CNPq / As transformações que as indústrias vêm passando são uma representação de um novo período industrial também conhecido como Indústria 4.0. Neste cenário de inovações, os conceitos relacionados à Manufatura Inteligente fazem com que haja uma busca constante pela captura do conhecimento visando aprimorar a eficiência de produtos e processos. Portanto, alterações no projeto de produtos voltadas para a melhoria da confiabilidade devem ser realizadas nas etapas inicias do Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP) para que os impactos técnicos e econômicos sejam reduzidos. É neste contexto que a abordagem Design for Reliability (DfR) surge como o conjunto de atividades que tem como intuito garantir a confiabilidade de um produto durante todas as etapas do seu ciclo de vida. Analisando as pesquisas mais recentes acerca do assunto e informações fornecidas por uma empresa de maquinários agrícolas, observou-se que em nenhum caso houve uma implementação do DfR nas etapas iniciais do PDP para determinação do plano de testes a partir do perfil de uso de algum produto. Dessa forma, estabeleceu-se o objetivo desta pesquisa de acordo com a elaboração de um método, baseado em um modelo ontológico, que permita a determinação do plano de testes eficaz e adequado às características de uso dos produtos. Para que esse método fosse desenvolvido, a abordagem metodológica Design Science Research (DSR) foi adotada. Dessa maneira, seis etapas tiveram de ser percorridas: 1) identificação do problema e motivação; 2) definição dos objetivos e solução; 3) projeto e desenvolvimento; 4) demonstração; 5) avaliação e 6) comunicação dos resultados. A solução reproduzida atende as necessidades dos usuários por ser um método eficiente e de simples execução, bem como aprimora a confiabilidade dos produtos ao longo do ciclo de vida. Este trabalho pode ser aplicado no processo de criação de diversos produtos trazendo vantagens significativas para empresas. / The transformations that the industries are currently facing represent a new industrial period also known as Industry 4.0. In this scenario of innovations, concepts related to Smart Manufacturing make a constant search for knowledge capture to improve the efficiency of products and processes. Therefore, changes in product design aiming the improvement of reliability should be undertaken from the early stages of the New Product Development process (NPD) to reduce technical and economical impacts. It is in this context that the Design for Reliability (DfR) approach emerges as the set of activities that aims to ensure the reliability of a product during all stages of its life cycle. Analyzing the most recent research on the subject and some information provided by an agricultural machinery company, it was not observed any case of implementation of DfR in the initial stages of the NPD to determine the test plan taking into consideration the product usage profile. Thence, the main goal of this research was established according to the elaboration of a method, based on an ontological model, which allows the determination of the more appropriate test plan considering the usage characteristics of products. In order to develop this method, the methodological approach Design Science Research (DSR) was adopted. In this way, six stages had to be covered: 1) problem identification and motivation; 2) definition of objectives and solution; 3) design and development; 4) demonstration; 5) evaluation and 6) communication of results. The final solution meets users' needs by being an efficient and easy-to-run method, as well as by enhancing products’ reliability throughout their lifecycle. This work can be applied in the process of creating several products bringing significant advantages to companies.

