The topic of this thesis focuses on various legal professions within the Czech Republic, such as attorneys, notaries, bailiffs and judges. These occupations are often associated with civil judiciary process. The purpose of this thesis is to define the foundations of their legal status, including the scope of their activities, and how they differ. Additionally, the thesis focuses on the role of individual professions. Firstly, important elements, such as confidentiality, independence, autonomy or responsibility will be analyzed. Secondly, the thesis will address significant problems in defining the role of the legal profession. Finally, the thesis will include several challenges lawyers face in the 21st century, for example, the provision of legal services by non-professionals. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Undersökningar påvisar att barns delaktighet i socialtjänstens utredningar är bristfällig (Inspektionen för vård och omsorg, 2014). Barns åsikter beskrivs som lågt prioriterade i förhållande till vuxna (Östberg, 2010). Syftet med studien var följaktligen att undersöka hur socialsekreterare uppfattar barns delaktighet i utredningar där barn misstänkts blivit utsatta för våld i hemmet. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ ansats i form av fokusgruppsintervjuer med socialsekreterare. Delaktighetsmodeller och professionsteori utifrån begreppen jurisdiktion samt handlingsutrymme har tillämpats i analysen av empirin. Resultatet visar att det råder en samstämmighet i hur informanterna definierar barns delaktighet, dock har detta en komplex innebörd i praktiken. Informanterna beskriver att metoder kan främja barns delaktighet. Däremot framträder hinder såsom barns ålder, föräldrars inblandning, hög arbetsbelastning och tidsbrist. Vidare synliggörs att socialsekreterarna ser barn som aktiva deltagare i utredningsarbetet. Skyddsaspekten framhävs dock som starkt styrande för barns delaktighet. Föreliggande studie belyser således att det råder både hinder samt möjligheter i det praktiska arbetet gällande barns delaktighet. / Studies show that children's participation in social services inquiries are flawed (Inspektionen för vård och omsorg, 2014). Children's views are described as a low priority compared to adults (Östberg, 2010). The aim of this study was therefore to examine how social workers perceive children's participation in inquiries where children are suspected of being victims of domestic violence. The study has been conducted with a qualitative approach in the form of focus group interviews with social workers. Participation models and theory of professions based on the concepts of jurisdiction and discretion has been applied in the analysis of empirical data. The result shows that there is a consistency in how the informants define children's participation but that it has a complex meaning in practice. The informants describe that methods can facilitate children's participation. However, it also appears that there are obstacles such as the children’s age, parent’s involvement, high workload and lack of time. Furthermore, the study shows that social workers perceive children as active participants in inquiries. However, the protection aspect is emphasized as a main factor for children's participation. This study thus highlights that there are both obstacles and opportunities in the practical work regarding children's participation.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the feasibility of implementation of the Health Professions Council of South Africa's (HPCSA) clinic-based hearing screening subsection of its 2007 Position Statement on Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) programmes in South Africa. Specific sub-aims included (a) establishing the prevalence of hearing screening conducted at Maternal Child Woman’s Health (MCWH) immunisation clinics; (b) determining the hearing screening procedures and protocols in use at MCWH immunisation clinics; (c) determining and exploring the possible concomitant personnel-associated factors which may influence the implementation of newborn and infant hearing screening programmes; (d) determining and exploring other factors that may have influenced implementation of newborn and infant hearing screening; and lastly, (e) comparing any hearing screening procedures and protocols in use to the HPCSA (2007) EHDI position statement clinic guidelines and associated clinic benchmarks Participants: Thirty primary healthcare immunisation clinic managers/acting managers were interviewed in two South African sample groups, in the North West province (NW) and Gauteng (GP). Design: An exploratory, non-experimental, qualitative research design was employed incorporating both quantitative and qualitative information within the two sample groups. Methods and Materials: An interview using a questionnaire was administered with primary health care (PHC) clinic nursing manager/acting manager, placed within the identified sites. The questionnaire encompassed areas such as work contexts, hearing screening contexts and information management systems, as well as quality control measures in place at these clinics. Data Analysis: Content analysis was used to code emergent themes into specific categories. Frequency calculations of the emergent themes were calculated and results described qualitatively. Results: No PHC clinics placed within the identified sites offered or provided formalised newborn/infant hearing screening and none of these facilities had equipment to do so. Most sites attributed the lack of formalised hearing screening to budgetary and human resource issues, staff training in particular. Non-formalised hearing screening protocols in place demonstrated inconsistencies in application across districts and none complied with HPCSA (2007) clinic guidelines. Most respondents were willing to implement formalised hearing screening to coincide with their immunisation schedules. The immunisation context was considered favourable for implementation of formalised hearing screening. Other factors such as reduced parental awareness of the importance of hearing screening, and caregiver cultural issues were considered surmountable by respondents. Conclusions: HPCSA (2007) implementation of clinic hearing screening protocols at PHC immunization clinics (level one) does not appear to be feasible based on current evidence. Results from the current study have assisted in identifying procedural and logistical assets and barriers to implementation of HPCSA (2007) clinic guidelines for EHDI at immunisation clinics in South Africa. Future research implications include formal investigations of central directorate versus district differences in PHC Package Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI); Otitis Media, and Road to Health Chart (RtHC) protocols; provincial and district inequities in funding as they impinge on hearing health care service delivery; costing of rudimentary protocols in place versus formalised HPCSA (2007) EHDI service delivery; research into parental awareness, education and willingness in specific reference to certain procedures such as otoacoustic emissions; and replication of the current study throughout the country for quantitave data with increased ability to draw causal inferences and generalize findings.

