Governo Eletrônico é uma iniciativa dos Estados para oferecer produtos e serviços eletrônicos a cidadãos, organizações públicas e privadas, turistas e até mesmo a outros governos. O amplo número de usuários e a variedade de produtos e serviços oferecidos e mantidos por instituições públicas são fatores que dificultam o gerenciamento das demandas por novos produtos e serviços e também a manutenção e evolução dos já existentes, principalmente porque existem diferentes fontes de requisitos e a necessidade de atender às legislações e regimentos definidos pela próprias instituição e por instâncias superiores. Avaliações internas e externas e pesquisas realizadas em instituições específicas mostram que as instituições públicas tem grande dificuldade em atender às demandas de seus usuários e fornecer produtos e serviços de software com a qualidade esperada tanto pelos usuários quanto pelo governo federal no que se refere aos padrões de governo eletrônico definidos em legislações específicas. Nesse sentido, acredita-se que a Gestão de Produto de Software (GPS) pode despontar como força motriz para apoiar instituições públicas no fornecimento e manutenção de produtos de software com qualidade, uma vez que ela abrange todo o ciclo de vida de desenvolvimento de produtos de software tendo como foco tanto uma perspectiva técnica quanto de negócio. Um dos fatores impeditivos ao uso de modelos de GPS em instituições públicas é o fato de esses modelos terem sido concebidos inicialmente para organizações privadas e não levar em consideração particularidades do setor público, como a alta burocracia, altar hierarquização e dificuldades de mudanças. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é investigar os atores e funções de negócio das universidades federais brasileiras no atendimento a demandas de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), identificando as diferenças e semelhanças com os atores e processos definidos por modelos de referência de GPS definidos na literatura. Além do mais, de forma adicional, é proposto um modelo de GPS adaptado ao contexto das universidades públicas. Todo o processo metodológico deste estudo baseou-se em um conjunto de 5 passos, iniciados a partir de uma revisão sistemática. Dentre os resultados deste trabalho estão um estudo de caso que explica o contexto do desenvolvimento de software nas universidades federais sob a perspectiva de GPS; a construção de um instrumento de pesquisa para captação do estado da prática de GPS nas universidades federais; definição de um modelo inicial de GPS para governo eletrônico no setor de educação superior e um conjunto de recomendações de boa práticas sugeridas para implementar atividades de GPS de forma eficiente / Electronic Government or e-Government is an initiative that provides services to groups of users through an electronic system. Among these users may be other governments, public and private organizations, tourists, and citizens. When analyzing the wide use of Internet resources and the development of software driven by the complexity of the amount of information, there is a need to evaluate the directions of e-government. In this sense, Software Product Management (GPS) emerges as a driving force for success in software products, as it covers the entire lifecycle development, ensuring a technical and business perspective, which, with its many interfaces, business and stakeholders throughout the life cycle of a product. In this context, the general objective of this work is to investigate the actors and business functions of Brazilian federal universities in meeting ICT demands, identifying the differences and similarities with the actors and processes defined by GPS reference models defined in the literature. In addition, a GPS model adapted to the context of public universities is proposed. The whole methodological process of this study was based on a set of 5 steps, started from a systematic review. Among the results of this work are a case study that explains the context of software development in federal universities from the perspective of GPS; the construction of a research instrument to capture the state of GPS practice in federal universities; definition of an initial GPS model for e-government in the higher education sector, and a set of best practice recommendations suggested to implement GPS activities efficiently

