published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

Le système fiscal local direct français a connu, au cours de ces dernières années, des bouleversements notoires. La taxe professionnelle, qui autrefois constituait la principale source de revenus des communes, après avoir été plusieurs fois l'objet de réformes ou de tentatives de réformes, a été finalement supprimée et remplacée (Loi de Finances pour 2010) par de nouvelles impositions (CET, IFER…). Quant à la taxe d'habitation, elle a, depuis 2000, quasiment perdu de sa pertinence et sa crédibilité comme mode d'imposition à l'échelle locale. Aujourd'hui, l'intérêt pour les collectivités locales, en général, et les communes, en particulier semble, sans doute, se porter sur le foncier bâti, qui n'est rien d'autre que la troisième taxe qui complète le tableau des principaux impôts directs locaux français. La taxe foncière sur les propriétés bâties, grâce aux nombreuses qualités (techniques, juridiques, urbanistiques, économico-spatiales) qu'elle présente en matière d'imposition locale, semble offrir plusieurs possibilités de développement aux communes. En effet, la taxe foncière sur les propriétés bâties rentre dans la catégorie des impôts dits « fonciers » qui sont considérés, par plusieurs auteurs (universitaires, élus locaux, élus nationaux, organisations internationales telles que l'OCDE), comme de bons impôts, voire comme des impôts optimaux. Aussi, la taxe foncière sur les propriétés bâties est un impôt qui peut bien prêter, surtout dans le long et le moyen terme, à des politiques de développement local, d'autant que ses bases, touchant à la fois les ménages et les entreprises, semblent être prêtes pour ces enjeux autour desquels se définissent aujourd'hui les stratégies (économiques et spatiales) de développement territorial : politique de logement (ZAC habitat), politique de développement économique (commerces, bureaux, services, activités industrielles ou entreposage, etc.), étalement urbain, densification urbaine / The French local tax system has been live, over the last few years, notable changes. Business tax, which once was the main source of income of Communes, after being repeatedly subjected to reforms or attempts at reform, was finally removed and replaced (Finance Act 2010) by new taxes (TEC, IFER…). As for the Local residence tax, it has since 2000, almost lost its relevance and credibility as a form of taxation at the local level. Today, interest in local government, in general, and the Communes, in particular, seems no doubt be focused on the Property tax on buildings, which is nothing other than the third tax which complete the picture of French major local direct tax. Property tax on buildings, thanks to the many qualities that it has in terms of local taxation (technical, legal, urban planning, economic and spatial), seems to offer more development opportunities to the Communes. Indeed, the property tax on buildings falls into the category of taxes known as “land taxes” that are considered by several authors (academics, local councillors, national politicians, international organizations such as OECD) as good taxes or optimal taxes. Also, Property tax on buildings is a tax that can pay well, especially as its bases, affecting both households and businesses, seem to be ready for these challenges around which define, today, the territorial development strategies (economic and spatial): housing policies, economic development policies (shops, offices, storage, etc.), urban sprawl, urban densification

The federal Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program, authorized in 1986, has gained recognition over the last decade as America's largest place-based subsidized housing production program. The Qualified Census Tract (QCT) provision of the LIHTC program awards developers for projects built in high-poverty neighborhoods. This research examines whether the QCT provision is deconcentrating poverty or instead perpetuating it by comparing QCTs with LIHTC projects against QCTs with no LIHTC projects. In this study, a socioeconomic index is created to examine changes in socioeconomic variables (poverty, income, unemployment, and education) using 1990 Decennial Census data and 2005-2009 American Community Survey data for the twenty most populated MSAs in the United States to determine how LIHTC projects have changed the landscape of poverty in urban QCTs. Control and target groups were established to analyze the impact of LIHTC projects in QCTs. The control group consists of QCTs with no LIHTC projects and the target group contains QCTs with LIHTC projects. In order to determine how the socioeconomic variables have changed over the last fifteen years, the percent change from 1990 to 2005-2009 was calculated for each tract. Independent Sample T-tests were conducted at the national level, MSA level, and county level (when the sample size was large enough) using SPSS to determine if the difference in the target group's derived socioeconomic index and variables were significantly different from the control group. The findings indicate the target groups overwhelmingly outperformed the control groups for the socioeconomic index and every variable except unemployment. The results of this study may be valuable for policymakers to develop thresholds and guidelines for future LIHTC development in areas concentrated by poverty. / by Rebecca J. Walter. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2012. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:50:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO ROBERTO VIANA.pdf: 2069051 bytes, checksum: 477b2f3167850fcd5e94c6264b5e7bdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-07 / This dissertation aims to examine the legal aspect of property tax and Territorial Urban (IPTU) with progressive extra tax purpose in the city of Goiânia, without ignoring their deployment and their possible results with scope reduction and/or inhibition of urban voids and vacant lots in this capital. The trial of this urban instrument is of utmost importance , not only for its social and discouraging aspect of real estate speculation , but also useful for reference and successful outcome , which may be extended to other cities forming the Metropolitan Region of Goiânia. We know that real estate speculation undermines the city contiguous and socially just before the more expensive and makes a costly maintenance by the municipality withdrawing funds from all society. Faced with this situation, it is believed that the tax should be used not only to enable the public treasury, but in order to do social justice, so that those who have greater ability to pay should be compelled to contribute more intensively, with the fulcro the abiding property of social function, inserted into the urban space. / Essa dissertação almeja analisar o aspecto legal do Imposto Predial e Territorial Urbano (IPTU) progressivo com finalidade extrafiscal no Município de Goiânia, sem ignorar suas fases de implantação e seus possíveis resultados com escopo na redução e/ou inibição dos vazios urbanos e lotes baldios na Capital goiana. A experimentação deste instrumento urbanístico é de extrema importância, não somente pelo seu aspecto social e desestimulador da especulação imobiliária, mas também útil para referência de êxito e resultado, os quais poderão ser estendidos aos demais municípios formadores da Região Metropolitana de Goiânia. Sabe-se que a especulação imobiliária inviabiliza a cidade contigua e socialmente justa, antes a encarece e torna sua manutenção dispendiosa ao Município, que retira recursos junto a toda sociedade. Ante esse quadro, acredita-se que o tributo deve ser usado não somente para viabilizar os cofres públicos, mas para que se faça justiça social, de modo que aqueles que tenha maior capacidade contributiva sejam compelidos a contribuir de maneira mais intensiva, tendo como fulcro a propriedade cumpridora da função social, inserida no espaço urbano.