A atuação do Estado sempre foi crucial para que as economias nacionais elevassem sua produtividade, no sentido da promoção da industrialização, do aprendizado tecnológico e da inovação para superar o atraso econômico. Nesta tese mostraremos como essa atuação estatal é influenciada pela ação de grupos de interesse, que buscam defender seus valores, angariar vantagens econômicas e proteção diante a concorrência. No entanto, argumentamos que o ambiente institucional criado na relação histórica destes atores apresenta ineficiências que corroboraram para a não consecução dos objetivos propagados pelas políticas industriais mais recentes. Para tanto, investigaremos com maior detalhe como esse ambiente institucional se comporta em um momento de crescimento econômico e maior ativismo estatal, a partir de um efeito não esperado: a situação de escassez de profissionais de engenharia entre os anos 2006 e 2014. Com isso, objetivamos contribuir para a discussão sobre a influência de grupos de interesse na orientação econômica e política do Estado, bem como indicar novas formas de atuação do mesmo no sentido de promover uma economia mais inovadora e competitiva. / State action has been crucial for national economies to increase their productivity, in the sense of promoting industrialization, technological learning and innovation to overcome the economic backwardness. In this thesis we will show how this State action is influenced by interest groups that seek to defend their values, to obtain economic advantages and protection against competition. However, we argue that the institutional environment created in the historical relationship of these actors presents inefficiencies that corroborated the failure to achieve the objectives propagated by the most recent industrial policies. Therefore, we will investigate in more detail how this institutional environment behaves in a moment of economic growth and greater State activism through an unexpected effect: the situation of shortage of professionals of engineering between the years 2006 and 2014. We aim to contribute to the discussion about the influence of interest groups in the economic and political orientation of the State, as well as to indicate new ways of State action in order to promote a more innovative and competitive economy.

Bakgrund: Det råder brist på sjuksköterskor i dagens hälso- och sjukvård, vilket resulterar i att antalet erfarna sjuksköterskor minskar och det blir svårare för nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor att få stöttning i sin nya profession. Övergången från student till ansvarig sjuksköterska beskrivs av många som utmanande och intensiv. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva upplevelsen av mentors betydelse för nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor under det första arbetsåret på en medicin- och geriatrikklinik. Metod: Kvalitativ semistrukturerad intervjustudie och en induktiv metod har använts. Vilket innebär att studien utgått från deltagarnas egna erfarenheter och upplevelser. Elva nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor som arbetar på ett länsdelssjukhus i södra Sverige intervjuades. Resultat: Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys framkom tre teman med tillhörande underteman. Sjuksköterskans arbetssätt är första temat (sjuksköterskans förhållningssätt, tidspress och ansvar). Andra temat är säker vård (patientsäkerhet, kommunikation och vetenskaplig evidens) och tredje temat är samspel (struktur, tillgänglighet och support). Slutsats: Mentor är av betydelse och en trygghet för nyutbildade sjuksköterskor under första tiden som kliniskt verksamma. / Background: There is a lack of nurses in today's healthcare. Which results in the number of experienced nurses decreases and it becomes more difficult for newly graduated nurses to get support in their new profession. The transition from student to responsible nurse is described by many as challenging and intensive. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe the experience of mentors' importance for newly graduated nurses during the first year of work in a medicine and geriatric clinic. Method: Qualitative semi-structured interview study and an inductive method has been used. Which means that the study is based on the participants' own experiences. Eleven newly graduated nurses were interviewed who worked at a county hospital in southern Sweden. Result: Through a qualitative content analysis, three themes emerged with associated sub-themes. The nurse's way of working is the first theme (nurse´s approach, time pressure, responsibility). The second theme is safe care (patients’ safety, communication, scientific evidence) and the third theme is interaction (structure, availability, support). Conclusions: In the study we found that mentors are of importance and safety during new nurses the first time in the business.