A presente dissertação aborda as questões relativas ao processo de desenvolvimento deprodutos (PDP) e sistema produto‐serviço (PSS). O mercado busca cada vez mais desenvolver sistemas sustentáveis, e os fabricantes dão menos destaque à fabricação do produto e esforçam-se mais no fornecimento de soluções de valor agregado para o consumidor. Visando competitividade e buscando melhoria no desempenho ambiental, as empresas devem inovar tecnologicamente e culturalmente. Estas ações requerem uma revisão e possivelmente mudança na estratégia e modelo de negócio desenvolvido pela empresa. O PSS é uma diretriz para estas mudanças. A característica principal do PSS consiste na mudança do foco da venda do produto para uma gama de serviços. O conceito sistema produto-serviço vem sendo discutido desde a década de 90, porém com ênfase no sistema administrativo. É geralmente implementado através de um mix de produtos e serviços por meio da “servitização” dos produtos e “produtização” dos serviços. Com o crescente interesse da sociedade em aspectos de sustentabilidade, e verificou-se que o PSS poderia alavancar o seu viés ambiental. Ao associar o PSS com o tripé da sustentabilidade, do ponto de vista econômico o PSS pode alavancar benefícios decorrentes do uso prolongado das funções dos produtos, maior durabilidade dos mesmos através do seu uso adequado e diversificação da receita, por meio de receitas provenientes da venda de produtos e serviços associados. Do ponto de vista social, este novo modelo de negócio pode incentivar a geração de novos empregos, decorrente da oferta de serviços vinculados aos produtos, porém realizados por terceiros. E do ponto de vista ambiental, as funções desejadas pelo consumidor podem ser atendidas, porém mediante menor consumo de material e energia para fabricar um novo produto que entregará estas mesmas funções. Assim, a mudança de estratégia e de modelo de negócio para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos e serviços pode ser suportada por um PSS, identificado como uma alternativa viável para atender às demandas específicas dos usuários e, ao mesmo tempo, apresentar um melhor desempenho ambiental/menor impacto ambiental. Os modelos atuais oferecem o desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP) ou de serviços (PDS). O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi desenvolver um modelo hibrido para desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços, através da integração de práticas relacionadas à adoção da abordagem de PSS, contemplando a sua aplicação no ciclo de vida de produtos manufaturados com vistas à sustentabilidade. O levantamento bibliográfico realizado confirmou que os modelos tradicionais existentes se referem ao PDP ou PDS. Assim justificou-se a oportunidade de desenvolvimento de um modelo híbrido para desenvolvimento de produtos e serviço, com base em um modelo de referência de PDP. Recorreu-se ao método hipotético-dedutivo. Primeiramente buscou-se identificar quais eram os principais motivadores e barreiras associadas a um PSS. Na sequência foram pesquisadas quais eram as práticas (métodos e ferramentas) necessariamente ligadas somente a PSS. Neste trabalho foram adotadas duas práticas a serem incorporadas ao modelo de referência de PDP. Em seguida estas práticas foram sistematizadas com base na fase do PDP em que poderiam ser aplicadas. A fase de Projeto Conceitual do modelo de referência foi identificada aquela a ser mais impactada com a incorporação de práticas relacionadas a PSS. O modelo proposto foi então exemplificado por meio da aplicação do modelo híbrido (modelo de desenvolvimento de produtos incorporado às práticas de PSS) em um produto encontrado no mercado. Um produto atual do mercado foi selecionado e analisado com relação a quais possíveis impactos no projeto deste produto haveriam, caso o mesmo tivesse sido desenvolvido visando a entrega de um PSS (especificamente PSS tipo 2). / The present dissertation project addresses issues related to the product development process (PDP) and Product Service System (PSS). The market is looking increasingly to develop sustainable systems and manufacturers are allocating less focus on product manufacturing, and more efforts on providing value-added solutions for the consumer. Aiming competitiveness and seeking improvement in environmental performance, companies must innovate technologically and culturally. These actions require a review and possibly change in the strategy and business model developed by the company. The PSS is a guideline for these changes. The main PSS feature is the change in focus, from selling the product, for a range of services. The product-service system concept has been discussed since the 90s, but with emphasis on the administrative system. It is generally implemented through a mix of products and services through product’s “servitization” and “productization” of services. With the growing interest of society on sustainability aspects, it was verified that PSS could leverage its environmental bias. By associating PSS with the sustainability triple bottom line, from economic point of view, the PSS can leverage benefits due of prolonged use of the products’ functions, greater durability through their proper used and diversification of revenue through incomes from products sales and associated services. From the social point of view, this new business model