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Research in sex-roles has found masculinity and androgyny to be correlated with self-esteem while femininity has a low or negative correlation with self-esteem. Much of the research in this area is based in studies of androgyny. Androgyny is the ability to respond in a feminine or masculine manner, depending on the situation rather than being limited to only feminine or masculine behavior because of sex-role stereotypes. In the research on self-esteem some studies have reported androgynous individuals measure high in self-esteem. Other studies have found that masculine characteristics contribute more to the self-esteem than androgynous characteristics. These results, taken together, suggest people with androgynous and masculine characteristics have high self-esteem while those with feminine characteristics have lowered or negative self-esteem.

Cette thèse prend comme point de départ l’étude d’un service de police, la Police Aux Frontières (PAF) en lien avec la construction européenne. En nous inspirant de la sociologie de l’État nous avons élaboré des catégories analytiques à même de rendre compte de l’évolution concomitante de cette police et des « régimes de circulation » national et européen. Le « régime de circulation » est défini grâce aux catégories rokanienne de l’analyse de l’État : il est lié à un « centre politique » et définit un territoire pertinent de circulation et les caractéristiques des personnes habilitées à s’y déplacer. La PAF est caractérisée comme une police des déplacements, elle met en jeu certaines des formes de pouvoir étatique décrite par Michel Foucault, qui met l’accent sur la capacité de l’État à contrôler à distance les activités des individus. Le régime de circulation national repose depuis 1974 sur le principe de la frontière comme lieu légitime et efficace des contrôles des déplacements des personnes et des déviances. Il entre en contradiction avec celui du régime de circulation européen qui, à partir de 1985, repose sur le principe de libre franchissement des frontières internes. La PAF, administration marginale, connaît alors un développement sans précédent de ses effectifs, de ses tâches et de son rôle dans l’élaboration du régime de circulation. Elle gère les interactions et les contradictions entre le régime de circulation national et européen. La PAF apparaît à la fois comme un acteur professionnel à même de défendre une extension des limites de sa « juridiction » mais également un acteur administratif intervenant dans l’élaboration des régimes de circulation. / This PhD thesis studies a police service, the Police Aux Frontières (PAF) in relation with European integration. Using the literature of the sociology of State, I elaborate two analytical categories to give an account of the parallel evolution of both the PAF and the European and French “movement regime”. The “movement regime” is defined thanks to rokanian analysis of the State: it is linked to a “political centre” and defines an area of movement and the characteristics of the people allowed to move within it. The PAF is defined as a movement police; it applies forms of State power described by Michel Foucault, who puts the emphasis on the capacity of the State to control individual activities from a distance. Since 1974, French “movement regime” has defined the border as the legitimate and effective locus of individual’s movements and deviance control. It opposes to the European “movement regime”, which since 1985 has relied on free movement of people. The PAF, a once marginal administration, has shown a rapid growth regarding staff, tasks, and role in the policy-making of European and French “movement regime”. The PAF is both a professional actor aiming for an extension of its “jurisdiction” and an administrative actor contributing to the “movement regime” decision-making.

This thesis maintains that, far from being politically impartial bodies, as professional associations might suggest, professions as a whole are resolutely influenced in their activities by the political will of the times. At the beginning of the third millennium, this ???will??? is described as neocorporatism, an ideology based on corporate structure and third sector co-governance. The research highlights the interrelationships between professions and ideology. A case study of the Canadian Institute of Planners - CIP - demonstrates how this neocorporatist philosophy is having an impact on its power and legitimacy and, ultimately, its effect within Canadian society. An historical review demonstrates how the Canadian Institute of Planners has reacted to and reflected state ideology throughout its history. It is clear that the organisation has been in a submissive relationship with the state until recently, where we see the balance of power starting to shift. The CIP is currently reorganising itself to better integrate with the state and improve its government relations. Documentation tracks the CIP???s participation in national policy processes and shows that it is, in fact, becoming significantly more involved in policy-making through various federal government consultation and partnership initiatives. The Canadian Institute of Planners seems to rely solely on practical conjecture to inform its operational choices. My hermeneutical discourse analysis uses existing theory and empirical information to advance our understanding of the CIP and by implication, professions in general. This enlightenment can help direct the organisation???s strategy within the neocorporate state apparatus and, ultimately, enable it to gain power, legitimacy and greater influence within Canada???s policy- and decision-making spheres.

