It is widely acknowledged that there is a shortage of software developers with the right skills and knowledge. In respect of their university education, students want to take courses and carry out projects that clearly relate to their lives and their goals. The software development industry on the other hand, expects students to be educated in courses and projects, which are relevant for their professional career and equip them to be well-prepared for the workplace. In the middle, between the students and the industry, is the university that is expected to meet the needs of the students on the one side and the software industry on the other side. The unique contribution of this research is the development of a framework for relevant software development education by addressing the question: How can universities ensure that software development education provides knowledge and skill sets that are relevant to both the software development industry and software development students? The literature study investigates the software development class, focusing on the students and the educators. Furthermore, a review of the software development workplace is done with attention to the software developers and their employers. The problems and challenges facing three role players in software development education, namely the students, the university and the industry are investigated. Lastly, the role of the university in relevant software development education is considered with a specific focus on curricula. In the empirical study a questionnaire was developed to investigate the relevance of software development education from the perspective of the students. The questionnaire enquired about students’ interests in each of a list of software development topics and further questions relating to students’ views and needs for a relevant education are presented. The questionnaire was completed by 297 software development students and it was found that although a gap exists between students' needs and software development education, students’ education does have a predominantly social relevance and also a moderate personal and professional relevance. A second questionnaire was developed to investigate the relevance of software development education as it pertains to the software industry. The questionnaire enquired about the perceptions of professional software developers regarding what topics they learned from their formal education and the importance of these topics to their actual work. The questionnaire was completed by 214 software development professionals and again it was found that there is a gap between the industry’s needs and software development education. Questions related to the industry’s needs, as well as an open-ended question at the end of the questionnaire offered rich insights into the industry’s view of its new graduates and the problems and challenges surrounding software development education. The quantitative data, as well as the qualitative data offered solutions to these problems and challenges. The students’ views are compared with the professional software developers’ views to investigate the compatibility between the relevance of software development education for students and the relevance for the software industry. The analysis reveals matching and differing views. A framework for relevant software development education was developed to address the gap between software development education and the students’ needs, as well as the gap between software development education and the industry’s needs. The problems and challenges that might cause SD education to be less relevant are presented and recommendations to industry and university for relevant software development education are made. / PhD (Natural Sciences Education), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

It is widely acknowledged that there is a shortage of software developers with the right skills and knowledge. In respect of their university education, students want to take courses and carry out projects that clearly relate to their lives and their goals. The software development industry on the other hand, expects students to be educated in courses and projects, which are relevant for their professional career and equip them to be well-prepared for the workplace. In the middle, between the students and the industry, is the university that is expected to meet the needs of the students on the one side and the software industry on the other side. The unique contribution of this research is the development of a framework for relevant software development education by addressing the question: How can universities ensure that software development education provides knowledge and skill sets that are relevant to both the software development industry and software development students? The literature study investigates the software development class, focusing on the students and the educators. Furthermore, a review of the software development workplace is done with attention to the software developers and their employers. The problems and challenges facing three role players in software development education, namely the students, the university and the industry are investigated. Lastly, the role of the university in relevant software development education is considered with a specific focus on curricula. In the empirical study a questionnaire was developed to investigate the relevance of software development education from the perspective of the students. The questionnaire enquired about students’ interests in each of a list of software development topics and further questions relating to students’ views and needs for a relevant education are presented. The questionnaire was completed by 297 software development students and it was found that although a gap exists between students' needs and software development education, students’ education does have a predominantly social relevance and also a moderate personal and professional relevance. A second questionnaire was developed to investigate the relevance of software development education as it pertains to the software industry. The questionnaire enquired about the perceptions of professional software developers regarding what topics they learned from their formal education and the importance of these topics to their actual work. The questionnaire was completed by 214 software development professionals and again it was found that there is a gap between the industry’s needs and software development education. Questions related to the industry’s needs, as well as an open-ended question at the end of the questionnaire offered rich insights into the industry’s view of its new graduates and the problems and challenges surrounding software development education. The quantitative data, as well as the qualitative data offered solutions to these problems and challenges. The students’ views are compared with the professional software developers’ views to investigate the compatibility between the relevance of software development education for students and the relevance for the software industry. The analysis reveals matching and differing views. A framework for relevant software development education was developed to address the gap between software development education and the students’ needs, as well as the gap between software development education and the industry’s needs. The problems and challenges that might cause SD education to be less relevant are presented and recommendations to industry and university for relevant software development education are made. / PhD (Natural Sciences Education), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The aim of this study was to understand how the professional in social work handles the media scrutiny. When the media writes about social services there is seldom anything positive written about it, many social services organizations are instead heavily criticized and scrutinized by the media. When social services organizations are scrutinized by the media there is a crisis at work, and therefore should be handled as a crisis. Therefore, we describe how a crisis management might look like in an organization. The study is qualitative therefore we have interviewed four municipalities in Sweden that have been exposed by the media at a national level. We interviewed eight social workers and managers to get different opinions about the handling after media critic and scrutiny. We wanted to study how a social service handles the media when it been scrutinized, when the previous research only shows how social workers are affected by it. When the professionals in social services organization are scrutinized by the media there are frequently negative criticisms and that can lead to social services organizations legitimacy decreases. Therefor we will analyze our result from professional theory to see how the professional handles media scrutiny. We see similarities between a crisis and a media scrutiny and therefore we also use the concept of crisis. The results shows that it is important that colleagues support each other and that the professionals are open against media.  The differences between the positions are that managers are the ones who have the ultimate responsibility for the medial scrutiny. The responsibility includes media contact; to ensure that there is enough support, information regarding the situation given out to everyone in the workplace and taking into account the security.  To meet media in a better way is by have a media education there social workers and journalist can meet and exchanges knowledge and experience of each other works.