Depuis de nombreuses années, plusieurs communautés telles que IMS (Intelligent Manufacturing Systems), HMS (Holonic Manufacturing System) ont suggéré l'utilisation de produits intelligents pour rendre les systèmes adaptables et adaptatifs et ont montré les bénéfices pouvant être réalisés, tant au niveau économique, qu'au niveau de la traçabilité des produits, qu'au niveau du partage des informations ou encore de l'optimisation des procédés de fabrication. Cependant, un grand nombre de questions restent ouvertes comme la collecte des informations liées au produit, leur stockage à travers la chaîne logistique, ou encore la dissémination et la gestion de ces informations tout au long de leur cycle de vie. La contribution de cette thèse consiste en la définition d'un cadre de dissémination des informations relatives au produit durant l'ensemble de son cycle de vie. Ce cadre de dissémination est associé à un nouveau paradigme qui change radicalement la manière de voir le produit et la matière. Ce nouveau concept consiste à donner la faculté au produit d'être intrinséquement et intégralement "communicant". Le cadre de dissémination des informations proposé offre la possibilité à l'utilisateur d'embarquer des informations sensibles au contexte d'utilisation du produit communicant. Outre la définition du processus de dissémination des informations, cette thèse offre un aperçu des champs de recherche, tant scientifiques que technologiques, à investiguer à l'avenir concernant le concept de "matière communicante" / Over the last decade, communities involved with intelligent-manufacturing systems (IMS - Intelligent Manufacturing Systems, HMS - Holonic Manufacturing System) have demonstrated that systems that integrate intelligent products can be more efficient, flexible and adaptable. Intelligent products may prove to be beneficial economically, to deal with product traceability and information sharing along the product lifecycle. Nevertheless, there are still some open questions such as the specification of what information should be gathered, stored and distributed and how it should be managed during the lifecycle of the product. The contribution of this thesis is to define a process for disseminating information related to the product over its lifecycle. This process is combined with a new paradigm, which changes drastically the way we view the material. This concept aims to give the ability for the material to be intrinsically and wholly "communicating". The data dissemination process allow users to store context-sensitive information on communicating product. In addition to the data dissemination process, this thesis gives insight into the technological and scientific research fields inherent to the concept of "communicating material", which remain to be explored

The aim of this thesis is to determine the strategy and partial steps that are needed to introduce the product on the market. The theoretical part defines the basic terms, which were described in accordance with professional literature related to this topic. The thesis describes SWOT analysis, BCG Matrix, market segmentation and Marketing Mix. In the practical part, the current state of the Marketing Mix is evaluated and it is pointed out how it should be newly set up correctly. The product development strategy was chosen based on Ansoff matrix. The market share of old brilliant watercolours gradually decreased, so the company took a step that innovated this product (saturation, pigment expansion and new packaging). Changes made to the product should have a positive impact on the volume of units sold and the gradual increase in market share. Furthermore, it is important that the company follows the new steps that are suggested based on the marketing mix. It is crucial that the company segment the market properly. In the Market Segmentation section, 11 categories are newly introduced. Brilliant watercolours are newly categorized as Creative, designed for a wide range of elementary art schools and creatives who are not satisfied with plain watercolours and products from ART category (professional products) are, in terms of price, inadequate to use. The new steps to introduce the product on the market include the costs that are reflected in the break-even point calculation. The resulting value is to show whether the payback time has been extended or shortened.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-28T19:38:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_processo.pdf: 4833608 bytes, checksum: 44324b393958b01c87ee362f1bf51872 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-28T19:38:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 analise_processo.pdf: 4833608 bytes, checksum: 44324b393958b01c87ee362f1bf51872 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho aborda um estudo de caso efetuado em uma empresa multinacional, do ramo metal mecânico, fabricante de equipamentos de bens de capital destinados à construção e à pavimentação de rodovias. A pesquisa consiste em analisar a condução do processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos - DNP -, identificar as lacunas e propor melhorias para aumentar a sua eficiência e eficácia. O incremento de eficiência e eficácia permite às empresas a busca pela vantagem competitiva no mercado em que atuam por: i) redução de desperdícios, de custos no produto e processo, e de tempo de lançamento do produto, sendo mais rápido do que o da concorrência; e ii) incremento de tecnologia e