L'objet d'étude de notre thèse correspond au groupe professionnel des ingénieurs brésiliens face aux transformations politiques et économiques menées au Brésil dans les années 1990 et 2000, notamment l'introduction des politiques néolibérales et de la restructuration productive. La thèse analyse comment les différentes fractions du groupe professionnel ont été touchées par ces transformations et comment ses distinctes organisations d'intérêt ont agit dans la conjoncture politique. D'un coté, la thèse montre comment la combinatoires des politiques d'ouverture commerciale, de déréglementation financière, de privatisations et de reforme de l'État sont liées à l'augmentation de la participation du secteur privé dans l'économie et à la croissante dépendance financière, technologique et patrimoniale du pays envers l'extérieur. D'autre par, la thèse suggère que les politiques de déréglementation du marche de travail, de reforme du système de retraites et de focalisations des dépenses sociales de l'État ont eu un effet sur le groupe professionnel : il y a une croissante tendance d'individualisation de la gestion de la carrière et du bien-être. A partir d'une étude quantitative avec des ingénieurs et qualitative entre ceux et leurs organisations d'intérêt, notre thèse est ciblée sur l'analyse de l'évolution historique et politique du groupe professionnel. Elle part, dans un premier moment, de la description de la littérature que porte sur les organisations d'intérêt des ingénieurs dans les années 1970 et 1980 et analyse, dans un deuxième moment, la façon dont ces organisations ont agit dans la conjoncture politique des années 1990 et 2000. La thèse fait également une analyse exploratoire des profils politiques des ingénieurs des entreprises étatiques, en spéciale la Petrobras, en les comparant directement avec les transformations dans leurs rapports de travail. D'une manière plus générale, notre thèse soutient que la dynamique des luttes macrosociales a d'influence considérable sur le positionnement politique des différentes fractions du groupe professionnel et de ses organisations d'intérêt.

<p>I Sverige finns det idag ett stort antal yrken och en del av dessa är i en professionaliseringsprocess. Studie- och yrkesvägledaryrket är ett exempel på ett yrke i denna process. Syftet är att beskriva utvalda aktörers syn på studie- och yrkesvägledaryrkets avgränsningar, kompetens samt eventuella auktorisation i ett professionaliseringsperspektiv. En kvalitativ metod har använts och fem elitintervjuer har genomförts med representanter från Lärarförbundet, Lärarnas Riksförbund, Sveriges vägledarförening, Högskoleverket samt Skolverket. Samtliga respondenter ansåg att det finns specifika kompetenser som endast studie- och yrkesvägledare besitter men åsikten om vilka kompetenser detta är, gick isär. Majoriteten av respondenterna ansåg att studie- och yrkesvägledaryrket borde auktoriseras/legitimeras, dock inte alla. Avgränsningen mot andra yrken när det gäller arbetsuppgifter fanns det skilda meningar om. Den slutsats man kan dra av studien är att fackförbunden och Sveriges vägledarförening arbetar för professionalisering av studie- och yrkesvägledaryrket men utan en gemensam strategi. Yrket har inom olika områden kommit olika långt i sin professionaliseringsprocess.</p>

<p>This thesis is a case study about the forms of appearance and the consequences of relations and communication in collaborative work between school and child-care providers. The empirical data consists mainly of interviews, but include also a number of written documents.</p><p>The aims of the study are:</p><p>• First, to review how relations and communication appear in collaborations between school and child-care.</p><p>• Second, to examine the consequences of relations and these communica-tions for cooperation between different professions in school and child-care.</p><p>• Third, to review how these relations and communications between child-care and school are influenced by organizational conditions.</p><p>The theoretical frame of reference has four sections. The first comprises some comprehensive assumptions for the thesis. The second deals with perspectives on relation and communication. The third discusses cooperation as organizing of social processes. The fourth examines, from a neo-institutional standpoint, how organizational conditions influence professional relations and communication in these collaborations.</p><p>Regarding relations, the analysis shows that there was regular face-to-face-contact between different professional groups but variations in frequency of contact. One contributing cause to the variations was geographical distance. Another cause was the extent to which the groups shared common interests. It also became evident that there were variations in the distribution of power partly caused by systemic, structural, conditions and partly by episodic and temporary aspects.</p><p>The analysis also shows that communication has four content types. First, work communication, refers to the everyday communication in cooperation. News- and status communication concerns actors, at different levels, informing other actors about their status. Management communication, partly concerned the coordination of areas of responsibility on the management level. It also con-cerned the managers’ direction of the operative level. Value and culture communication, included discussions about the underlying assumptions of different programs.</p><p>Relations and communication affected those areas of knowledge and those programs that would be a part of the cooperation. If the actors did not agree with one another they had to negotiate to reach an agreement that both parties accepted. Communication also influenced the opportunity to organize cooperation around children’s needs. For example communication influenced flexibility in the cooperation. To make this possible continuous communication was necessary as was the opportunities to create similar knowledge about each other’s competence and how it was manifested in the practical work.</p><p>Regarding the organizational conditions, institutional rules affected the actors opinions about whom they should cooperate, and therefore communicate, with. In spite of that, the actors on the operative level had a space to act strategically. Therefore the implementation of cooperation, to a great extent, was formed in communication between actors who were involved in the every day work.</p>

