, despite this weakening, its action may occur within the regulations already built within the scope of the SUAS that consider the monitoring of the public agent as an instrument or mediation with power to articulate the content of the social assistance service contracted with the rights of users. / A presença da prestação contratualizada de serviços socioassistenciais com Organizações da Sociedade Civil (OSC) não é exceção na gestão pública brasileira. Desde os anos 1930, adota-se esse tipo de articulação, ainda que, de início, fosse mais centrada em transferências de recursos financeiros por meio de subvenções e isenções. Entretanto, foi somente nos anos 1960 que o formato contratualizado da gestão de serviços sociais, também denominado de convênio, passou a ser usado para inúmeros serviços e projetos da política social pública brasileira nos três entes federativos. Desde então, disseminou-se esse formato de gestão que, em face de sua intransparência e ausência de controle social, foi objeto de denúncias desaguando, assim, em uma Auditoria de âmbito nacional, da qual fluiu uma nova lei reguladora: o Marco Regulatório da Relação Estado-Organizações da Sociedade Civil (MROSC). Diante deste panorama, este estudo se ocupa do exame das garantias de direitos sociais que os serviços socioassistenciais contratados junto às OSC – que operam no Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS) – asseguram a seus usuários, evidenciando e problematizando a prática de acompanhamento do serviço contratualizado realizada pelo agente público, denominado como Gestor da Parceria pela nova legislação do MROSC, ou como Supervisor Técnico pelas normas anteriores, além de apresentar particularidades da gestão do SUAS na cidade de São Paulo. Com estes objetivos, o estudo se dedicou a identificar as formas do fazer profissional do Gestor da Parceria/Supervisor Técnico de serviços socioassistenciais contratados na cidade de São Paulo, bem como suas principais frentes de atuação, por meio da análise de atos normativos publicados pela Secretaria Municipal de Assistência e Desenvolvimento Social (SMADS). Concluiu-se que a prática de Gestão da Parceria/Supervisão Técnica na cidade de São Paulo está fragilizada, em vista de estímulos normativos que direcionam seu fazer profissional majoritariamente para uma gestão centralizadora, com conteúdo de frente de trabalho demarcado pelo excesso de produção de documentos, pelo forte desequilíbrio na constituição da rede socioassistencial, bem como pelo acúmulo de funções e poder atribuído a algumas OSC que detém maior número de contratos com a gestão paulistana do SUAS. No entanto, apesar desta fragilização, a ação da Gestão da Parceria/Supervisão Técnica poderá ocorrer dentro de normativas já construídas no âmbito do SUAS que consideram o acompanhamento do agente público como um instrumento ou uma mediação com potência para articular o conteúdo do serviço socioassistencial contratado com os direitos dos usuários

La lutte contre la destruction des écosystèmes et les efforts pour renforcer et renouveler les conditions de leur prise en charge collective reposent aujourd’hui sur trois fronts d’innovation disjoints : (1) la conception et l’utilisation de nouveaux outils d’évaluation des écosystèmes dans le champ de la conservation ; (2) le développement de nouvelles comptabilités socio-environnementales à l’échelle des organisations et (3) la mise à contribution des entreprises dans la protection du capital naturel. Cette thèse doctorale vise à les articuler en mobilisant la comptabilité comme pivot pour connecter les systèmes d’information écologique, les formes diverses d’organisation de l’action collective, et les initiatives et comptabilités des entreprises. Elle combine un travail de construction théorique et une recherche-intervention auprès d’une grande entreprise du secteur de l’environnement qui cherche à développer des activités de service dédiées à la qualité écologique des territoires. Nous proposons premièrement l’ouverture d’une nouvelle perspective d’innovation théorique et pratique, au croisement entre comptabilités et sciences de la conservation, et centrée sur la gestion collective de problèmes écologiques : le développement de « Comptabilités de Gestion pour les Ecosystèmes ». Nous montrons en quoi elles sont complémentaires de l’ensemble des autres types d’innovations comptables portant sur les écosystèmes. Nous proposons deuxièmement quatre grandes orientations organisationnelles et stratégiques pour penser et guider le développement de nouveaux modèles d’affaires de « services aux écosystèmes ». Afin de les compléter, nous ouvrons des pistes de conception de comptes et d’activités comptables pour accompagner une entreprise du secteur de l’environnement dans la négociation et la création collective de valeur écologique sur les territoires et dans la transformation de sa propre représentation et quantification de la valeur. / Current efforts to halt the destruction of the planet’s ecosystems and to reinforce and renew their collective management reside on three distinct innovation fronts: (1) the design and use of new ecosystem assessment tools by conservation scientists and practitioners; (2) the development of new social and environmental accounting frameworks and tools at the level of organization; (3) the contribution of the private sector to natural capital protection and maintenance. This doctoral thesis aims to relate these three domains of innovation to one another by mobilizing the accounting discipline as a pivot to connect ecological information systems and tools, diverse forms of collective action for ecosystem management, and private sector initiatives and accounting innovations. The thesis combines a work of theoretical construction with the results of an action-research conducted in an environmental sector company that seeks to develop new services specifically designed for the management of ecological systems. We first propose a new theoretical and practical perspective at the junction of accounting and conservation science centered on the collective management of ecological issues: the development of Management Accounting for Ecosystems. We show why and how they are complementary to all the other domains of ecosystem accounting innovation. Secondly, we introduce four organizational and strategic directions to think and guide the development of new “services to ecosystems” business models. To complement them, we suggest new accounts and accounting practices to help environmental sector companies negotiate and co-create ecological value with other stakeholders, and transform their own representation and quantification of corporate value.