The subject of this thesis is to compare two specific methods of the determination of the tax base; the "specific" method and the "ad valorem" method. Generally, the specific method uses the acrage of a real estate for the determination of the tax base. On the other hand the ad valorem method uses the market value of the real estate for the determination of the tax base. Using various sources I have analyzed the tax systems in two countries using the above mentioned methods: the Czech Republic representing the specific method and Italy representing the "ad valorem" method. The thesis is focused on the differences between the two taxation methods thereof. It demonstrates the differences by the practical application of the methods to the taxation of two real estates in each country.

近年來，我國財政收支嚴重不平衡，地方政府相較於中央財政問題更困窘。由歷年來賦稅依存度或稅收資料顯示，地方賦稅收入並無法足夠支應地方支出，加上因為地區經濟發展狀況不同，各縣市財政收入不平衡，造成貧窮縣市之財政狀況更為艱辛，須依靠中央政府之補助款才得以提供地方事務。 本研究探討各地方財產稅之影響因素，因財產稅占各地方政府之賦稅收入之大宗，加上探討地方稅建制之文獻均認為財產稅最適合最為地方財源收入，故本研究藉由探討影響地方財產稅收之因素，分析我國地方政府財政制度之現況與困境，並對目前我國地方財政之困難提出建議。 本研究將影響地方財產稅因素分為經濟因素、人口因素、治安狀況、商業情況與房地產市場狀況，利用台北市、台北縣、高雄市與台中市民國81-93年之資料，進行實證分析。因本研究所採用的資料涵蓋4個轄區與13個年度，故計量模型採用Panel Data模型，Panel Data模型不僅可以分析解釋變數對財產稅收之影響程度，利用固定效果模型 (Fixed Effect Model) 更可以得知4個轄區之地方特定效果與時間效果。 根據實證結果顯示，我國地方財產稅具有明顯的地方特定效果與時間效果，表示地方財產稅容易受到各地人文地理制度之不同、地方無法量化之特質、土地政策的變動與總體景氣之影響。對於財產稅易受土地政策的變動與總體景氣之影響，我們合理懷疑其原因是因為本研究所稱之財產稅中含有土地增值稅與契稅兩種機會稅，才導致財產稅收會受到景氣變動之影響，經由實證分析結果驗證我們的論點，土地增值稅與契稅相較於地價稅與房屋稅易受整體經濟與土地政策變動之影響。 我國地方政府財政狀況，從實證結果亦能發現財政水平不均之情況，觀察固定效果發現台北市相對於其他轄區財產稅收較多，其原因可能為台北市為我國首都，人文地理與經濟發展情況均較其他轄區進步的地方特質效果所導致。透過本研究時間效果之分析，顯示地方政府若欲以降低該地區犯罪率或活絡該地之商業活動等僅具地區性之經濟活動來增加財產稅收，是較無效果的。地方財產稅收之增加主要仍須倚靠國家整體經濟景氣活絡，或以土地政策誘導房地產市場交易，是較可行的方法。