Bakgrund: Ett barn dagligen drabbas av cancersjukdom i Sverige. Föräldrarna har en viktig del i vården som följer. Cancern leder till stora livsförändringar hos familjen och framkallar många olika känslor. Vården ska anpassas efter hela familjens behov och familjen ska göras delaktiga i vården. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka föräldrars upplevelse att ha ett barn som lider av cancer, samt hur de upplever att sjuksköterskan kan underlätta deras nya livssituation. Metod: En litteraturöversikt där 11 vetenskapliga artiklar ligger till grund. Resultat: Alla reagerade olika och det fanns många olika känslor som föräldrarna upplevde. Många föräldrar upplevde ett förändrat föräldraskap, då de kände sig osäkra på sin föräldraroll. Ett cancerbesked gjorde det svårt att planera framtiden och vardagen förändrades, då fokus låg på det sjuka barnets vård. Cancer gjorde att föräldrarna fick nya perspektiv och inte längre tog livet för givet. Information var något föräldrarna upplevde som viktigt. De ville ha all information och att den förmedlades på ett bra sätt och med känsla. Sjuksköterskan är ofta nära föräldrarna därmed utgör de ett stort stöd. Föräldrarna upplevde att sjuksköterskan hade ett stort ansvar att prata med och stötta dem i deras välmående under barnets sjukdom. Slutsats: Många känslor är inblandade när ens barn lider av cancer, det är svårt att förutse hur föräldrarna kommer reagera eftersom alla har unika upplevelser. Sjuksköterskan kan underlätta situationen genom god kommunikation och adekvat information. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan skapar ett band till familjen, för att stötta dem genom en svår tid. / Background: In Sweden one child is daily diagnosed with cancer. Parents have an important role in the care. A cancer diagnose is life changing for everybody and induces a lot of different feelings. The health care should be adapted to the whole family ́s need and the family should be involved in the health care. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine parents experience to have a child diagnosed with cancer and how they believe the nurse can facilitate in their new life situation. Method: A review based on 11 scientific articles. Result: All parents responded different and expressed different feelings. Many parents experienced a changed parenthood. The cancer diagnose made it difficult to plan for the future. Their everyday life changed, since focus was on the ill child. The diagnose gave new perspectives and they no longer took life for granted. The parents believed that information was important. They wanted as much information as possible and that the nurse delivered it in a good way. The nurse is often the one the parents connects to, which makes them a big support. The parents believed that the nurse had a responsibility to talk to and support the parent’s witch contributed to their wellbeing.Conclusion: A lot of feelings are involved when the child is diagnosed with cancer, it is hard to predict how the parents will react because everybody are unique. The nurse can support parents in the situation through good communication and adequate information. It is important that the nurse have a close interaction with the family, in order to support them.

Clinical leadership and compassionate care in the NHS have become priorities in influential papers and policies. There is a paucity of research to underpin conceptualisations of compassionate leadership and of leadership development in clinicians in the NHS, particularly clinical psychologists who may be able to lead in healthcare environments in unique ways due to the values and competencies of their profession. This present study sought to use a grounded theory approach to build a preliminary model of the transformational process of how clinical psychologists may evolve into compassionate leaders. Twelve clinical psychologists from varied specialities and with different years of experience took part in semi-structured qualitative interviews. Their data were analysed using a grounded theory methodology involving open, selective and theoretical coding. The findings indicate that psychologists may develop as leaders through their personalities and sense of mission, through reaching out to and being accepted by colleagues and through leading by doing. Participants who became compassionate in leadership seemed to be enabled by reflection, supervision and being treated with compassion. These findings are discussed with regard to extant theory and literature. Clinical and theoretical implications and a methodological critique are discussed.

