Titel: Motivationsskapande ledarskap på distans: En studie utifrån målvägsteorin Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi. Författare: Maria Wihlborg och Emilia Wästlund Handledare: Monika Wallmon Datum: 2022 - Juni  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån ett ledarperspektiv skapa förståelse för vilka ledarbeteenden och motivationstekniker som svenska ledare inom privat och offentlig sektor använder när distansarbete införts på arbetsplatsen.  Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ utgångspunkt, vilket tar sig i uttryck i 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vidare har studien en deduktiv ansats som grundar sig i målvägsteorin, som är en motivationsteori inom ledarskapsområdet.  Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet av studien visar på att relationen till gruppen är en framstående källa till motivation hos medarbetarna när arbetet sker på distans. Arbetet med att stärka relationen inom gruppen har sker ofta genom att använda kommunikationen som verktyg. Studien fastställer att det framstående ledarbeteendet inom privat sektor är det prestationsorienterade medan det deltagande är vanligast förekommande inom offentlig sektor.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar med ökad kunskap för hur ledare inom privat och offentlig sektor arbetar med motivation när arbetet sker på distans. Den privata sektorns prestationsorienterade ledarbeteende och den offentliga sektorns deltagande ledarbeteende visar på en markant skillnad mellan sektorernas ledarskap. Detta ger en ökad förståelse för hur de olika sektorerna leder organisationen när arbetet varit på distans. Studien har även gett insikter om vilka nytänkande strategier som kan tillämpas på en distanserad arbetsplats för att öka motivationen hos medarbetarna. Några av dessa strategier är att hålla möten utomhus, strukturerad kommunikation samt distansarbetesbingo.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: En intressant aspekt att undersöka är hur arbetet efter covid-19 pandemin hanterats, vilka lärdomar tar man med sig och vilka kommer rutiner kommer man gå tillbaka till? Utöver detta föreslår vi att man i en framtida studie kan använda sig av samma empiriska material men i stället utgå från motivationsteorin Self Determination Theory. Slutligen föreslår vi att vidare forskning på ämnet skulle kunnat beröra hur upplevelsen av arbetet förändrats när det skalats ner till dess kärna och även huruvida aktiviteten på arbetsmarknaden påverkats till följd av detta.  Nyckelord: Målvägsteorin, Ledarskap, Distansarbete, Motivation, Privat sektor, Offentlig sektor. / Title: Motivational leadership at teleworking: A study based on the path goal theory. Level: Final assignment for Bachelor’s degree in business administration Authors: Maria Wihlborg and Emilia Wästlund Supervisor: Monika Wallmon Date: 2022 - June  Aim: The purpose of this study is to create an understanding from a leadership perspective of the leadership behaviors and motivational techniques that Swedish leaders in the private and public sector use when teleworking is introduced.  Method: The study has a qualitative method, which is expressed by 10 semi-structured interviews. Furthermore, the study has a deductive approach based on the path goal theory, which is a motivation theory in the field of leadership.  Result and conclusion: The results of the study show that the relationship with the group is a prominent source of motivation among employees during teleworking. The work of strengthening the relationship within the group has often been done by using communication as a tool. The study establishes that the prominent leadership behavior in the private sector is the achievement-oriented leadership behavior, while the participative leadership behavior is most common in the public sector.  Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes with increased knowledge of how leaders in the private and public sector work with motivation when the work takes place at a distance. The achievement-oriented leadership behavior of the private sector, and the participative leadership behavior of the public sector show a marked difference between the leaderships of the sectors. This provides an increased understanding of how the various sectors lead the organization when the work has been at a distance. The study has also provided insights into which innovative strategies can be applied in a remote workplace to increase employee motivation. Some of these strategies are outdoor meetings, structured communication and telework bingo.  Suggestions for further research: An interesting aspect to investigate is how the work after the covid-19 pandemic was handled, what lessons do you take with you and what routines will you go back to? In addition to this, we suggest that in a future study one can use the same empirical material but instead start from the motivation theory SDT - Self Determination Theory. Finally, we suggest that further research on the subject could have touched on how the experience of work changed when it was scaled down to its core and whether activity in the labor market was affected as a result.  Keywords: Path goal theory, Leadership, Teleworking, Motivation, Private sector, Public sector.