Orientador: Raquel Fontes Borghi / Banca: Regiane Helena Bertagna / Banca: Bianca Cristina Correa / Resumo: Esta pesquisa busca estudar as parcerias firmadas entre os municípios médios paulistas e instituições privadas para a oferta de educação infantil. Este estudo é parte integrante da pesquisa interinstitucional intitulada "A oferta educacional na educação infantil: arranjos entre o público e o privado" (BORGHI coord., 2010), financiada pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) e desenvolvida no âmbito do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Política Educacional (Greppe). Mais especificamente, a pesquisa faz uma análise descritiva, no conjunto dos municípios selecionados, considerando: o ano de início da primeira parceria; o tipo da instituição privada parceira; a justificativa para adoção e manutenção da parceria; o termo que regula as parcerias; o formato do subsídio do poder público às instituições parceiras; o ano de integração das instituições ao sistema de ensino; a faixa etária atendida pelas instituições privadas parceiras e a forma de contabilização das matrículas conveniadas no censo escolar. Para subsidiar as análises propostas, foi realizado um levantamento teórico sobre a reforma do Estado empreendida no Brasil na década de 1990 e o contexto político e econômico no qual se insere, bem como sobre a trajetória da educação infantil e do seu financiamento, passando por sua ligação com o assistencialismo até chegar a sua consolidação legal como um direito educacional. O conjunto dos municípios pesquisados se constituiu a partir dos municípios paulistas de médio porte (conforme classificação do IDGE) que firmaram tais parcerias até o ano de 2009, num total e 23 municípios aqui denominados com letras de "A" a "X". Para compor o conjunto de municípios a serem estudados, foram utilizadas informações do banco de dados "Parcerias público-privado", resultante da... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research seeks to study the agreements between the average counties and private institutions for the provision of early childhood education. This study is part of the research between institutions entitled "The educational provision in kindergarten: arrangements between public and private" (Borghi coordinator, 2010), financed by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and developed within the Group Studies and Research in Educational Policy (Greppe). More specificalIy, the research is a descriptive analysis in all the cities selected, considering: the first year of partnership, the type of private partner institution, the justification for the adoption and maintenance of the partnership, the term governing partnerships; subsidy format of public power partner institutions, the year of integration of the institutions to the education system, the age served by private institutions and partner and de accounting form of the enrolIments covenanted in the school census. To support the proposed analyzes, we performed a theoretical survey on the state reform undertaken in Brazil in the 1990 and the political and economic context in which it operates, as well as on the trajectory of early childhood education and its financing, through its connection with welfare until their legal consolidation of education as a right. All the municipalities surveyed was formed from the mid-sized counties (according to the mGE classification) have entered into such partnerships by the year 2009, totaling 23 municipalities here and named with letters "A" to "X". To compose the set of cities to be studied, we used information from the database "Public-private partnerships", resulting from interinstitutional research "Strategies for the Municipal Provision of Basic Education: analyzing public-private partnerships in the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the understanding of human rights in Agenda 2030 and the role of companies by adopting a human rights-based approach to sustainable development. It applies a qualitative idea analysis of the primarily material where central concepts are operationalized by constructing a model of analysis based on dimensions. The dimensions of human rights as moral, politics and law, derives from previous research by the ethical theorist Elena Namli. A potential fourth dimension, the economic dimension of human rights, is further developed, applying research of the economists Dan Seymour and Jonathan Pincus. Furthermore, this research considers what Agenda 2030 indicates in terms of human rights obligations for companies and the impacts the perceived role of companies may have for human rights. Therefore, the theoretical framework is complemented by research of the political theorist Thomas Pogge's, and international lawyer Andrew Clapham’s ideas of human rights obligations for companies. The results show that Agenda 2030 encourages a multi-stakeholder approach and addresses companies as partners in order to achieve a sustainable development based on human rights. This can be regarded as an opportunity to enhance the respect, protection and fulfillment of human rights, inviting more actors to contribute in a complementary way to states. At the same time challenges remains in creating policies, accountability and monitoring mechanisms towards companies bothin terms of human rights and companies’ performance on the SDGs. Until there is more legal clarity, the moral question of what is good and fair business practice becomes central.