maturidade no desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Para que fosse possível avaliar o processo de DNP, estabeleceu-se uma estrutura hierárquica que norteia o referencial teórico apresentado, subdividida em projeto e produto. Com relação a projetos, aborda-se a importância do gerenciamento de projetos organizacional, estabelecendo-se a inter-relação entre gerenciamento de projetos, gestão da mudança e aprendizado organizacional. Com relação a produtos, aborda-se o referencial teórico sobre processos de desenvolvimento de produtos, cujas principais características são apresentadas, bem como sua evolução, desde o processo sequencial até os processos contemporâneos. Esse referencial teórico é de suma importância no estudo deste caso para que seja efetuado o diagnóstico do estado atual do processo de DNP, identificar as lacunas e a fragilidade desse processo, além de propor melhorias para o estado futuro. O método de pesquisa utilizado consiste de pesquisa qualitativa, representada pela aplicação de questionários com perguntas objetivas e descritivas, e execução de reuniões de grupo de foco e observação direta. O período de análise do processo ocorreu entre julho de 2007 e dezembro de 2010. A coleta de dados da pesquisa foi realizada entre julho e dezembro de 2010. Como conclusão, foram evidenciadas 18 oportunidades de melhorias de dimensão estratégica, tácita e operacional, e identificadas 8 perdas no fluxo do processo de DNP. Foram apresentadas sugestões de melhorias para aumento de eficiência e eficicácia no processo. / This paper discusses a case study carried out in a multinational company, industry, metal mechanic, a maker of equipment for capital goods for construction and road paving. It is to examine how it is being conducted the process of new product development, NPD, identify gaps and propose improvements to increase efficiency and effectiveness of that. Increased efficiency and effectiveness of this process allows companies to seek competitive advantage in working for 1) reduction, waste, product and process costs, reduced time for product launch, this faster than the competition, and 2) an increase of technology and maturity in developing new products. To enable it to evaluate a NPD process established a hierarchical structure that guides the theoretical framework presented. This is divided into project and product. With regard to projects is discussed the importance of project management organization which establishes the interrelation between project management, change management and organizational learning. With regard to products is discussed on the theoretical development processes of products, which are arepsentadas their main characteristics and evolution from the sequential processes to contemporary. This important theoretical contribution in the case study to make the diagnosis of the current state of the NPD process, this being identified gaps and weaknesses and propose improvements to the future state. The research methodology consists of qualitative research through the application of questionnaires with objective and descriptive exedcução of focus group meetings and direct observation. The period of analysis of the process is considered from July 2007 to December 2010. The implementation of the research was conducted between July 2010 to December 2010 to collect data. As a conclusion were found 18 opportunities for improvement with a strategic dimension, tacit and operational, identified the eight losses in the flow of the companys NPD process and made suggestions for improvements aimed at increasing their efficiency and effectiveness.

Governo Eletrônico é uma iniciativa dos Estados para oferecer produtos e serviços eletrônicos a cidadãos, organizações públicas e privadas, turistas e até mesmo a outros governos. O amplo número de usuários e a variedade de produtos e serviços oferecidos e mantidos por instituições públicas são fatores que dificultam o gerenciamento das demandas por novos produtos e serviços e também a manutenção e evolução dos já existentes, principalmente porque existem diferentes fontes de requisitos e a necessidade de atender às legislações e regimentos definidos pela próprias instituição e por instâncias superiores. Avaliações internas e externas e pesquisas realizadas em instituições específicas mostram que as instituições públicas tem grande dificuldade em atender às demandas de seus usuários e fornecer produtos e serviços de software com a qualidade esperada tanto pelos usuários quanto pelo governo federal no que se refere aos padrões de governo eletrônico definidos em legislações específicas. Nesse sentido, acredita-se que a Gestão de Produto de Software (GPS) pode despontar como força motriz para apoiar instituições públicas no fornecimento e manutenção de produtos de software com qualidade, uma vez que ela abrange todo o ciclo de vida de desenvolvimento de produtos de software tendo como foco tanto uma perspectiva técnica quanto de negócio. Um dos fatores impeditivos ao uso de modelos de GPS em instituições públicas é o fato de esses modelos terem sido concebidos inicialmente para organizações privadas e não levar em consideração particularidades do setor público, como a alta burocracia, altar hierarquização e dificuldades de mudanças. