As empresas de manufatura necessitam integrar seus processos internos digitalmente para se tornarem mais competitivas e entregarem produtos com maior qualidade ao mercado consumidor. Informações definidas nas primeiras etapas de projeto precisam ser recuperadas em todas as fases do ciclo de vida de um produto. Para alcançar este objetivo são necessários modelos de informação que incorporem inteligência e permitam a representação do mundo real. Por outro lado, fabricantes de produtos eletroeletrônicos precisam cumprir requisitos ambientais presentes em marcos regulatórios, como a Diretiva RoHS, para poderem vender seus equipamentos em diversos países. O presente trabalho propõe a aplicação de modelos semânticos para ajudar as empresas a cumprir os requisitos estabelecidos pela Diretiva RoHS. O modelo, criado usando uma ontologia de referência, estabelece relações semânticas entre entidades que representam fases do ciclo de vida do produto, estruturas de produtos e objetos de negócios. Processos de negócio modelados permitem identificar fluxos de informação, bem como atividades que estão ligadas aos requisitos RoHS, percebidas por meio da geração de relatórios disponíveis no framework denominado Projeto Essential. O modelo semântico resultante é, portanto, útil para converter as necessidades relacionadas com o meio ambiente, endereçando requisitos através de um processo de desenvolvimento de produtos que aborda a diretiva RoHS. Um produto eletroeletrônico fabricado por indústrias nacionais foi selecionado para demonstrar a viabilidade da solução proposta. / Manufacturing companies need to integrate their internal processes digitally to become more competitive and deliver higher quality products to the consumer market. Information defined at early design stages needs to be recovered at all stages of the life cycle of a product. To accomplish this, information models that incorporate intelligence and enable the representation of the real world are necessary. On the other hand, electronic products manufacturers need to comply with environmental requirements present in regulatory frameworks as the RoHS Directive in order to offer their products in several countries. The present work proposes the application of semantic models for helping companies meet the requirements established by the RoHS Directive. A model, created using a reference ontology, establishes semantic relationships between entities that represent product lifecycle stages, product structure and business objects. Business processes, modeled in the form of activity and information flows, are linked to RoHS requirements that can be viewed through the reports in the Essential Project open source framework. The resulting semantic model is, therefore, useful for converting environment-related needs to design requirements through a product development process that addresses the RoHS Directive. A consumer electronics product has been selected for demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed solution.

O objetivo do trabalho foi sensibilizar moradores e alunos de uma comunidade piloto quanto à correta separação, destinação e valorização dos resíduos sólidos, visando à melhoria nas condições de trabalho e de renda dos catadores de materiais recicláveis da central de triagem. A metodologia principal foi a pesquisa ação, que envolveu três etapas: fase exploratória, de ação e de avaliação. Para embasamento das ações de sensibilização, a fase exploratória contou, primeiramente, com o estudo da dinâmica de trabalho em uma central de triagem. Tal estudo se justifica pelo fato de que uma central de triagem é o elo principal entre a fonte geradora de resíduos sólidos e as indústrias recicladoras. Além disso, foi realizado diagnóstico da percepção de moradores e alunos sobre a separação e a valorização dos resíduos sólidos, em uma um bairro piloto, alvo das ações de sensibilização. Na fase de avaliação, novo estudo do entendimento da comunidade piloto foi feito para compreender se a sensibilização trouxe mudanças de percepção e se houve algum tipo de interferência nos gargalos diagnosticados na central de triagem. Os principais resultados apontaram as etapas de triagem e do rejeito como gargalos, as quais sofrem interferência da segregação nas fontes geradoras e da deficiência dos sistemas de logística reversa para escoamento dos resíduos. As ações de sensibilização com alunos e moradores resultaram em aprimoramento da percepção quanto à importância do envio de materiais limpos e secos à coleta seletiva; ao conhecimento de uma associação de catadores e à importância de destinar resíduos especiais, como lâmpadas fluorescentes, às revendas, diminuindo a recepção de resíduos perigosos na central de triagem. Os resultados servirão para embasar as discussões com a cadeia produtiva visando ao escoamento sustentável dos resíduos, e as ações já foram replicadas no município em toda a rede municipal e estadual de ensino, e em residências atendidas pelo programa das agentes comunitárias de saúde. / The objective of this work was to sensitize residents and students in a pilot community for proper separation, disposal and recovery of solid waste in order to improve working conditions and income of recyclable materials collectors from a sorting center. The main methodology was action research, which involved three stages: exploratory, action and evaluation. The working dynamics study in a sorting center based sensitization actions, in exploratory stage. The main link between the source of solid waste and recycling industries is a sorting center that is why this study is important. Moreover, perception diagnosis of separation and recycling of solid waste was made with residents and students in a pilot neighborhood. New study was done in the evaluation phase to find perception changes and to know if sensitization actions interfered in the sorting center bottlenecks diagnosed. The main results showed that steps of sorting and tailings are bottlenecks, suffering interference from domiciliary segregation and deficiency of reverse logistics systems for waste disposal. Sensitization actions with students and residents improved the perception of sending clean and dry recyclable materials to selective collection. Also improved the knowledge of an association of recyclable material collectors and the importance of devoting hazardous wastes such as fluorescent lamps, to resellers, decreasing the receipt of this kind of waste at the sorting center. The results will be used to support discussions with the producers chain toward sustainable waste disposal. Actions have already been replicated in the city throughout municipal and state schools, and homes served by the program of community health workers.