can promote the generation of new jobs, from offering services related to products, but accomplished by third parties. And from an environmental standpoint, the products’ functions desired by the consumers can be realized, but consuming less material and energy to manufacture a new product that will deliver these same functions. In this sense, the change in strategy and business model for new product and services development can be supported by PSS, identified as a viable alternative to meet specific users’ specific demands and at the same the same time provide a better environmental performance/lower environmental impact. The current models offer the product development (PDP) or services development process (SDP). The main objective of this research was the development of a hybrid model for product and services development through the integration of practices related to the adoption of PSS approach, considering its application in the manufactured products life cycle towards sustainability. The bibliographical survey confirmed that the existing traditional models refer to the PDP or SDP. Thus is justified the opportunity to develop a hybrid model for product and services development, based on a PDP reference model. Resorted to the hypothetical-deductive method. Firstly were identified the main motivators and barriers associated to the PSS. In sequence were surveyed which were the practices (methods and tools) necessarily linked specifically to the PSS. In this paper were adopted two PSS practices to be incorporated to the PDP reference model. Then these practices were systematized based on the PDP phase that could be applied. The Conceptual Design Phase of the reference model was identified to be the most potentially impacted one by the incorporation of PSS related practices. The proposed model was then exemplified through the application of the proposed hybrid model (product development model incorporated with PSS practices) in a product found in the market. In this sense, a current product available on market was selected and analyzed in regards to the possible impacts on its project design during its Conceptual Design phase, in case it had being developed to deliver a PSS (specifically PSS type 2).

Capes / Com a crescente preocupação em relação à questão ambiental, não somente a sociedade, como também as empresas vêm buscando um equilíbrio, de maneira que as questões econômicas, ambientais e sociais interajam harmoniosamente. Dentre as ferramentas utilizadas para esse fim, a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) vem se destacando, pois permite avaliar os impactos ambientais de determinado produto ou serviço oferecido. A ACV é composta de quatro fases: definição de objetivo e escopo; análise de inventário; avaliação de impactos; e, interpretação. Dentre essas fases, a análise de inventário, que consiste principalmente na coleta de dados, é a fase que mais consome tempo e talvez a de maior dificuldade em virtude de sua extensão. Por outro lado, existem dados disponibilizados em relatórios, sejam de agências ambientais, sejam de empresas que poderão, eventualmente, ser utilizados. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo, portanto, verificar a possibilidade de utilizar os dados desses relatórios ambientais para auxiliar a elaboração de ICVs. Para realizar essa verificação estabeleceram-se alguns critérios de corte e de qualidade que devem ser atendidos e, caso sejam, estabeleceu-se uma adequação para que possam ser utilizados em ICVs. Em seguida foram executados três estudos de casos em que são mostrados como foram feitas a verificação e adequação dos dados para poderem, enfim, serem utilizados em ICVs. Como resultado, pode-se afirmar que seguindo o procedimento adotado nesse trabalho é possível utilizar os dados desses relatórios ambientais. Identificou-se, porém, que a qualidade da maioria desses dados é baixa. / With the growing concern about the environmental issue, not only the society, but also companies are seeking a balance, so that the economic, environmental and social interact harmoniously. Among the tools used for this purpose, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been highlighted because it allows evaluating the environmental impacts of an offered product or service. The LCA consists of four phases: goal and scope definition; inventory analysis; impact assessment; and, interpretation. Among these phases, the inventory analysis, which mainly consists of data collection, is the most time-consuming and perhaps the most difficult phase because of its length. Moreover, environmental data are available in environmental reports, by environmental agencies, by companies that can possibly be used. This study aims to determine the possibility of using the data from these environmental reports to help the development of Life Cycle Inventories (LCIs). To perform this check were established some criteria for cutting and quality that must be met and, if so, adequate these data for being used in LCIs. Three case studies were performed in which the verification and the adequacy to be used in LCIs were carried out. As a result, it can be stated that by following the procedure adopted in this work is possible to use the data from these environmental reports. Moreover it was found that most of these data environmental reports do not meet the minimum required for use in LCIs.