Water represents a natural resource that is essential for humanity and the environment. Therefore, the framework of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) seeks to combine social equity, ecological sustainability and economic efficiency for effective management of this critical resource. As the private sector is a major water user it represents an important stakeholder in sustainable water resources management. However, a quarter of countries reported a low level of private sector engagement in IWRM in the last SDG indicator 6.5.1 survey. Therefore, this thesis identifies obstacles to private sector engagement in IWRM and proposes interventions to improve the involvement of the private sector in water resources management. For this, it applies models for participatory approaches to the topic of private sector engagement. As water stewardship represents another approach for the private sector to get involved in sustainable water resources management, this concept is analysed as a possible alternative or complement to private sector engagement in IWRM. The first six expert interviews provided insight into general perspectives of the topic and then two case studies in Kenya (three interviews) and Viet Nam (five interviews) were used to understand private sector engagement in a country context. These case studies are further supported by secondary data from the SDG indicator 6.5.1 survey which analysed the degree of private sector engagement in IWRM across 171 countries. The research results suggest that topics of financing, innovation, the private sector’s convening power, its role as a major water user and its influence across the whole value chain represent opportunities of private sector engagement in IWRM, similar to the general benefits of participatory approaches. Furthermore, this research identifies several obstacles of which a lack of capacity, the complexity of the concept of IWRM, the complexity of government structures, data and information sharing, and a missing business case were considered the most important. For these topics, the thesis suggests several enabling factors that would improve private sector engagement. In the discussion, the relationship between IWRM and water stewardship is further explored as these two concepts can complement each other to provide new opportunities for private sector engagement. The research concludes that there is a need to redefine the concept of IWRM or to consider new approaches for sustainable water resources management to engage the private sector successfully.

Extensive construction projects are often complicated and unique. It is, therefore, essential that the right competence participate to ensure all steps in the construction process are done the right way. This competence is often not sufficient for the participants who are interested in the construction of the building. Both the contractor and the developer, therefore, need to hire external consultants, who specialize in the area where additional knowledge is needed. Thus, the consultants' work in the construction industry fulfills an important function during the construction process. Therefore, it is in high interest, to ensure that the right consultant is chosen for the right assignment. This bachelor thesis only takes into account the relationship between entrepreneurs and consultants. The construction industry is, in many cases, traditional, and contractors often choose to hire consultants they have been happy with from previous projects, even though, they may not be the optimal choice for a project. This can mean, the contractor, who chooses to go the safe route miss out on innovative solutions other consultants may bring to the table, which results in slow industry development. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how less established consulting companies, only with experience from public procurement, should proceed to become more sought after among contractors for private construction projects. To achieve a clearer picture of the situation, the advantages and disadvantages are compared with public and private procurement, respectively. It is further investigated what entrepreneurs want consultants to focus on for optimal collaborations. The results are based on interviews with respondents whose roles involve consulting purchases among the largest construction contractors in Sweden. The interviews were conducted with a total of nine respondents. The results from the interview study show that contractors see some recurring problems among consulting procurement. The contractors mainly wish the consultants could keep schedules better and be more controllable to reach the goal faster, which is often challenging to put concretely. The entrepreneurs' recommendations to smaller consulting firms were to focus on the skills they are best at and to present their organization and previous references in a professional way, whether they are from public or private assignments.