Esta Tese desenvolveu um instrumento para avaliação de desempenho ambiental no gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos industriais. A verificação das práticas considera o transcurso do ciclo de vida do produto por meio de indicadores e índices tendo como parâmetros alicerçadores a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e conceitos afins, como a logística reversa, a Produção mais Limpa e o Ecodesign, além de normas da série ISO 14000 tais como Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental, Integração de aspectos ambientais no projeto e desenvolvimento de produtos, Rotulagem ambiental e Avaliação de Desempenho Ambiental. O objetivo central da Tese, que foi desenvolver um modelo para avaliação de desempenho ambiental, esta contido neste panorama, o qual recorreu aos recursos da modelagem fuzzy a fim de assessorar as organizações na tomada de decisões. A metodologia, de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, embasou a construção do instrumento denominado Índice de Desempenho Ambiental da Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Industriais (IDEA PNRS+L). Este se constitui de 26 indicadores e 23 índices, concebido na forma top-down soft decision tree. O cálculo dos índices, compostos de regras fuzzy, variáveis e suas inferências, incluiu a visão de um grupo de especialistas, em pesquisa de opinião, para ajustar os graus de influência das variáveis de cada índice. Nas simulações, testes e aplicação do instrumento em uma indústria para avaliar as suas potencialidades, o IDEA PNRS+L mostrou-se sensível, mesmo para pequenas variações dos dados de entrada, plausível e confiável, ao reproduzir o comportamento estabelecido em sua concepção. Os parâmetros alicerçadores que constituíram o corpo teórico, concluindo, foram assaz abrangentes e permitiram a construção do instrumento de avaliação de desempenho ambiental IDEA PNRS+L, considerado adequado para a arbitragem das organizações. Concomitantemente, foram recuperadas as normas, concepções de iniciativas governamentais e atitudes profissionais ambientalmente corretas apoiadas em conceitos vanguardistas de produtos e serviços. / This Thesis develops an instrument for evaluating environmental performance in management of industrial solid waste. The practices verification consider the industrial product life-cycle through indicators and indices based on the National Policy on Solid Waste parameters and related concepts such as reverse logistics, Cleaner Production and Ecodesign, and standards like ISO 14000 series such as environmental management systems, integrating environmental aspects in product design and development, environmental labels and Environmental Performance Evaluation. The central Thesis’ aim, that was to develop an environmental evaluating model, contains this panorama, which calls on a fuzzy modeling tool to assist organizations in making decisions. Two methodological research groups covered the dicussions and the instrument construction called Environmental Performance Index of Industrial Solid Waste Management (IDEA PNRS+L): qualitative and quantitative. This fuzzy modeling is composed of 26 indicators and 23 index, conceived in top- down soft decision tree form. The index calculation - composed of fuzzy rules, variables and their inferences - included a group of specialists respondents view, through a survey, to adjust the variables influence degrees of each index. In the simulations, testing and application of the created instrument in an industry to assess their potential, IDEA PNRS+L was sensitive even to small variations of the input data, plausible and reliable, to reproduce the behavior established in the initial configuration. Concluding, the fundamental parameters that formed the theoretical framework were quite comprehensive and allowed the construction of Environmental Performance Evaluation called IDEA PNRS+L, appropriated for industrial arbitration. Simultaneously, the rules, government initiatives concepts and accurated environmentally professional attitudes supported by avant-garde products and services concepts were recuperated.