Product life cycle (PLC) is the cycle which every product goes through from introduction to eventual demise. There are several issues with the current life cycle of a product when looked from the environmental impact perspective. These are: 1) depletion of natural resources due to the use of virgin materials for production, 2) Consumption of substantial amounts of energy during manufacturing, assembly and use, and 3) production of large amounts of waste during the lifecycle including those at the End of Life (EoL) phase. These issues impact resource scarcity, adverse effects on the environment and loss of embodied energy as waste. Some of the potential solutions to these issues, as proposed in literature, are: to recycle, reuse and remanufacture products in order to reclaim materials, components and sub-assemblies from used products and make them available for new products. In order to efficiently carry out these recovery processes, a pre-requisite is disassembly. Product disassembly is defined as the processes of systematic removal of desirable constitute parts from an assembly while ensuring that there is no impairment of the parts due to the disassembly process. The following are the major research issues in the field of disassembly. One is the conflict between environmental and economic goals, i.e. as to which should be targeted at in disassembly objectives. These conflicts lead to abandoning non-destructive disassembly techniques so as to favour the profit objective. The other issues, prevalent during EoL phase, are: corrosion due to use, less residual value in the parts, complicated structure and intricacy in parts, which together make non-destructive disassembly a task difficult for automation. This means that disassembly processes have to be carried out by human operators. The manual disassembly processes are effort intensive and pose ergonomic risks to the human operators involved in disassembling. The nature of ergonomic risks and effort spent in disassembly is influenced by the efficiency of disassembly operation. However, little research has been carried out to address the above factors of effort, profit, efficiency, environment and ergonomic risk during disassembly in an integrated manner. These factors form the major motivations for the research work carried out in this thesis. A series of empirical studies have been undertaken to assess these factors and their impact on product disassembly. The studies focus on disassembly processes for consumer electronic products in two major recycling sectors in developing countries, leading to development of metrics with which the above factors can be assessed individually and traded off in an integrated manner during the early design stages of a product. These metrics should help designers understand and improve the major disassembly aspects of a product during designing and help prevent major disassembly problems at the EoL phase while improving efficiency of recovery options. The objective of this thesis, therefore, is to develop an Integrated Framework for supporting decision making during early stages of design to improve disassembly during the EoL phase of the product. The framework is intended to help in evaluating alternative designs for easy (less effort), profitable, efficient and environment-friendly disassembly at the EoL phase of the product life cycle. The Framework constitutes new measures developed for supporting decision making on above aspects of disassembly during the early stage of designing. The Framework has been implemented into a computer based tool called ‘IdeAssemble’ and evaluated for its functionality with the help of a design experiment. The tool can be used at the embodiment stage of the design phase, when on an exploded view of the product, with information on its materials, geometry, disassembly tools and types of disassembly task are available to the designer.

[ES] La Organización de las Naciones Unidas sugirió que entre los mayores desafíos de la humanidad se encontraba alcanzar un desarrollo sostenible en distintos aspectos medioambientales, económicos y sociales. De entre todos ellos, deberíamos considerar realizar aportaciones en los objetivos relacionados con los aspectos industriales y de producción. De esta forma, esta propuesta de investigación se inicia con la hipótesis de que es posible establecer una contribución referente a la fabricación sostenible que estructure el conocimiento y establezca directrices para una producción más limpia. La disertación comienza con una revisión de los trabajos previos en análisis de sostenibilidad aplicados a los sistemas de producción y a tecnologías de fabricación en general. El trabajo se centra, posteriormente, en el análisis sobre las tecnologías de arranque de viruta y las tendencias sobre sostenibilidad con la inquietud de encontrar los avances, las tendencias y los indicadores más utilizados. De esta forma, se identifica la oportunidad de implementar los criterios de sostenibilidad en los procesos de fabricación, para distintas etapas del ciclo de vida del producto