This study investigated the prevalence of voluntary self-practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) by accredited CBT practitioners, and explored the ability of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to predict intentions to engage in CBT self-practice. A TPB questionnaire was constructed by implementing the protocol devised by Francis et al. (2004), with content specific items generated from an elicitation exercise to obtain salient beliefs regarding CBT self-practice. A sample of 177 accredited CBT practitioners completed an online survey which included demographic items and the TPB questionnaire. It was found that 46.4% of participants intended to self-practice CBT more than once a week over the following month. While the TPB predicted intentions to self-practice CBT (R2 = .445, p < .001), structural equation modeling revealed that the theory of reasoned action (R2 = .473, p < .001) was the best model fit of the observed data (RMSEA = .00, CFI = 1.00). It was concluded that a substantial proportion of CBT practitioners intended to regularly engage in CBT self-practice, with intentions predicted by subjective normative beliefs and attitudes towards the behaviour. Implications are discussed, with calls for the study to be replicated. Potential future research is considered, with suggestions to explore the role of CBT self-practice to promote therapist wellbeing.

Self-presentations are goal-directed acts designed by individuals to convey particular images of their selves and thereby influence how they are perceived and treated by various audiences (Goffman, 1959). Recent literature suggests that individuals are increasingly interacting with their workplace colleagues on personal networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. In such overlapping interactions, individuals often move swiftly and in an asymmetric fashion between physical-virtual settings and personal-professional life. Presumably, diverse self-presentations across physical-virtual settings and personal-professional life may create conflicts or tensions. Drawing on 31 semi-structured interviews, this thesis explores the self-presentations of Indian IT professionals on social media. Overall, the analysis suggests that in most cases, respondents enacted diverse self-presentations across physical-virtual settings and personal-professional life. In such cases, they expressed concerns that overlapping audiences may view their self-presentations on social media out-of-context and inevitably misconstrue their professional image. From a theoretical perspective, the thesis illustrates that individuals who exercise region behavior experience cognitive discomfort when they enact self-presentations on social media as overlapping self-presentations are inevitable. From a practical perspective, empirical evidence suggests that employees take their interactions on social media seriously and thus dispute managers arguments that interacting on social media is merely a time-pass.

Bakgrund: Kvinnlig könsstympning är ett ingrepp som länge utförts i stora delar av världen. 196 medlemsländer har anslutit sig till Förenta Nationens (FN) konvention om barns rättigheter för att gemensamt arbeta för att avskaffa denna typ av skadliga sedvänja. Genom kontinuerliga datainsamlingar om kvinnlig könsstympning förutspås en signifikant ökning i takt med att världens befolkning ökar. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal känner till ingreppet men få kan identifiera dess olika typer. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva vad hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal har för erfarenheter av att vårda patienter som genomgått kvinnlig könsstympning. Metod: Metoden är en litteraturöversikt baserad på sju kvalitativa artiklar, tre kvantitativa artiklar samt en artikel med mixad metod vilka var inhämtade från tre olika databaser; Cinahl Complete, PubMed och Academic Search Complete. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras under två kategorier: Bristande kunskap samt Det komplexa vårdandet. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal uttryckte att de hade bristande kunskaper och erfarenheter med att vårda och möta kvinnor som genomgått kvinnlig könsstympning. Många ansåg att de upplevde omtumlande känslor vid möten med kvinnor som genomgått kvinnlig könsstympning och deras familjer. Att se det kvinnliga könsorganets förändrade anatomi med mycket ärrbildning var svårhanterbart för många hälso- och sjukvårdare. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuterades utifrån Leiningers transkulturella omvårdnadsteori samt konsensusbegreppet människan. Den transkulturella medvetenheten och förmågan att bortse från det egna etnocentriska synsättet ligger till grund för det professionella vårdandet. / Background: Female genital mutilation is a procedure that has long been carried out in many parts of the world. 196 member countries have joined United Nation's (UN) Convention on the rights of children, to work together to eliminate this kind of malicious practice. Through continuous data collection of female genital mutilation, it predicts a significant rise as the world population increases. Health professionals are familiar with the procedure, but few can identify its different types. Aim: The aim was to describe health professionals’ experiences of caring for patients who have undergone female genital mutilation. Method: The method consists of a literature review based on seven qualitative articles, three quantitative articles and one with mixed method retrieved from three different databases; Cinahl Complete, PubMed and Academic Search Complete. Results: The results are presented under two categories: Lack of knowledge and The complexity of caring. Health professionals expressed a lack of knowledge and experience to nurture and meet women who have undergone female genital mutilation. Many felt that they experienced tumultuous feelings at meetings with women who have undergone female genital mutilation and their families. Seeing the female genitalia altered anatomy with very severe scarring was unmanageable for many health professionals. Discussion: The results were discussed on the basis of Leininger's transcultural nursing theory and the concept of consensus human. The transcultural awareness and the ability of health professionals' to ignore their own ethnocentric approach is the basis for the professional caring.