Hip fracture is the most common reason for admission to an orthopaedic trauma word. It is usually a 'Fragility' fracture caused by a fall affecting an older person with osteoporosis or osteopenia (a condition in which bones lose calcium and become thinner, but not as much as in osteoporosis). The National Hip Fracture Database worldwide reports the average age of a person with hip fracture is 84 years for men and 83 years for women, 76% of fracture occurs in women. By 2050, the worldwide incidence of hip fracture in men is projected to increase by 24% in women and 31% in men. Hip fractures due to sideways falls are a worldwide health problem, especially amongst elderly people. The experienced force to the proximal femur during a fall leading to hip fracture is significantly dependent on density, thickness and stiffness of the body during impact. The process of fracture and healing can only be understood in terms of structure and composition of the bone and also its mechanical properties. Bone fracture analysis investigates to predict various failure mechanisms under different loading conditions. In an effort to improve and assist scientists and researchers to predict the impact damage response of bone structures and estimate femoral fracture load in vitro, an accurate explicit finite element (14E) method has been investigated in this study. In the first part, the main goal is to create a 3D reconstruction and registration of semi-transparent Computed Tomography (CT) scan image data using SIMPLEWARE software. In the second part, effect of cortical thickness and impact velocity on the energy absorption of hip during a fall has been investigated on a 3D model. Additionally composite femora were mechanically tested to failure and regression analyses between measured fracture load and FE-predicted fracture load were performed. The results indicate that this sophisticated technique, which is still early in its development, can achieve precision comparable to that of densitometry and can predict femoral fracture load to within 18% with 95% confidence.

by Yeung Wing Tsui, Lisa. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-167). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Contents --- p.iii / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter I. --- Professionalism as Cognition in a Discursive Society --- p.11 / The Taxonomical Approach: Reappraisal --- p.11 / The Power Paradigm: Room for Improvement --- p.18 / "Cognition, Professional Discourse and Society" --- p.23 / Chapter II. --- Foucault's Theoretical Contributions to the Study of Professions --- p.37 / """Power/Knowledge"": Archaeology and Genealogy" --- p.39 / """Disciplines"" and ""Disciplinary Society""" --- p.49 / """Disciplinary Apparatus"" and Arenas of Jurisdictional Claims" --- p.56 / Chapter III. --- The Hong Kong Western and Chinese Medical Professions --- p.66 / The General Scenario and Some Theoretical Highlights --- p.67 / The Medical Attitude of Hong Kong People --- p.75 / Chapter IV. --- The Production of the Hong Kong Western- Chinese Medical Discourse in Historical Context --- p.83 / The Social Organization of Health Care Service --- p.84 / Chinese Medicine as a Rational System --- p.89 / The Importance of the Establishment of Tung Wah Hospital to the Production of the Local Medical Discourse --- p.94 / The 1894 Bubonic Plague: Consolidation of the Western-dominant Medical Cognitive Structure --- p.102 / Chapter V. --- "Institutions, ""Disciplinary Power"" and Dissemination of Social Knowledge: Further Medical Discourse" --- p.110 / The Educational and Credential Arena --- p.111 / The Public Arena --- p.118 / The Political Arena --- p.122 / The Legal Arena --- p.128 / The Workplace Arena --- p.132 / Conclusion --- p.138 / Notes --- p.146 / References --- p.158