y desde distintas perspectivas de análisis de materiales, producto y proceso. El resultado es una propuesta de modelo marco de procesos de conformado con flujos de materiales e información para definir los indicadores, durante las actividades del ciclo de vida del producto, alineados con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Como validación se ha elaborado una propuesta de conjunto de indicadores, para el caso de arranque de viruta, que contempla la triple dimensión de sostenibilidad, económica y social, las fases del ciclo de vida de producto y la perspectiva del tipo de análisis de ingeniería del proceso. La combinación de estos ha permitido definir una serie de matrices que contienen familias de indicadores que pueden desplegarse y adaptarse en función de la tecnología de conformado y proceso de fabricación. A nivel de detalle, la definición la familia de indicadores se establece en la fase de fabricación del producto en planta, donde se estructuran las métricas considerando la operación concreta de arranque de viruta y se determinan aquellos factores que influyen intrínsecamente. Por medio de una serie de experimentos se validó la toma de datos para cada indicador y se calcularon los indicadores agregados para facilitarlos en entornos colaborativos, potenciando la información estratégica, que puede ser analizada inmediatamente en cualquier plataforma digital colaborativa. Se define indicadores tecnológicos, como tiempos de mecanizado, estrategias de corte, integridad superficial, pero a la vez se evalúan aspectos como el clima social. En definitiva, podemos decir que sea se ha logrado realizar una aportación en el ámbito de la definición estructurada de indicadores para fabricación alineados con los colaborativos como parte de la definición de sistemas de indicadores equilibrados y alineados con objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. / [CAT] L'Organització de les Nacions Unides va suggerir que entre els majors desafiaments de la humanitat es trobava aconseguir un desenvolupament sostenible en diferents aspectes mediambientals, econòmics i socials. D'entre tots ells, hauríem de considerar realitzar aportacions en els objectius relacionats amb els aspectes industrials i de producció. D'aquesta manera, aquesta proposta d'investigació s'inicia amb la hipòtesi que és possible establir una contribució referent a la fabricació sostenible que estructure el coneixement i establisca directrius per a una producció més neta. La dissertació comença amb una revisió dels treballs previs en anàlisis de sostenibilitat aplicats als sistemes de producció i a tecnologies de fabricació en general. El treball se centra, posteriorment, en l'anàlisi sobre les tecnologies d'arrancada d'encenall i les tendències sobre sostenibilitat amb la inquietud de trobar els avanços, les tendències i els indicadors més utilitzats. D'aquesta manera, s'identifica l'oportunitat d'implementar els criteris de sostenibilitat en els processos de fabricació, per a diferents etapes del cicle de vida del producte i des de diferents perspectives d'anàlisis de materials, producte i procés. El resultat és una proposta de model marc de processos de conformat amb fluxos de materials i informació per a definir els indicadors, durant les activitats del cicle de vida del producte, alineats amb els Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible. Com a validació s'ha elaborat una proposta de conjunt d'indicadors, per al cas d'arrancada d'encenall, que contempla la triple dimensió de sostenibilitat, econòmica i social, les fases del cicle de vida de producte i la perspectiva del tipus d'anàlisi d'enginyeria del procés. La combinació d'aquests ha permés definir una sèrie de matrius que contenen famílies d'indicadors que poden desplegar-se i adaptar-se en funció de la tecnologia de conformat i procés de fabricació. A nivell de detall, la definició la família d'indicadors s'estableix en la fase de fabricació del producte en planta, on s'estructuren les mètriques considerant l'operació concreta d'arrancada d'encenall i es determinen aquells factors que influeixen intrínsecament. Per mitjà d'una sèrie d'experiments es va validar la presa de dades per a cada indicador i es van calcular els indicadors agregats per a facilitar-los en entorns col·laboratius, potenciant la informació estratègica, que pot ser analitzada immediatament en qualsevol plataforma digital col·laborativa. Es defineix indicadors tecnològics, com a temps de mecanitzat, estratègies de tall, integritat superficial, però alhora s'avaluen aspectes com el clima social. En definitiva, podem dir que siga s'ha aconseguit realitzar una aportació en l'àmbit de la definició estructurada d'indicadors per a fabricació alineats amb els col·laboratius com a part de la definició de sistemes d'indicadors equilibrats i alineats amb objectius de desenvolupament sostenible / [EN] The United Nations Organization suggested that among humanity's greatest challenges was to achieve sustainable development in different environmental, economic, and social aspects. Among all of