This thesis is a case study about the forms of appearance and the consequences of relations and communication in collaborative work between school and child-care providers. The empirical data consists mainly of interviews, but include also a number of written documents. The aims of the study are: • First, to review how relations and communication appear in collaborations between school and child-care. • Second, to examine the consequences of relations and these communica-tions for cooperation between different professions in school and child-care. • Third, to review how these relations and communications between child-care and school are influenced by organizational conditions. The theoretical frame of reference has four sections. The first comprises some comprehensive assumptions for the thesis. The second deals with perspectives on relation and communication. The third discusses cooperation as organizing of social processes. The fourth examines, from a neo-institutional standpoint, how organizational conditions influence professional relations and communication in these collaborations. Regarding relations, the analysis shows that there was regular face-to-face-contact between different professional groups but variations in frequency of contact. One contributing cause to the variations was geographical distance. Another cause was the extent to which the groups shared common interests. It also became evident that there were variations in the distribution of power partly caused by systemic, structural, conditions and partly by episodic and temporary aspects. The analysis also shows that communication has four content types. First, work communication, refers to the everyday communication in cooperation. News- and status communication concerns actors, at different levels, informing other actors about their status. Management communication, partly concerned the coordination of areas of responsibility on the management level. It also con-cerned the managers’ direction of the operative level. Value and culture communication, included discussions about the underlying assumptions of different programs. Relations and communication affected those areas of knowledge and those programs that would be a part of the cooperation. If the actors did not agree with one another they had to negotiate to reach an agreement that both parties accepted. Communication also influenced the opportunity to organize cooperation around children’s needs. For example communication influenced flexibility in the cooperation. To make this possible continuous communication was necessary as was the opportunities to create similar knowledge about each other’s competence and how it was manifested in the practical work. Regarding the organizational conditions, institutional rules affected the actors opinions about whom they should cooperate, and therefore communicate, with. In spite of that, the actors on the operative level had a space to act strategically. Therefore the implementation of cooperation, to a great extent, was formed in communication between actors who were involved in the every day work.

The aim of this study is to describe and analyse three different discourses on elderly care, as they emerge in statements from care staff and research. Each discourse centres on a sign, or pair of signs: care, education/professional competence, and the elderly/ageing. Drawing its main inspiration from Laclau and Mouffe, and Foucault, the analysis is made with regard to how the discourses are constructed, what they include and exclude. The discourse on care interconnects family, homeliness and mutuality. Empathy, a good attitude, family ideals endow elderly care with distinctly feminine connotations. Theoretical concepts such as rationality of care and an almost exclusive research focus on women’s work have tended to construct the same nexus. Unknowingly, or sometimes despite intentions, the discourse in this way reproduces conservative gender roles. A discourse on ‘anti-care’, exemplified by disorganisation and incompetent management, is also created and invested with responsibility for shortcomings. The discourse on education and professional competence centres on claims to medical and executive tasks by nurses, the struggle against deprofessionalisation of assistant nurses, and the attempt of nurse aids to resist categorisation as ‘anybody’. Education/training are considered important to raise work status, but also leading to an instrumental attitude and distance from the core of the occupation – care. The discourse on the elderly and ageing characterises them as lonely and depressed. Also being violent and ungrateful, their behaviour undermine the notion of mutuality. Social interaction and outdoor walks are presented as means to improve their situation. Fundamental to the discourse is an ambiguous approach to ageing as both natural and something to be deferred. Ageing is further presented as decivilisation process, in which gradual loss of control over the body is also a loss of human-ness. The body is, paradoxically, what both defines and disqualifies the elderly as fully human. The depersonalising and biographing procedures of elderly care, sequential but overlapping, display its proximity to Goffman’s total institution and Foucault’s panopticon. Conversation plays an important disciplinary part in encouraging the elderly to want to do right, i.e., be socially active, and avoid amoral or asocial habits like drink, sex or solitude.

I Sverige finns det idag ett stort antal yrken och en del av dessa är i en professionaliseringsprocess. Studie- och yrkesvägledaryrket är ett exempel på ett yrke i denna process. Syftet är att beskriva utvalda aktörers syn på studie- och yrkesvägledaryrkets avgränsningar, kompetens samt eventuella auktorisation i ett professionaliseringsperspektiv. En kvalitativ metod har använts och fem elitintervjuer har genomförts med representanter från Lärarförbundet, Lärarnas Riksförbund, Sveriges vägledarförening, Högskoleverket samt Skolverket. Samtliga respondenter ansåg att det finns specifika kompetenser som endast studie- och yrkesvägledare besitter men åsikten om vilka kompetenser detta är, gick isär. Majoriteten av respondenterna ansåg att studie- och yrkesvägledaryrket borde auktoriseras/legitimeras, dock inte alla. Avgränsningen mot andra yrken när det gäller arbetsuppgifter fanns det skilda meningar om. Den slutsats man kan dra av studien är att fackförbunden och Sveriges vägledarförening arbetar för professionalisering av studie- och yrkesvägledaryrket men utan en gemensam strategi. Yrket har inom olika områden kommit olika långt i sin professionaliseringsprocess.