The study has empirically examined the relative impact of public and private investment on economic growth and has also tested the crowding in or crowding out effect of public investment on private investment in four Southern African economies – Malawi, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The analysis used annual time-series data covering the period from 1970 to 2014. The study provides new evidence to contribute firstly to the current debate regarding the relative importance of public and private investment in economic growth processes and secondly, on whether public investment crowds in or crowds out private investment in the selected countries. For this purpose, the study employed two empirical models using the recently developed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)-bounds testing approach to cointegration. Model 1 examines the relative impact of public and private investment on economic growth while Model 2 investigates the crowding in or crowding out effect of gross public investment and its subcomponents (infrastructural and non-infrastructural) on private investment. The results of Model 1 largely supported the private investment-led economic growth strategy. In all the study countries, private investment had a positive impact on economic growth. Also, public investment positively contributed to economic growth in Zimbabwe, but in the remaining study countries, public investment had a negative relationship with economic growth. Results from Model 2 reveal that: (i) the crowding out effect of gross public investment on private investment predominates in the study countries; (ii) infrastructural public investment crowds in private investment in South Africa and Zimbabwe in the long run while it crowds out private investment in Malawi and Zambia in the short run; and (iii) non-infrastructural public investment crowds out private investment in South Africa and Zambia. On balance, the results from Model 2 show that public investment tends to crowd out private investment in the selected countries and this further underscore the importance of the private sector-led economic growth processes in the study countries. / Economics / D. Phil. (Economics)

Uppsatsen undersöker huruvida temporär användning av plats kan vara enalternativ metod som ett svar på en del av de utmaningar städer står inför,något som efterfrågas i SOU Ett snabbare bostadsbyggande(Byggrättsutredningen, 2018). En fallstudie av det temporära projektetNobelberget i Sickla, Stockholm, har genomförts. Temporär användning avNobelberget initierades av Atrium Ljungberg, ett privat fastighetsbolag,bostadsexploatering på Nobelberget senarelades till följd av en utdragenplanprocess. Under det temporära projektet som pågick i fyra år, 2015–2019,blev platsen en arena för kultur och evenemang. Genom fallstudien sombaseras främst på intervjuer har vi kunnat studera vilken inverkan dettemporära haft på den privata aktören Atrium Ljungberg, kommunen(offentlig sektor), aktörerna på platsen som främst sysslat med kultur, samthur det temporära påverkat staden och det som idag byggs på Nobelberget.Fallstudien analyseras utifrån det teoretiska ramverket som i uppsatsenframställs, vilket utgår från teorier om temporalitet, plats, strategiskplanering och taktik.Studien påvisar att det temporära projektet medfört att samtliga inblandadeaktörers verksamheter har utvecklats som en konsekvens av det temporäraprojektet. Atrium Ljungberg och kommunen har tvingats utmana sig själva ochgå utanför de ramar de vanligtvis verkar inom för att genomföra projektet.Kulturaktörernas verksamheter har stimulerats av det temporära, ett fokus påskapande och aktion har kunnat ske då tidsbegränsningen som uppstår meddet temporära inte rymmer ältande och utdragna processer. Fallstudiensynliggör dock att det finns en problematik till följd av det temporära,framförallt att kulturaktörer strukturellt förpassas till stadens mindrebeständiga och perifera platser. Därför är en slutsats av denna uppsats att dettemporära nödvändigtvis inte är lösningen på stadens utmaningar, men att detkan ha en katalyserande kraft samt en förmåga att synliggöra styrkor ochbrister i planeringen av det urbana. / This thesis investigates whether temporary use of space can be an alternativemethod in meeting the city's challenges, such as is requested in the governmentinquiry Ett snabbare bostadsbyggande (translated to: A more rapid housingdevelopment) (Byggrättsutredningen, 2018). A case study of the temporaryproject Nobelberget in Sickla, Stockholm, was implemented. Temporary use ofNobelberget was initiated by Atrium Ljungberg, a private real estate company,when their property with planned housing development was delayed as a resultof an extended planning process. During the temporary project that ran forfour years (2015-2019), the site became an arena for cultural activities andevents. Through the case study, which is based primarily on interviews, wehave been able to study the effect the temporary use had on the private actorAtrium Ljungberg, the municipality (public sector), the actors on the site whomainly engaged in culture, and how its temporary use affected the city andwhat is currently being built on Nobelberget. The case study is analyzed basedon the theoretical framework presented in the thesis, which is based ontheories of temporality, place, strategic planning and tactics.The study shows that the temporary project led to development in the internalorganization of involved actors and their activities. To carry out the project,Atrium Ljungberg and the municipality have been forced to challengethemselves and go beyond the framework they usually operate within. Thelimited timeframe, resulting from the temporary use of space, has resulted inan environment which promotes increased creativity and accelerated action.However, the case study also highlights problematic consequences of thetemporary use of space, not least the structural dispatching of cultural actorsto the less permanent and peripheral areas of the city. Therefore, oneconclusion of this thesis is that the temporary use of space is not necessarilythe solution to the city's challenges, but rather a catalyzing power and an abilityto make the strengths and shortcomings of urban city spaces visible.