them, we should consider making contributions to the objectives related to industrial and production aspects. In this way, this research proposal begins with the hypothesis that it is possible to establish a contribution regarding sustainable manufacturing that structures knowledge and establishes guidelines for cleaner production. The dissertation begins with a review of previous work in sustainability analysis applied to production systems and manufacturing technologies in general. Subsequently, the work focuses on the analysis of chip removal technologies and sustainability trends with the concern to find the most widely used advances, trends, and indicators. In this way, the opportunity to implement sustainability criteria in manufacturing processes is identified, for different stages of the product life cycle and from different perspectives of material, product, and process analysis. The result is a proposal for a framework model of manufacturing processes with material and information flows to define the indicators, during the activities of the product life cycle, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals. As validation, a proposal for a set of indicators has been prepared, in the case of chip startup, which considers the triple dimension of sustainability, economic and social, the phases of the product life cycle and the perspective type of engineering analysis of the process. The combination of these has made it possible to define a series of matrices that contain families of indicators that can be deployed and adapted according to the forming technology and the manufacturing process. At the level of detail, the definition of the family of indicators is established in the manufacturing phase of the product in the plant, where the metrics are structured considering the specific chip removal operation and those factors that intrinsically influence are determined. Through a series of experiments, the data collection for each indicator was validated and the aggregated indicators were calculated to facilitate them in collaborative environments, enhancing strategic information, which can be immediately analyzed in any collaborative digital platform. Technological indicators are defined, such as machining times, cutting strategies, surface integrity, but at the same time aspects such as the social climate are evaluated. In short, we can say that it has been possible to contribute in the field of the structured definition of indicators for manufacturing aligned with collaborative ones as part of the definition of balanced indicator systems aligned with sustainable development objectives. / Ayabaca Sarria, CR. (2021). Desarrollo de un Modelo de Fabricación Sostenible aplicado a los Procesos de Arranque de Viruta en entornos colaborativos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/174872 / TESIS

The Master´s thesis is structurally divided into the theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part, the author describes current global environmental issues and the impact of the industry on the environment. The current state of the environmental legislation in mechanical engineering, environmental management systems, and methodologies of an environmental impact assessment are described. The practical part deals with the environmental burden of the snowboard production process according to the LCA method. Life cycle inventory is performed to evaluate individual materials whose production is the most environmentally damaging. At the last stage, possible measures are proposed to reduce the environmental burden.

Product life cycle perspective, a concept emanating from sustainable product development has gradually emerged as one of the key areas in product design and development. Several studies and research have shown the direct co-relationship between product design, development and manufacturing and its impact on our environment and ecosystem. The need to take these environmental factors into consideration is fundamental and highly prioritized in organizations that seeks to minimize the environmental impact of their operations in our ecosystem and if possible redirect these operations to contribute positively to saving the natural ecosystem. In the latest revision of ISO 14001:2015 standard, the term product life cycle perspective (LCP) has now become a fundamental requirement for organizations to fulfill. The requirement specifies the need for life cycle perspectives to be a significant factor during product design and development. However, the practical challenges of continuously integrating life circle analysis in product design is enormous for companies and organizations. This thesis will look at the challenges confronting ISO 14001 certified product manufacturing companies and allied services in implementing product LCP during product development and design and also the interpretations given by auditors from certification companies concerning how companies implement product LCP in relation to the requirements in ISO 14001:2015 at the product design and development stages.