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é investigar os atores e funções de negócio das universidades federais brasileiras no atendimento a demandas de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), identificando as diferenças e semelhanças com os atores e processos definidos por modelos de referência de GPS definidos na literatura. Além do mais, de forma adicional, é proposto um modelo de GPS adaptado ao contexto das universidades públicas. Todo o processo metodológico deste estudo baseou-se em um conjunto de 5 passos, iniciados a partir de uma revisão sistemática. Dentre os resultados deste trabalho estão um estudo de caso que explica o contexto do desenvolvimento de software nas universidades federais sob a perspectiva de GPS; a construção de um instrumento de pesquisa para captação do estado da prática de GPS nas universidades federais; definição de um modelo inicial de GPS para governo eletrônico no setor de educação superior e um conjunto de recomendações de boa práticas sugeridas para implementar atividades de GPS de forma eficiente / Electronic Government or e-Government is an initiative that provides services to groups of users through an electronic system. Among these users may be other governments, public and private organizations, tourists, and citizens. When analyzing the wide use of Internet resources and the development of software driven by the complexity of the amount of information, there is a need to evaluate the directions of e-government. In this sense, Software Product Management (GPS) emerges as a driving force for success in software products, as it covers the entire lifecycle development, ensuring a technical and business perspective, which, with its many interfaces, business and stakeholders throughout the life cycle of a product. In this context, the general objective of this work is to investigate the actors and business functions of Brazilian federal universities in meeting ICT demands, identifying the differences and similarities with the actors and processes defined by GPS reference models defined in the literature. In addition, a GPS model adapted to the context of public universities is proposed. The whole methodological process of this study was based on a set of 5 steps, started from a systematic review. Among the results of this work are a case study that explains the context of software development in federal universities from the perspective of GPS; the construction of a research instrument to capture the state of GPS practice in federal universities; definition of an initial GPS model for e-government in the higher education sector, and a set of best practice recommendations suggested to implement GPS activities efficiently

Current life cycle assessment tools are often deficient in assisting design for sustainable manufacturing efforts. Integrating an improved assessment method into a decision support framework will provide a means for designers and engineers to better understand the impacts of their decisions. A unit process modeling-based sustainability assessment method is presented to assist design decision making by accounting for and quantifying economic, environmental, and social attributes. A set of these sustainability metrics is defined as a basis for comparison of component design alternatives. The method is demonstrated using two titanium component production alternatives that represent typical design for manufacturing scenarios. The modeling method significantly increases the resolution of sustainable manufacturing metrics over conventional assessment techniques, and is one aspect of the overall decision support framework developed. Additionally, fixed sum importance weighting, weighted sum modeling, and scenario analysis were selected as easily employed and transparent design decision techniques to provide the remaining elements of the framework. The demonstration of the decision support framework for titanium component manufacturing illustrates that the sequential approach developed can assist engineers in developing more sustainable components and products. / Graduation date: 2012