The Healthcare Quality Strategy for NHS Scotland, relates its overall vision of healthcare quality to six dimensions of care as: Safe, Efficient, Effective, Equitable, Timely and Patient Centred. Patient Centred Care also underpins many subsequent policies such as the management of Long Term Conditions (Scottish Government, 2008) and the Chief Medical Officers Realistic Medicine report (Barlow, et al., 2015) Leadership styles and associated policies and procedures are often assumed to inhibit or encourage the delivery of quality Patient Centred Care and the NHS invests millions of pounds per year in Leadership training. At a clinical team and management level there are behaviours and initiatives that can arguably have positive and negative impacts on the ability of individual practitioners to provide quality Patient Centred Care. However there have been no attempts to empirically test the association between (good) Leadership and quality Patient Centred Care. Without any evidence of such a relationship, NHS investment of substantial resources may be misguided. Additionally, much of the focus of research in both Leadership and Patient Centred Care has focused on medical practitioners and nurses. There is little research that focuses on the impact of allied health professionals' (a term describing 12 differing health care professional groups representing over 130,000 clinicians throughout the United Kingdom) practice on the quality of person centred care and how this is affected by Leadership structures and styles. This study aimed to explore whether there is a direct or indirect link between (transformational) Leadership and achieving the delivery of high quality Patient Centred Care (PCC) in allied health professional (AHP) practice. Aim The aim of this thesis was to explore whether it was possible to empirically demonstrate a relationship between Leadership (good or bad) and Patient Centred Care, and to do this in relation to Allied Health Professional practice. Research questions I. Is there a relationship between Transformational Leadership and Patient Centred Care in AHP practice? II. How do AHP’s conceptualise Leadership and its impact on their ability to deliver PCC? III. Do local contexts influence the ability of leaders to support Patient Centred Care? Study one Study one was designed to answer research question one: exploring the relationship between transformational Leadership and Patient Centred Care using survey design. Two groups of Allied Health Professionals were selected to take part in the study: Podiatrists and Dieticians. Clinical team leaders from across 12 Podiatry teams and 12 Dietetic teams completed a survey composed of measures of transformational Leadership and self-monitoring. Clinicians from these teams were also be asked to complete questionnaires on their perception of their clinical leaders’ transformational Leadership skills. This allowed comparison of self-assessed Leadership and team assessed Leadership. Clinicians were also asked to collect patient experience measures from 30 of their patients. Study Two Study Two was designed to answer research questions 2 and 3: how do AHPs conceptualise Leadership and how do they view the link between Leadership and their ability to deliver Patient Centred Care; and how might local context impact on professional Leadership and therefore its potential to enable or inhibit Patient Centred Care. In depth interviews were conducted with clinicians and clinical team leaders to explore the barriers and facilitators to effective Leadership, teamwork and the provision of quality care. Interviews were conducted with 21 Podiatrists and 12 Dieticians and analysed using a framework analysis approach. Results I. Is there a relationship between Patient Centred Care and transformational Leadership in AHP practice? The theory that there is a link between transformational Leadership and Patient Centred Care was confirmed. A significant relationship was discovered for the dietetics group linking Transformational Leadership with patient centred quality of care measures. There was also a relationship in the podiatry group that was suggestive of a relationship. II. How do AHP’s conceptualise Leadership and its impact on their ability to deliver PCC? AHP’s in both groups had broadly similar conceptualisations of Leadership and both groups played down the role of Leadership in the delivery of Patient Centred Care. A far more salient factor in achieving the delivery of high quality Patient Centred Care for the AHP’s interviewed was professional autonomy. III. Do local contexts influence the ability of leaders to support Patient Centred Care? A number of contextual issues related to both Patient Centred Care and Leadership were identified from the qualitative analysis. These were centred on systemic factors, relating to management and bureaucracy, and individual factors, such as relationships within teams. In Podiatry a major shift in the context of care was ongoing during the study, namely a greater emphasis on encouraging patients to self-care. This affected the relationships between patients and Podiatrists, and Podiatrists and managers, in a way that Podiatrists felt it negatively impacted on their ability to provide quality Patient Centred Care. Conclusion A weak relationship was observed between Transformational Leadership styles and the delivery of Patient Centred Care in two Allied Health Professional groups. Professional autonomy was identified as being more likely to facilitate delivery of person centred care. Organisational issues and intervening policy directives can impact on the delivery of Patient Centred Care, regardless of Leadership. Recommendations Further work exploring the link between Leadership and Patient Centred Care is required. The concept of professional autonomy should be fostered within Leadership programs to enhance delivery of Patient Centred Care. The impact of individual policies, such as moves towards more self-care, on quality criteria need to be more fully considered. Whilst such policies may make care more efficient, there may be negative consequences for other quality care criteria, such as Patient Centred Care.

The work of the personal assistant is a helping profession that belongs to the profession with a risk of a high level of stres, especially in long-term exposure to inappropriate working condition that can, in the end, developed into the burnout syndrom. In the theoretical part i define personal assistance, stress, coping strategies, resistance and burnout syndrome. The practical part is based on nine interviews with personal assitants, focused on stressors, coping strategies and conditions of their work in the organization, where they are employed. I found out personal assistants considered as the most important sources of stress children problematic behavior, communication with teachers and parents. Personal assistants are struggling in their work with feelings of helplessness, frustration from the childs stagnation, with feelings of guilt for childs problem behavior. In their work they are dealing with parents in mental discomfort and with problematic communication with teachers. The most used coping strategies of personal assistants are sense of usefulness and meaning of work, social support (information and support from parents of children, support of social workers of organization and supervision), relaxation, optimism, acceptance of situation, setting of borders, self- development. The...

This straightforward guide for new and practicing supervisors emphasizes the attainment of skills necessary to effectively supervise others in a variety of settings. Topics covered include the roles and responsibilities of supervisors, the supervisory relationship, models and methods of supervision, becoming a multiculturally competent supervisor, ethical and legal issues in supervision, managing crisis situations, and evaluation in supervision. User-friendly tips, case examples, sample forms, questions for reflection, and group activities are included throughout the text, as are contributing supervisors' Voices From the Field and the authors' Personal Perspectives-making this an interactive learning tool that is sure to keep readers interested and involved.