L’incertitude est présente dans toute innovation. Dans le domaine des nanotechnologies, l’incertitude qui entoure les risques sanitaires et environnementaux dont ces technologies pourraient être porteuses est si importante que la question de leur succès se pose.En partie du fait du manque de données cohérentes, il n’existe qu’une littérature empirique limitée sur les déterminants de la diffusion des nanotechnologies. Dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche sur les nanotechnologies, cette thèse a pour but d’investiguer les déterminants de l’adoption d’innovations dans une situation d’incertitude sur les risques environnementaux et sanitaires. Dans cette optique, nos travaux visent dans un premier temps à fournir une meilleure compréhension de la diffusion d’un produit qui est présent sur le marché depuis longtemps. Nous avons choisi une substance chimique très utilisée, le bisphénol A (BPA). Différentes méthodes économétriques sont appliquées afin de mieux comprendre la relation entre la consommation, la croissance économique, les nouvelles connaissances scientifiques concernant le risque et d’autres variables utilisant les données relatives au BPA. Les résultats illustrent un ensemble de facteurs qui influencent la consommation de BPA au niveau international.Dans un second temps, nous montrons dans quelle mesure cette étude permet d’éclairer la réflexion initiée sur la diffusion des nanotechnologies, notamment le nano-argent.Le comportement des différents acteurs en réponse à la production de connaissances scientifiques nouvelles sur les risques est étudié, ce qui nous permet d’aboutir à une compréhension approfondie de “développement nanoresponsable”. / Uncertainty is immanent in every innovation. Uncertainty about environmental and health risks that surround nanotechnology raises the questions of innovation success. Due in part to a lack of consistent data, there is limited empirical literature on determinants of the diffusion of nanotechnology. As part of a research program on nanotechnology, this research aims to investigate determinants of uptake of innovation in a situation of uncertainty about environmental and health risks. With this goal, as a first step, this work seeks to provide better understanding of the diffusion of a product that has been on the market for a long time. We have chosen a chemical, bisphenol A (BPA), because of the lack of historical data on nanomaterials. As a second step, we compare the results of the BPA study to nanosilver. We apply different econometric methods to gain insights into the relationship between consumption, economic growth, new scientific knowledge about risk and other variables using the data on BPA. The results illustrate a set of factors that influences the consumption of BPA at international level. The comparative study between BPA and nanosilver helps to refine the interpretation of main results and to obtain additional insights into the determinants of uptake of nanosilver. An explanatory analysis sheds light on the actions that different stakeholders undertake in response to new scientific knowledge about risk and deepens our understanding of “nanoresponsible development”.Keywords: Innovation, diffusion of innovation, product life cycle, nanotechnology, bisphenol A, risk, uncertainty, environment, health, precautionary principle, Safer by Design, responsible development

Die seit Jahren anhaltende digitale Transformation erfährt durch neue, innovative Prozesse, Methoden und Technologien erneut ein atemberaubendes Wachstum in allen Bereichen. Entlang eines jeden Produktlebenszyklus werden unter den aktuellen Trends wie z.B. Systems Engineering, Industrie 4.0 und Internet of Things vielfältige Lösungen geschaffen, um vor allem die digitale Repräsentanz eines Produktes sowie der zu deren Herstellung notwendigen Produktionsmittel und der betreffenden Umgebung beim Betrieb des Produktes zu erschaffen bzw. auszubauen. Die digitale Repräsentanz, der sog. „Digitale Zwilling“ (oder auch 'Digitale Schatten') dient vor allem dazu, die Durchgängigkeit und Nachvollziehbarkeit aller produktrelevanten und -bezogenen Informationen sicherzustellen und für unterschiedlichste Szenarien und Stakeholder nutzbar zu machen. Die Informationen im Product Life-cycle Management (PLM) durchlaufen dabei unterschiedliche Reifegrade. In den Spezifikationsphasen werden die Informationen im Soll-Zustand auch gern als „Digitaler Master“ bezeichnet. [...]