A prestação privada de serviços públicos constitui atividade essencial do Estado contemporâneo. O objeto deste trabalho é o exame das formas de prestação privada de serviços públicos no Brasil. De início, analisa como pressuposto para o desenvolvimento do tema central a atividade administrativa estatal prestada nos três níveis da Federação (União, Estados, Distrito Federal e Municípios), na qual se insere a atividade administrativa material de prestação de serviço público. A seguir, analisa a evolução e as motivações da passagem da execução do serviço público, de início apenas feita pelo próprio Poder Público, para os particulares. O exame dos fundamentos constitucionais do serviço público, plantados na Constituição de 1988, aplicáveis aos três níveis de poder federativo e o estudo das formas de delegação de serviço público aos particulares previstas nos artigos 175, 223 e nos incisos XI e XII do artigo 21 da Constituição Federal completam a análise. O tema central do estudo é tratado em seguida, que cuida especificamente das formas de serviço público que permitem sua prestação por particulares e que são admitidas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Demonstrado que a delegação de serviços públicos para a iniciativa privada, consoante determina a Constituição de 1988, se realiza sob três formas, a concessão, a permissão e a autorização, o trabalho se debruça inicialmente no exame da concessão de serviços públicos rotulada de tradicional. Por se tratar da primeira das fórmulas de execução privada de serviços públicos, detém-se o texto no estudo dos vários aspectos que envolvem essa modalidade de prestação de serviços públicos, aspectos que vão servir de parâmetro para a análise das demais espécies de delegação de serviços públicos aos particulares. Assim, após um breve histórico dos antecedentes da concessão de serviços públicos, examina, além de outros pontos, o significado da expressão e sua natureza jurídica, a exigibilidade de licitação e as formas de extinção da relação decorrente da concessão. As características da concessão são desenvolvidas sob a ótica tríplice do que se denomina de \"participantes\" ou \"atores\" na relação de concessão: a Administração Pública, o concessionário e o usuário e, a partir delas, busca extrair uma conceituação da concessão de serviços públicos adequada aos objetivos do trabalho. Nesse tópico, ponto relevante do tema é o que diz respeito ao exame das espécies de concessão admitidas pela doutrina e pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro: a concessão patrocinada, ou as parcerias público-privadas e a concessão administrativa, os consórcios público-privados e a franquia. As outras modalidades constitucionais de delegação de serviços públicos, a permissão e a autorização, constituem tema de estudo dos tópicos seguintes. Considera na análise dessas modalidades, particularmente no que diz respeito à autorização, a problemática apontada pela doutrina contemporânea quanto à sua inserção, dentre as formas de delegação de serviços públicos e a sua efetiva aplicabilidade na estrutura administrativa dos três níveis da Federação brasileira. / Providing public services is an essential duty of the modern state. The purpose of this study is to analyse the manners in which the private sector in Brazil provide public services. First it analyses as a precondition to develop the central theme, the state\'s administrative activities throughout Brazil\'s three constitutional levels (the union, states, federal district and the cities) in which the public services are provided. Then it analyses how public services have developed since they were first offered by the State, to their transformation in being offered by the private sector. There then follows a study of artides 175, 223 and 21(XI) and (XII) of Brazil\'s Constitution of 1988, which provide the grounds for the offering of public services throughout the levels of the federation. It closes with a study of how public services are delegated to the private sector. After it analyses the central theme of this study; the different types of public services that Brazilian law states may be delegated to the private sector. The study explains that under the 1988 Constitution, public services may be delegated to the private sector using three different forms: concessions; permissions, and authorisations. The text first examines the traditional method of delegating public service: the granting of concessions. The study then analyses the different forms of concession, which will act as a parameter for the other types of delegation. After a brief history of public service concessions, the study examines the legal meaning of \"concession\" under Brazilian law, the need for a public tender and how concessions are terminated. The characteristics of the concession are developed using three perspectives from what are called \"participants\" or \"actors\" in the concession relationship: the government, the concessionaire and the user of the services. The study then attempts to define a concept of a public services concession that ties in with the purposes of this study. In this context, the study then considers legal scholarship and the Brazilian legal system: sponsored concessions, or the public-private partnership (PPPs) the administrative concessions, the public-private joint venture and franchises. The study progresses to an analysis of the other types of delegated public services - the permissions and authorisations. In analysing these types of delegation - and especially the authorisation - the problem arising from modern legal scholarship is considered in the context of its relation with the other types of delegations of public services, and how it actually applies throughout the three constitutional levels.