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur HR-anställda inom privat sektor upplevde den psykosociala arbetsmiljön och arbetsrelaterad stress. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Totalt intervjuades åtta HRanställda. Den insamlade datan transkriberades och analyserades med hjälp av Braun och Clarkes (2013) sexstegsmodell för tematisk analys. Sedan bildades teman till resultatet samt underteman. De huvudteman som framkom var psykosocialt arbetsklimat, upplevd psykosocial arbetsmiljö, gränsdragning mellan privat- och arbetsliv samt upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress. Resultatet visade att respondenterna generellt upplevde en låg arbetsrelaterad stress, dock var stressen mer kopplat till privatlivet och livspusslet. Merparten av respondenterna upplevde överlag en god psykosocial arbetsmiljö med en familjär och värnande kultur. Respondenterna upplevde även att de hade rimliga krav och kontroll över sina arbetsuppgifter, och samtidigt upplevde socialt stöd från både chef, kollegor samt familj. / The aim of this qualitative study was to examine how Human resources employees in the private sector perceived their psychosocial work environment and work-related stress. The method used was based on qualitative semistructured interviews, with a total of eight Human resources employees. The gathered data was analyzed through Braun and Clarke’s (2013) model for thematic analysis. The data from the interviews was transcribed and themes were created as a result. Four main categories were found; psycosocial work climate, perceived psychosocial work environment, blurred work-life boundaries and perceived work-related stress. The results from the study showed that the respondents experienced overall low work-related stress but the stress was more connected to their private-life. The majority of the respondents experienced a good psychosocial work environment. The result also showed that the respondents experienced reasonable demands and a high control over their work-tasks, and at the same time experienced social support from both manager, colleges and family.

Denna studie är baserad på en kvantitativ metod om hur medarbetare upplever sin närmaste chefs ledarskap inom offentlig och privat sektor. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om ledarskapet skiljer sig inom respektive sektor, om det förekommer stora likheter samt skillnader, vilka typer av ledarskapsstilar som är företrädande och om det finns ett samband mellan bra ledarskap och ledarens kön. I studien redovisas teoretiska ramverk som sätts i förhållande till studiens resultat. Teorier som anses relevanta till studien är ledarskapsteori, organisationsteori och ledarskapsstilar. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av enkätundersökningar som organisationer och verksamheter inom offentlig och privat sektor fick ta del av inom Borås. Vi har använt oss av ett bekvämlighetsurval, alltså ett icke-slumpmässigt urval. Efter att samtliga respondenter besvarat enkäten gjorde vi en datainsamling med hjälp av ett datorprogram för statiska analyser som sedan analyserades för att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar. De slutsatser som kunde dras utifrån studien var att det inte förekom några märkbart stora skillnader mellan hur ledarna uppfattas. Respondenterna som deltog i vår studie hade liknande uppfattning om samtliga frågor som ställdes i enkäten inom båda sektorerna. Studien visade även att det var betydligt fler kvinnliga chefer än manliga inom båda sektorerna, vilket inte stämde överens med forskning som visar att organisationer genomsyras av flest manliga chefer. / This study is based on a quantitative method on how employees experience their superior's leadership in the public and private sector. The aim of the study is to investigate whether leadership differs within each sector, whether similarities and differences occurs, which types of leadership styles are predominant and whether there is a connection between good leadership and gender. The study presents a theoretical framework that is set in relation to the study's results. Theories considered relevant to the study are leadership theory, organizational theory and leadership styles. The study was carried out with the help of questionnaire surveys that organizations in the public and private in the city of Borås. We used a convenience sample which is a non-random sample where people could choose for themselves whether they wanted to participate. When we submitted all the answers from the survey, we collected data using a computer program for static analysis, which then was analyzed to help us answer the study's questions. The conclusions that could be drawn from the study were that there were no noticeably significant differences between how the leaders are perceived. The respondents who took part in our study had similar views on all the questions asked in the survey in both sectors. The study also showed that there were significantly more female managers than male managers in both sectors, which didn´t agree with previous research. Previous research showed that organizations are permeated by most male managers.