Abstract The main objective of this study is to clarify the current challenges and preconditions relating to product portfolio management (PPM) and widen the PPM framework over horizontal and vertical portfolios, including a related governance model, strategic performance management and the PPM process. This study analyses comprehensively the current PPM literature and the relevant practices of 10 case companies representing business areas such as hardware (HW), software (SW) and Services. This study approaches PPM from a more comprehensive viewpoint as all product life cycle phases and product structure levels are not covered well in this context by the earlier literature. The principal results of this study involve revealing the need for a new PPM governance model including strategic targets, KPIs and the PPM process according to vertical and horizontal portfolios. The created PPM framework clarifies the strategic role of PPM in cross-functional analysis and decision making for commercial and technical portfolios. The role and the impact of strategic PPM have been further enhanced by positioning the PPM process on the level of other business processes. The created PPM framework enhances the collaboration between business and engineering teams. The managerial implications include the potential preconditions of clarifying the dynamic and active role of PPM at the level of other business processes. The findings can aid business managers in understanding PPM as an entity that has a role in managing the entire product portfolio and its renewal based on strategic performance measures over horizontal and vertical portfolios according to cross-functional governance bodies. This highlights the criticality of managing all items both in commercial and technical portfolios. The role of other business processes should be highly operational by executing product development, marketing and sales, delivery and care activities according to PPM decisions. The primary role of PPM should be active management of the entire product portfolio over product life cycle phases and product structure levels, instead of merely focusing on new product development, to ensure product portfolio renewal. / Tiivistelmä Tämä tutkimus selventää tuoteportfolion hallintaan liittyviä edellytyksiä ja haasteita, sekä laajentaa tuoteportfolion hallintamallia, suorituskyvyn johtamista ja prosessia horisontaalisesti ja vertikaalisesti. Tuoteportfolion hallintaa on lähestytty kattavasti analysoimalla nykyistä kirjallisuutta, sekä kymmenen kohdeyrityksen käytänteitä nykytila-analyysin keinoin. Kohdeyritykset edustavat useita liiketoiminta- ja tuotealueita kattaen laitteiston, ohjelmiston ja palvelut. Tämä tutkimus lähestyy tuoteportfolion hallintaa laajemmalta katsantokannalta kuin nykyinen kirjallisuus joka ei kata kaikkia tuotteen elinkaaren vaiheita ja tuoterakennetasoja. Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tärkeimmät tulokset liittyvät uuden tuoteportfolion hallintamallin tarpeellisuuden esille tuomiseen, sisältäen tuoteportfolion strategiset tavoitteet, suorituskykymittarit ja hallintaprosessin perustuen vertikaalisiin ja horisontaalisiin tuoteportfolioihin. Luotu viitekehys selkeyttää tuoteportfolion hallinnan strategista roolia organisaatiorajat ja liiketoimintaprosessit ylittävässä analyysissa ja päätöksenteossa liittyen kaupallisiin ja teknisiin tuoteportfolioihin. Strategisen tuoteportfolion hallinnan roolia ja merkitystä on erityisesti korostettu nostamalla tuoteportfolion hallintaprosessi muiden liiketoimintaprosessien tasolle. Tässä tutkimuksessa luotu tuoteportfolion hallinnan viitekehys vahvistaa yhteistyötä liiketoiminnanjohto- ja insinööritiimien välillä kaikilla organisaatiotasoilla. Työn kontribuutiot yritysjohdolle korostavat tuoteportfolion hallintaprosessin keskitettyä, dynaamista ja aktiivista roolia johtaa yrityksen kaupallisia ja teknisiä nimikkeitä horisontaalisesti ja vertikaalisesti kokonaisuutena perustuen strategisiin suorituskykymittareihin. Tuoteportfolion hallinta yli horisontaalisten ja vertikaalisten portfolioiden mahdollistaa tuoteportfolion uudistumisen yli kaikkien elinkaarivaiheiden ja tuoterakennetasojen. Muiden liiketoimintaprosessien roolin tulisi olla selkeästi operatiivinen toteuttaen tuotekehitykseen, markkinointiin, myyntiin, tilaamiseen, hankintaan, toimittamiseen ja huoltoon liittyviä tehtäviä perustuen strategisiin tuoteportfolion hallinnan tavoitteisiin ja suorituskykymittareihin.