The subject of this diploma thesis "The proposal of a marketing plan for a company specialized in information products" is to suggest a system based on the theoretical background that generates the marketing plan from the input data. The important requirement for this system is to respect the specialization of the company, which operates in the field of information products. The thesis contains the detailed proposal of a prototype system, in which the focus is on the user-friendliness and the complexity considering the scale of the issue analyzed. The proposal also contains the possibilities and the limitations which are the results from the mentioned solution. The proposed prototype is implemented successfully. The work also includes the demonstration of all implemented functions and the description of the improvements that lead to its use also in other areas of business than the market of information products.

The thesis contains the theoretical basis for study of possibilities of pricing information goods. The source areas are microeconomics, marketing, competitive advantage and economics of information goods. The model of market is created with constraints defined on the ground of theoretical basis. The thesis analyzes requirements that define the system that supports the choice of pricing strategy. It includes detailed design of the prototype of such system. The prototype is designed with robustness because of the future improvements. The design describes the prototype's input parameters and their transformation into useful outputs that cover basic characteristics of information goods. The designed prototype is implemented. The thesis includes demonstration of the prototype and possible directions for improvements that lead to validity of proposed model of market.

Reverse logistics is an important process that is often misunderstood. Reverse logistics can cause considerable cost, but provide numerous opportunities. Many organisations do not understand the correct processes and procedures to follow and how to manage reverse logistics efficiently. The focus of this study was on best practices in reverse logistics. A best practice framework was developed to help organisations overcome problems and manage their reverse logistics more efficiently. This study adopted a mixed method research approach with both qualitative and quantitative elements. A comprehensive literature study was conducted to develop a conceptual best practice framework in reverse logistics and a survey was conducted to seek inputs from industry in South Africa to refine the framework into a workable instrument in practice. The study concluded that the best practices identified in literature have proven to be important in practice, and applying such practices will enable organisations to manage their reverse logistics more efficiently. / Business Management / M. Com. (Logistics)

Die Nachhaltige Ersatzteilversorgung mit Elektronikkomponenten stellt die Hersteller vieler technischer Systeme vor neue Herausforderungen. Der technologische Wandel im Halbleitermarkt ist so schnelllebig, dass sich die elektronischen Bauelemente oftmals schon beim Start der Serienproduktion des Gesamtsystems im Serienauslauf befinden. Die Automobilindustrie ist von dieser Problematik besonders betroffen, weil sie Fahrzeuge in großen Serien über vergleichsweise lange Zeiträume mit harten Kostenzielen und hohen Qualitätsmaßstäben fertigt und auch nach Serienende mit Ersatzteilen versorgen muss. Die einzelnen Kfz-Elektronikkomponenten durchlaufen dazu im Vorfeld eines Fahrzeugeinsatzes umfangreiche Freigabeuntersuchungen. Die Konfiguration eines Kraftfahrzeugs wird außerdem einer gesetzlichen Typprüfung unterzogen, so dass eine spätere Abwandlung der ursprünglichen Komponenten nicht ohne weiteres zulässig ist. Änderungen an der einzelnen Komponente sind demnach nur noch mit erheblichem Aufwand möglich. Diese Situation zwingt die Automobilhersteller und ihre Zulieferer für Kfz-Elektronik zu neuen Konzepten im Management ihrer Ersatzteilspektren. Die vorliegende Arbeit entwickelt ein Management-Support-System für das herstellerseitige Ersatzteilmanagement von Kfz-Elektronikkomponenten auf Basis eines integrierten Methoden-, Daten- und Prozessmodells. Ferner werden Fragen der Systemintegration innerhalb eines Unternehmens und entlang der Wertschöpfungskette untersucht. Ersatzteilmanagement wird dazu als Strukturprozess innerhalb des Ersatzteilwesens betrachtet, der die Abwicklungsprozesse der Ersatzteilversorgung gestaltet und die Versorgungsstrategien zur einzelnen Kfz-Elektronikkomponente festlegt. Auf dem Wege der Lösungsfindung werden unterschiedliche Sichtweisen auf die Problematik gewählt. Vorherrschend ist dabei ein systemtechnischer Modellierungsansatz. Als konkrete Modellierungstechnik für das Ersatzteilmanagement-Support-System wird die Unified Modelling Language (UML) in Kombination mit dem ARIS-Unternehmensmodell nach Scheer eingesetzt. Die Praxisrelevanz wird an einem durchgängigem Fallbeispiel nachgewiesen.