Interest in accounting for environmental impacts of products, processes, and systems during the design phase is increasing. Numerous studies have undertaken investigations for reducing environmental impacts across the product life cycle. Efforts have also been launched to quantify such impacts more accurately. Life cycle energy consumption and carbon footprint are among the most frequently adopted and investigated environmental performance metrics. As efforts continue to incorporate environmental sustainability into product design, struggles persist in concurrent consideration of environmental impacts resulting from the manufacturing processes and supply chain network design. Thus, the objective of this research is to present a framework for reducing product cradle-to-gate energy consumption and carbon footprint through simultaneous consideration of manufacturing processes and supply chain activities. The framework developed in this thesis relies on unit process modeling, and is demonstrated for production of a bicycle pedal. It is shown that simultaneous consideration of manufacturing and supply chain processes can impact decision-making and improve product environmental sustainability at the design stage. The work presented contributes to the state of the science in sustainable design and manufacturing research. In addition, a point of departure is established for the research community to move current efforts forward for concurrent consideration of multiple stages of the product life cycle in pursuit of environmental, economic, and social sustainability. / Graduation date: 2012

This thesis consists of five individual essays and an introductory chapter. The essays are all in the field of industrial dynamics and more specifically focus on firm entry and exit in Swedish industrial sectors. The essays mainly contribute to the empirical literature on entry and exit. In four of the five essays, panel data methods are used in the empirical investigation. The first essay presents the patterns of entry and exit in industrial sectors in Sweden and studies the importance of different determinants of entry and exit rates in industries. The second essay focuses on the relationship between entry and exit. The third essay has a regional perspective, focusing on regional determinants of entry and exit. It also investigates the importance of the differences in industry structure for differences in entry and exit rates across regions. The fourth chapter uses the theory of product life cycle to investigate how knowledge intensity differs in entering and exiting firms in different stages of the product life cycle. The fifth and last essay focuses on the importance of firm demography, in terms of firm size and age, for the decision to perform process R&D, product R&D or combine process with product R&D.

Reverse Logistics and Environmental Considerations in Equipment Leasing and Asset Management Manu Sharma 151 Pages Directed by Dr. Jane C. Ammons Today many business enterprises employ capital assets in the form of electronic equipment (e.g., personal computers, workstations and peripherals) in large quantities. As a result of rapid technological progress, these products have a very short life cycle, typically not much more than three or four years. Unfortunately, the disposal of electronic equipment (which contains hazardous materials) presents an environmental problem. In the face of rapid equipment changes, current tax laws and disposal challenges, leasing or procurement contracts with take-back considerations are attractive. For a large electronic equipment leasing company, optimal management of assets supported by good logistics decisions is crucial and may provide a significant competitive advantage. The leasing company tries to maximize operating profits through key decisions associated with the length of leases, efficient utilization of logistics facilities for material flow to and from customer sites, and equipment reuse, refurbishment and disposal actions. In this research, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to facilitate better decisions from the perspective of an electronic equipment leasing company. The model reduces to a linear program (LP) under certain cost assumptions. All computational results are based on the LP version of the model. A case study with representative industry data validates the approach and demonstrates the utility of the model in answering key research questions. Next, important problem uncertainties are identified and prioritized. The effects of these key uncertainties on optimal lease length and product flow decisions are examined in detail via an extended case study. It is also shown how the leasing company can make near-robust leasing decisions in the face of these uncertainties. The computational research results also have implications for policy formulation on electronic waste. The important insights include an understanding of the potential impacts and expected effectiveness of alternative environmental legislation in different geographic areas, and the imposition of negative externalities on other policy realms as a result of this non-uniform approach. Therefore, this research contributes new models and understanding to the intersection of the fields of reverse logistics and equipment replacement, and provides valuable insights to both business asset managers and environmental policy makers.