This thesis evaluates transparency in the context of water utilities’ regulation by comparing legal frameworks in three jurisdictions: Victoria (Australia), England (United Kingdom) and Jakarta (Indonesia). Each of these jurisdictions is selected because of their particular ownership and regulatory model. The thesis analyses whether specific ownership or regulatory models will have implications for transparency. The terms “transparency” and “water utilities’ regulation” are first defined and form the thesis’ analytical framework. This is then applied against the three jurisdictions compared. By evaluating each of the three jurisdictions, the thesis expects to provide explanation on how transparency is enabled or inhibited by the legal frameworks. The thesis recommends a solution by comparing the three jurisdictions and generating “lessons learned”.

Cette thèse retrace la construction historique d’une politique publique dite prioritaire de l’aide au développement. Les politiques de développement du secteur privé consistent à penser le développement économique par le renforcement d’un tissu économique privé local (micro-, petites et moyennes entreprises) et l’accueil d’investissements étrangers. La mise en place de ces politiques est ici étudiée dans le cadre des relations entre les institutions communautaires de l’Union européenne et les pays du groupe Afrique Caraïbes Pacifique (ACP), de 1975 à 2000, c’est-à-dire dans le temps des accords quinquennaux successifs de partenariat UE-ACP sous les Conventions de Lomé.Si ces politiques représentent un objectif aujourd’hui dominant de l’aide au développement, elles existaient déjà sous d’autres formes dès 1975. Notre recherche prend le parti d’étudier les évolutions d’une politique publique d’aide au développement depuis Bruxelles en regardant en particulier les liens des services de la direction générale du développement (DG VIII) de la Commission européenne avec les instruments communautaires ou paritaires au service de cette politique : la Banque européenne d’investissement et le Centre de développement industriel. L’histoire de ces politiques est croisée ponctuellement avec les évolutions propres à certains réseaux économiques transnationaux, aux Etats-membres, et à d’autres organisations internationales (Banque mondiale, OCDE). La recherche se place dans une double perspective d’histoire des organisations internationales et d’une histoire transnationale des réseaux économiques, pour retracer les trajectoires socioprofessionnelles individuelles et les dynamiques institutionnelles qui expliquent la fabrique des politiques européennes de développement.Trois temps sont étudiés : la coopération industrielle (1975-1985) qui vise à réussir le mariage d’intérêts entre les objectifs politiques des pays en développement dans le cadre du « Nouvel ordre économique international » et les besoins économiques de l’Europe ; l’émergence du développement du secteur privé comme nouvelle terminologie hégémonique au sein du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE (1985-1995) ; le temps des réformes institutionnelles et opérationnelles de l’aide au développement au nom d’une recherche d’efficacité pour le développement et de changements globaux (1995-2000). / This thesis retraces the historical construction of a so-called priority development aid policy. Private sector development policies consist of aiming at economic development by strengthening the local private sector (micro, small and medium-sized enterprises) and improving the foreign investment climate. The implementation of these policies is studied here in the context of the relations between the European Union institutions and the countries of the Africa-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) group from 1975 to 2000, that is to say during the five successive EU-ACP partnership agreements known as the Lomé Conventions.Although these policies represent a dominant objective of development aid today, they already existed in other forms as early as 1975. The author decided to study the evolution of a development aid public policy with a particular focus on the institutions in Brussels. The author looks at the links of the services of the Directorate-General for Development (DG VIII) of the European Commission with the Community or joint instruments serving this policy: the European Investment Bank and the Centre for Industrial Development. The history of these policies is interspersed with the evolutions that are specific to certain transnational economic networks, member states, and other international organizations (World Bank, OECD). The research is placed in a double perspective of international organizations history and a transnational history of economic networks, to trace the individual socio-professional trajectories and the institutional dynamics that explain the making of European development policies.Three stages are studied: industrial co-operation (1975-1985), which aims to achieve a marriage of interests between the political objectives of developing countries in the framework of the “New International Economic Order” and the economic needs of Europe; the emergence of “private sector development” as a new hegemonic terminology within the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) (1985-1995); the time for institutional and operational reforms of development aid in the name of effectiveness and global changes (1995-2000).