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This study demonstrates application of the demand/supply model that derives from the three failures theory to the study of partnership effectiveness, showing that effective partnership is a partnership that provides each partner with assets that help them spend fewer resources on achieving their goals than when working alone, by compensating for each other's weaknesses while maximizing their own strengths. The study uses public-private partnership (PPP) in humanitarian settings as a unique opportunity to investigate partnership as a process and contribute to a nascent collaboration theory. The study shows that factors that define effective PPP during different stages of disaster relief are similar. However, different stages of partnership require different levels of compensation mechanisms from partnership participants to ensure that both actors maximize their strengths while achieving their missions. As a result, different stages of partnership call upon different combinations and degrees of factors affecting partnership effectiveness. This research uses descriptive data and inferential analysis, based on interviews with 10 representatives of humanitarian agencies that partner with the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Office. It gives scholars and practitioners of philanthropy insights into the question: "how to give?" It also provides collaboration research and public policy with guidance on how to create stronger partnerships and increase the likelihood of better collaboration outcomes as well as how to better deal with hazards in order to mitigate disaster outbreaks.

Thesis (LLD.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The private sector in South Africa lags in proliferating black African women into managerial positions. This is so despite the Employment Equity Act (EEA) requiring that the private sector must ensure that all occupational levels are equitably represented and reflects the demographics of South Africa. Since the EEA, the private sector has been white male-dominated and white females enjoy preference in terms of recruitment compared to black African women. Despite the legislative gaps in South Africa, the South African private sector demonstrates its unwillingness to transform it's by managerial positions by engaging in race-based recruitment, failing to train and develop black African women within the workplace, failing to create pipeline mechanisms into managerial positions and creating a workplace environment that caters for the needs and interest of women at leadership levels. The progression of black African women requires South Africa to adopt a quota system that will result in the private sector being compelled to appoint suitably qualified black African women. The EEA does require the private sector to apply affirmative action measures to achieve equity in the workplace. It is submitted that since 1998 the private sector has been provided with an opportunity to set their targets to achieve equity, 20 years later black African women are excluded in key managerial positions. Some private sector companies engage in fronting practices to obtain a Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) certificate that enables the company to do business with the State. Black African women who are appointed as a ‘front’ do not obtain the necessary experience in managerial levels and as such limits their economic participation. Exposing black African women in managerial levels enhances their skills and increases their prospects to promotions and assuming further leadership roles in the private sector. Without a clear, a quota law in South Africa, the South African private sector would not be persuaded to accelerate the equitable representation at its managerial positions. xiii

Public value has proven itself as an insightful concept through which to better understand, assess, and guide the contributions of public organizations to the common good. Corresponding to the increasing awareness that private organizations, too, bear considerable responsibility for society, the concept of public value has recently also been applied in the private sector. Following two additional current directions of public value research, i.e., shifting from a static assessment of public value to more process-oriented research, and providing incremental empirical support for previous conceptual research, this dissertation examines public value creation as a nonmarket strategy for the private sector. Therein, a framework text contextualizes three empirical papers within the nonmarket strategy framework of Mellahi et al. (2016) and its adaptation by Frynas and Yamahaki (2016). Drawing from Meynhardt's (2009, 2015) public value conceptualization, initial empirical evidence is provided to shine a light on why and how private organizations may strategically create public value. Addressing Moore's (1995) guiding questions for public value creation strategies and highlighting both the limitations of this work and the avenues for future research that arise from them, the present dissertation offers an orientation for future research on public value creation in the private sector.