Submitted by Rafael Cardim (rafaelcardim1@hotmail.com) on 2012-05-08T19:04:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cardim_Dissertação_versão final.pdf: 914269 bytes, checksum: 7686e0a9a428b524ef1be77a2abe3ce8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2012-05-08T19:28:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Cardim_Dissertação_versão final.pdf: 914269 bytes, checksum: 7686e0a9a428b524ef1be77a2abe3ce8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-08T19:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cardim_Dissertação_versão final.pdf: 914269 bytes, checksum: 7686e0a9a428b524ef1be77a2abe3ce8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 16-04-12 / O objetivo desse artigo é estimar o efeito-preço das transferências incondicionais, condicionais e da renda para os municípios brasileiros. De acordo com Dahlby (2011) um aumento de transferência lump-sum tem, além do efeito renda, um efeito preço decorrente do uso de impostos distorcivos. Dessa forma, um governo local que recebe uma transferência lump-sum, pode diminuir o custo marginal de financiamento público (MCF) e permanecer com o mesmo nível de serviço. Assim, o efeito gasto das transferências pode ser maior do que o decorrente da renda, explicando o flypaper effect. Usando dados de impostos sobre propriedade (IPTU), primeiramente calculamos o custo marginal de financiamento público (MCF) deste imposto. Em seguida, estimamos se as transferências lump-sum efetivamente diminuem o custo marginal de financiamento público (MCF). / This study aims to estimate the price effect of unconditional transfers, conditional and income to Brazilian municipalities. According Dahlby (2011) an increase in lump-sum transfer has, besides the income effect, a price effect resulting from the use of distortionary taxation. A local government that receives a transfer can reduce the marginal cost of public funds (MCF) and stay with the same level of service. Thus, the spending effect of transfer may be greater than that reflected in the income, explaining the flypaper effect. Using data from property taxes (IPTU), first we calculate the marginal cost of public funds (MCF). Then, we estimate that the different transfers effectively reduce the marginal cost of public funds (MCF).

This thesis deals with the taxation powers of municipalities in the ČR property taxes. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The practical part describes the property tax in the budgets of municipalities and the powers that municipalities can use to adjust the tax base or tax rates. The goal of this thesis is to systemize the use of tax powers in the real estate tax by municipalities in the country. A sub-goal is to map and analyze individual tax powers municipalities have available to assess the extent of their use and effectiveness.

In recent years, fiscal policy and public management have been placed on the academic agenda of universities the issue of sustainability of public finances of local governments by paying the various municipal taxes, even knowing that there is little reliable information on effective and equitable returns them. Here, we present a study of property tax of Peru in order to share some thoughts on the regulatory design, problems and jurisprudential solutions that have been generated in its implementation and its future possibilities of securing funding for the country’s municipalities. It begins by describing the relevant concepts and figures on public financing, then analyze all regulatory and jurisprudential aspects of that municipal tax. / En los últimos años, la política fiscal y la gestión pública han colocado en la agenda académica de las universidades laproblemática del sostenimiento de las finanzas públicas de Gobiernos locales mediante el pago de los diversos tributos municipales, incluso sabiéndose que es escasa la información fidedigna sobre los rendimientos efectivos y equitativos de los mismos. A continuación, presentamos un estudio del impuesto predial del Perú con el fin de compartir algu- nas reflexiones sobre su diseño normativo, los problemas y soluciones jurisprudenciales que se han generado en su aplicación, así como sus posibilidades futuras de afianzar el financiamiento de las municipalidades del país. Se inicia describiendo los conceptos y cifras relevantes sobre el financiamiento público para, luego, analizar todos los aspectosnormativos y jurisprudenciales del referido tributo municipal. / Nos últimos anos, a política fiscal e a gestão pública colocaram na agenda acadêmica das universidades a questão dasustentabilidade das finanças públicas dos governos locais, pagando os vários impostos municipais, mesmo sabendo que há pouca informação confiável sobre o rendimento eficaz e equitativo dos mesmos. Este é um estudo do imposto de propriedade do Peru, a fim de compartilhar algumas reflexões sobre a regulamentação,os problemas e soluções jurisprudenciais que foram gerados na sua aplicação, e as possibilidades futuras para reforçar o financiamento dos municípios no país.O estudo começa por descrever os conceitos e dados relevantes sobre o financiamento público, em seguida, analisa-setodos os aspectos normativos e jurisprudenciais dos impostos municipais.

M.Comm. / The first objective of this dissertation is to establish whether wealth or capital taxes are relevant to South Africa. If the answer is yes, the further objective is to identify the various forms of capital and wealth taxes in order to determine which form of wealth or capital tax would be suitable in South Africa in the future (refer chapter 2). The second objective, once the form of capital tax for a future South Africa is identified, is to determine which assets or, in other words, which property will be subjected to such a tax (chapters 3-5). The third objective is to analyse the recommendations contained in the fourth interim report of the Katz Commission of Inquiry into certain 3 aspects of the tax structure of South Africa (hereafter, referred to as the Katz Commission) and to examine the effect of these recommendations on the inclusion of property in the deceased's estate which will be subjected to such a tax (chapter 5). The fourth objective is to provide the reader with two diagrams which will enable such person to determine: whether a deceased person's estate will be subject to estate duty in terms of the current Act 45 of 1955, as amended (hereafter, referred to as the Act); and what an estate consists of (chapter 6). The fifth objective is to provide the reader with a comprehensive alphabetical property checklist to enable such person to determine whether a specific asset should be included in the estate of a deceased person (chapter 6).