Den här rapporten är en studie av textilindustrin. Rapporten ingår i kursen Examensarbete inom industriell produktion som ingår i Civilingenjörsprogrammet Maskinteknik. Studien är relevant i tiden då mycket forskning sker för att lösa de nuvarande respektive framtida problemen. Vi konsumerar mycket textilier, nästan 14 kg per person per år, varav 10kg är bara kläder. En stor mängd av dessa textilier, hela 73 procent, går till spillo istället för att återanvändas eller återvinnas. Samtidigt produceras också många nya textilier med icke-hållbara resurser som bland annat fossila energikällor och giftiga kemikalier, vilka i sin tur har allvarliga effekter på miljön. Produktionskedjan har således en väldigt stor miljöpåverkan. De aspekter som tas upp i studien är därför hållbarhet, återvinning, ekonomiska perspektiv såsom cirkulär ekonomi och konsumentsyn. Studien går även in på material och resurser. Syftet med studien är att delge läsaren kunskap om textiliers kretslopp och problemen som finns inom industrin med hänsyn till miljön. Frågeställningen fokuserar kring hur den ekonomiska lönsamheten bör uppnås inom företag för att ha ett hållbart och cirkulärt system. Litteraturstudie utfördes där det ingick bland annat organisationsrapporter och vetenskapliga rapporter med mera. För att få en verklig uppfattning intervjuades kunniga personer inom den textila branschen. En från Smart Textiles och en annan från Nordiska Textilakademin (NTA). Dessa intervjuer gav en verklig uppfattning om situationen inom textilindustrin. Efter slutförd studie är slutsatsen att problemen som finns är väldigt komplexa och det krävs mycket arbete för att lösa de för att få ett resurseffektivt, hållbart och cirkulärt system. Men trots det kan vi med största sannolikhet gå mot en mer hållbar textilindustri från ett miljöperspektiv genom att utveckla lönsamma återvinningstekniker, tillämpa rätt cirkulära affärsmodeller inom både etablerade och nya verksamheter, designa med hänsyn till produktlivscykeln, öka resurseffektiviteten och hanterar textilavfall på rätt sätt. / This report is a study about the textile industry. The report is a part of the bachelor’s thesis course in Industrial Production given at KTH Royal Institute of Technology as a part of the Mechanical Engineering program. The study is relevant in time, because a lot of research is currently going on to solve the current and future problems in the textile industry. We consume a lot of textiles, nearly 14 kilograms per person per year, of which 10 kilogram is only clothes. A significant amount of these textiles goes to waste (73 percent) instead of being reused or recycled. At the same time a lot of new textiles are also being produced with non-sustainable resources such as fossil fuels and toxic chemicals, which in turn has severe environmental impacts. Thus, the production chain has a very large environmental impact. The aspects that are addressed in the report are therefore sustainability, recycling, economic perspectives such as circular economy and the consumer perspective. The study also discusses materials and resources. The purpose of the study is to provide the reader with knowledge about the textile loop and the problems that exist in the industry with focus on the environment. The study tries to answer the question on how financial profitability could be achieved within companies in order to have a sustainable and circular system. A literature study has been conducted consisting of reports from organisational reports as well as scientific reports and more. People with knowledge about sustainability within the textile industry were interviewed to get an empirical ground on this case, one from Smart Textiles and another one from the Nordiska Textilakademin. These interviews gave an actual insight of the situation in the textile industry. The conclusion is that the problems which exist are very complex and a lot of work is required to solve them in order to have a resource-efficient, sustainable and circular system. Despite this, we can most likely move towards a more sustainable textile industry from an environmental perspective, by developing profitable recycling techniques, applying the righ tcircular business models in both established and new businesses, designing with regard to the product life cycle, increasing resource efficiency and handling textile waste properly.

Industrial revolutions bring dynamic change to industry through major technological advances (Freeman & Louca, 2002). People and companies must take advantage of industrial revolutions in order to reap its benefits (Bruland & Smith, 2013). Currently, the 4th industrial revolution, industry is transforming advanced manufacturing and engineering capabilities through digital transformation. Company X’s production system was investigated in the research. Detailed evaluation the production process revealed bottlenecks and inefficiency (Melton, 2005). Using the Digital Twin and Discrete Event Factory Simulation, the researcher gathered factory and production input data to simulate the process and provide a system level, holistic view of Company X’s production system to show how factory simulation enables process improvement. The National Academy of Engineering supports Discrete Event Factory Simulation as advancing Personalized Learning through its ability to meet the unique problem solving needs of engineering and manufacturing process through advanced simulation technology (National Academy of Engineering, 2018). The directed project applied two process optimization experiments to the production system through the simulation tool, 3DExperience wiht the DELMIA application from Dassualt Systemes (Dassault, 2018). The experiment resulted in a 10% improvement in production time and a 10% reduction in labor costs due to the optimization