台灣許多大型企業，過去都是靠國外客戶之OEM訂單起家，雖有部分廠商後來成功走向自有品牌路線，但目前仍有很多代工廠商的主要業務是接OEM/ODM訂單，近年來，許多顧客開始推動減少供應商數，代工條件或合作關係較差的代工廠商逐漸被淘汰。以往有不少對顧客關係管理(CRM)的相關文獻，但談的多數是一般企業或品牌商對大眾客戶(B2C)的顧客關係管理議題。關鍵顧客管理的相關研究雖然已經發展40年，但過去的研究多數是觀察國外廠商或屬較大型廠商的關鍵顧客管理。目前國內代工廠商或工業行銷的關鍵顧客管理之相關文獻有限，針對中小型代工產業的研究更是少之又少。根據資策會2011年的研究報告，台灣中小企業家數約為123萬5千家，佔總體企業家數的97.7%。台灣中小企業也是台灣經濟發展的主力。因此本研究著重在探討顧客之間可能存在利益衝突的國內屬較中型代工廠商如何實施其B2B關鍵顧客管理，另外也會探討影響關鍵顧客管理的相關因素。 本研究透過質化個案研究方法去深入訪談一家辦公室電子設備的代工廠，從訪談結果和過去文獻中找出關鍵顧客管理的方法架構和相關理論。而影響關鍵顧客管理的因素可以被歸納為顧客型態、海外擴展策略、競爭優勢和產品生命週期。歸納分析結果後本研究做出以下論述：(一)代工廠商的關鍵顧客之認定方法以營業額為主，其次才考量利潤、(二)關鍵顧客的移轉成本、對關係的承諾和目標的一致性影響代工廠商經營關鍵顧客的策略、(三)代工廠商的競爭優勢影響其對關鍵顧客的議價能力、(四)顧客大小及議價能力能使代工廠商對其關鍵顧客管理上做組織等變化、(五)代工廠商的海外發展策略主要以已開發國家但會以產品差異化避免與關鍵顧客之間發生直接性競爭或衝突、(六) 各種型態顧客在產品生命週期的不同階段其關鍵顧客管理上有所不同。 本研究根據分析結果、實務觀察並與既有的相關論文做相互的對應，以提供代工廠商在工業行銷導入關鍵客戶管理的做法和應注意的事項。導入關鍵顧客管理不但能有效應用公司資源、加強與顧客的關係並帶來更高的獲利，也能避免與關鍵顧客之間的利益衝突。但建議代工廠商得注意不要因為長期依頼少數關鍵顧客的訂單而忽略了顧客營業額過於集中的風險且受阻於發展自有品牌。 / There were many Taiwanese companies in the past grew and thrived relied on foreign OEM customers. Although some of the companies later launch successfully their own brand, but so far there are still many contract manufacturers whose main business model is OEM/ODM. Recently, there are many customers starting to reduce their supplier number, contract manufacturer with bad capability or relationship is eliminated gradually. There were a lot customer relationship management (CRM) related paper in the past, but mostly discussed about business to customer (B2C) CRM topics. Although Key Account Management related research had been developing for 40 years, but most of the past researches are dedicated to key account management of foreign or big size company. At present, related paper about key account management of domestic contract manufacturer or industry manufacturing is limited and research focus on medium or small size contract manufacturer is very few. According to 2011 research report, there are 1.235 million small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) that occupied 97.7% of total companies in Taiwan. SMEs are also main force for Taiwan economic development. Therefore, this research focus on studying how Taiwan medium size contract manufacturer whose customers may have interest conflict implement its B2B key account management and also explore related factors that influence key account management. This research uses quality approach case study method by applying depth-interview to a contract manufacturer of office appliance electronic equipment, explore key account management approach and related theory through interview result and past literacy review. And factors that influence key account management could be concluded as customer type, foreign expansion strategy, competitive advantage and product life cycle. The findings conclude that (1) Contract manufacturer identify the key account primarily based on sales amount, secondary consideration on margin, (2) Switching cost, relationship commitment and goal congruence influence contract manufacturer strategy on managing the key account, (3) Competitive Advantage of contract manufacturer influence its bargaining power over its key account, (4) Customer size, bargaining power may let contract manufacturer adjust its organizational structure and make other changes, (5) Foreign expansion strategy of contract manufacturer is mainly targeting developed countries but will differentiate its product to avoid direct competition or conflict among its customers, (6) Key account management among different customer type varies among each stage of product life cycle. This research bases on analysis result, practical observation and mutual corresponding suggest how and what factors should be considerated when contract manufacturer applying key account management approach on industry marketing. Applying key account management is not only allocating company resources effectively, enhance customer relationship that bring further profit, but also avoid conflict or direct competition among the key accounts, but this research suggest that contract manufacturer should not because of relying on few key accounts for long term then neglect the risk of concentrating sales amount and have difficulty in developing own brand business.