Teknologin har gjort stora framsteg de senaste åren. I och med den fortskridande utvecklingen har det skapats nya möjligheter för utveckling, tillväxt och marknadsföring för världens företag. Internet är ett hjälpmedel, som har bidragit till att skapa dessa möjligheter. Denna förmån har även medfört att de anställda kan ägna sig åt ”osynliga” icke-arbetsrelaterade aktiviteter såsom cyberloafing (internetanvändning för privat bruk under arbetstid). Tidigare forskning kom fram till att det finns två nivåer av cyberloafing. Dessa benämndes ”mild” (exempelvis skicka och ta emot privat e-post) och ”grav” (exempelvis delta i online-spel som innefattar riktiga pengar). Studiens syfte var att undersöka vilka aktiviteter, som förekom när de anställda använde sig av cyberloafing och varför cyberloafing utfördes. Syftet med studien var även att studera sambandet mellan deltagarnas inställning till cyberloafing och hur de ansåg att cyberloafing påverkade deras arbetsprestation samt en sambandsstudie mellan hur många gånger per dag som deltagarna i genomsnitt använde sig av cyberloafing och deras inställning till ämnet. Det var även av intresse att undersöka om det fanns några skillnader mellan den offentliga och den privata sektorn. Studien utfördes med hjälp av en webbenkät och hade 87 stycken svarande. Deltagarna var anställda hos företag inom Trestads-området och kravet var att de hade daglig tillgång till Internet. Studiens resultat visade att den mest förekommande aktiviteten var alternativet ”besöker nyhetssajter”. Studiens resultat visade på några signifikanta könsskillnader samt skillnader mellan den offentliga och den privata sektorn. / Technology has made great strides during the last years. The development of technology has created new opportunities for growth and marketing for companies. Internet is a tool that has helped to createtheseopportunities. This asset has also led to an opportunity for employees to engage in”invisible”, non-work related activities such as cyberloafing (internet use for personal use during working hours). Previous researchhas reportedtwo levels of cyberloafing which are called minor cyberloafing (e.g. sending and receiving private e-mail) and severe cyberloafing (e.g. participate in online games involving real money). The purpose of this study was to examine the activities that occurred when employees used the Internet for private purposes and also why cyberloafing occurred. The purpose was also to studytherelationships between participants' attitude towards cyberloafing and how they felt that cyberloafing affected their job performance. It also examined if therewasa connection between how many times per day the participants on average used the cyberloafing and their attitude towards the subject. It was of interest to investigate whether there were any differences between the public and the private sector. The study was conducted using an online questionnaire and had 87 respondents. The participants came from companiesinthe Trestads area. Therequirementwas that the employees had daily access to Internet. Our results showed that the most common activity was visiting news sites. The results of this study showed some significant differences between genders and between the public and the private sector.

The extent of work being contracted out in government and the type of work being contracted out is growing in magnitude. Government agencies wrestle with the effect this has on government operations as the daily work of many government employees is changing from that of actually conducting government work to overseeing government contractors who are now providing goods and services for government. In effect, many government employees are becoming contract managers. However, most studies of government contracting sidestep or ignore the role of individual employees in ensuring the success of contractual relationships with the private sector. Scholars in public policy are calling attention to the need to look at theories from organizational change research and apply them to the context of changing government organizations. Furthermore, organizational change theorists stress the importance of studying individuals within organizations that are undergoing transformations. Heeding this advice, this dissertation research uses the theory of readiness for organizational change from organizational change literature to develop a readiness for contracting construct to study how individual government employees respond to increasing contracting out in government. The readiness for contracting construct builds on current debates about government contracting by encompassing perceptions on the extent to which government contracting is needed and the concept of management capacity as two dimensions of the readiness for contracting construct. This study explores the relationship between readiness for contracting in the context of contracting out in government and 11 career path, involvement, and competence factors identified in the literature that may influence an individual s readiness. The results of multiple regression analysis show that an individual s readiness for contracting is positively predicted by an individual s perceptions of personal impact, information about contracting out, and management support. Results of this research support the need for more attention to be given to individual government employees in the context of government contracting from both a theoretical and pragmatic perspective.

"This document was submitted as a dissertation in December 2009 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the doctoral degree in public policy analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School." / Title from PDF title screen (viewed Jan. 21, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 343-360).