Bakgrund: Ett lämpligt näringsintag är viktigt för främjandet och bevarandet av både den allmänna och orala hälsan. Karies är en multifaktoriell sjukdom där kosten har en betydelsefull roll. Kosten kan bidra till både kariesförekomst och kariesprevention. Functional food definieras som ”livsmedel som ger hälsovinster utöver basnutritionen” och ”livsmedel som har en eller flera tillsatser som modifierats för att bidra till en hälsosam kosthållning”. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att kartlägga kunskapsnivån och tillämpningen av information till patienterna om Functional food i det kariesförebyggande arbetet inom Folktandvården, Landstinget Kronoberg. Metod: Enkätstudiens urval bestod av tandläkare, tandhygienister och tandsköterskor, totalt 106 deltagare, från 17 olika Folktandvårdskliniker tillhörande allmäntandvården i Landstinget Kronoberg. Enkäten bestod av 24 frågor som bedömdes enligt ett graderat poängsättningssystem. Resultatet redovisades deskriptivt med hjälp av tabeller och diagram. Statistiska analyser utfördes med hjälp chitvåtest. Resultat: Majoriteten av deltagarna kategoriserades i grupperna: låg kunskapsnivå samt låg till medelhög tillämpningsnivå av Functional food i det kariesförebyggande arbetet. Merparten av deltagarna hade ett stort intresse av att få ytterligare kunskap. Slutsats: Tandvårdspersonalen önskade mer kunskap om Functional food för en ökad tillämpning i patientarbetet, givet att vetenskaplig evidens uppnås. / Background: An adequate nutrition is essential for the promotion and maintenance of the general and oral health. Dental caries is a multifactorial disease in which diet is a important factor. Functional foods are defined as "foods that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition" and "foods that has one or more additives, modified to contribute to a healthy diet". Aim: The aim of the study was to identify the level of knowledge and application regarding information to patients about Functional food in caries prevention work in Public dental services, County Council of Kronoberg. Method: The survey included 106 participants consisted of dentists, dental hygienists and dental nurses from 17 different Public dental services. The survey consisted of 24 questions. The results were presented descriptive, with tables and charts, as well as statistically analyzes using chi-square tests. Results: The majority of participants were categorized into the groups: low level of knowledge and medium or low application level of Functional food in the caries prevention work. Most of the participants had a great interest in obtaining additional knowledge. Conclusion: Dental professionals would like to get more knowledge about Functional food for an increased application in patient care, provided that scientific evidence is obtained.

Despite increased awareness about patient safety and quality of care, errors and adverse outcomes occur frequently in clinical practice. An estimated 10% of the 35.1 million U.S. hospital patients suffered injuries caused by medical errors; the most common were medication errors, which accounted for more than 50% of all medical errors. Work-related stress is associated with medication errors for health care professionals (HCP) in Saudi Arabia (SA) hospitals; however, the specific types of stressors and their effect on the level of medication errors have not been studied in SA. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationship between the overall level and sources of work-related stress using the job stress scale on the level of medication errors for a group of 269 HCPs working at King Abdul-Aziz Hospital (KAH) in SA. The theoretical framework for this research was the Donabedian patient safety model, which relates healthcare quality to personal, environmental, and organizational factors. Binary logistic regression analyses indicated there was no relationship between overall levels of stress and medication errors. However, specific sources of work related stress such as disruption to home life, excessive workload, and night/weekend call duties were associated with a significant increase in the medication error rate, while pressure to meet deadlines and difficulties with colleagues was associated with a significant decrease in the medication error rate. Positive social change implications include how understanding the impact of work-related stress on medication errors by SA HCPs may lead to specific interventions to reduce medication errors and improve patient care.