The present study reconstructs psychological, linguistic and ontological aspects of Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophy in the light of Brentano’s theory of intentionality. Brentano used intentionality as a psychological term to denote the ‘mental’ as opposed to the ‘natural’. Later, with Meinong, intentionality took an ontological commitment to assenting that ‘there are things that do not exist’. The chapters that discuss Ṣadrā’s philosophy reflect the two aspects with an investigation for the production process of intentional objects and an investigation of the status of these objects in ontology. The main aim of the research is to give an internalist and monist account for the nature of intentionality demonstrating an alternative approach to the concepts of existence and the soul. Ontologically, there is only one reality (existence) and nothing is left outside it. Accordingly, intentional objects are mental beings that are at a lower level of existence (wujūd ẓillī). The principles behind the monist ontology are: first, the gradational ontology (tashkīk) that all things are determined beings (mutamayyiz) and they are manifestations of a single reality at different levels of intensity (mutashakkik), and, second, the simplicity principle (basīṭ al-ḥaqīqa) in which existence is a simple reality that comprehends all beings whilst being the principle of multiplicity at the same time. Accordingly intentional objects are a level of existence, and share same reality. Epistemologically, all knowledge processes including external senses are regarded as internal processes in which the causal effect of the extra-mental object is reduced to being an accidental preparatory tool and faculties for the soul. Perception is always completed with the touch of imagination and the real object of perception is internally created. The soul is not the receiver of forms, but is the active agent. Moreover, the soul undergoes substantial change as the objects are being produced. The soul is then not a container of forms. It is rather the case that the forms themselves construct the soul. The last point is that knowledge is a mode of existence. This mode of being (knowledge) indeed is the very existence of the human soul. In this explanation, the soul is neither material nor immaterial per se: the soul starts her journey as a material substance and becomes more delicate and immaterial through her journey. The soul’s journey is made possible with the preparatory role of the processes of perception. Intentionality is soul’s action of creating mental forms. The products are identical to soul since soul and knowledge are identical. Consequently, intentional objects are dependent on the soul in their presence and creation.

A presente dissertação é um levantamento documental sobre o ensino de Sociologia. O objetivo da pesquisa é compreender as relações que podem ser estabelecidas entre diferentes fontes do ensino de Sociologia: as propostas curriculares de Sociologia elaboradas pelo poder público nacional e paulista; os livros didáticos; os planos de ensino elaborados pelos estudantes de licenciatura em Ciências Sociais pela Universidade de São Paulo (1999 a 2004), apresentados como uma das exigências do curso; os relatórios de estágios dos alunos de metodologia de ensino de Ciências Sociais II (2004) que constituíram um estudo de caso para compreender a maneira como os estudantes observam o trabalho dos atuais profissionais. A variedade das fontes de pesquisa nos obrigou a estabelecer parâmetros de análise com categorias que homogeneizassem os dados e nos permitisse encontrar padrões, lembrando que estas fontes não foram produzidas para atender os interesses desta pesquisa, nesse sentido fez-se necessário criar categorias com o intuito de afastá-los de suas características individuais (particularidades). A partir da análise destes materiais, pudemos constituir um debate entre as esferas das políticas públicas, das decisões editoriais e das práticas escolares do ensino da referida disciplina. Em razão da escassez de pesquisas sobre essa temática, as bases bibliográficas desse trabalho foram fornecidas por Amaury C. Moraes, Ileizi L.F. Silva, Jaime F. P. Cordeiro, Mario Bispo dos Santos, Simone Meucci e outros pesquisadores. Os resultados indicam que há pouca similaridade entre as fontes pesquisadas, havendo raras influências de umas sobre as outras, uma vez que não há o estabelecimento de uma comunidade de discussão acerca do ensino de Sociologia. No entanto, compreendemos que este tipo de estudo contribui para conhecermos as práticas referentes à disciplina Sociologia a fim de entendermos o tipo de ensino que está sendo proporcionado para os alunos do ensino médio, apontando suas limitações, contribuindo para um incremento das possibilidades educacionais desta disciplina. / La présente dissertation est une enquête documentaire sur l\'enseignement de Sociologie. Le problème de la recherche est comprendre les relations qui peuvent être établies entre de différentes sources de l\'enseignement de Sociologie : les propositions curriculaires de Sociologie élaborées par le pouvoir public national et de São Paulo; les livres didactiques ; les plans d\'enseignement élaborés par les étudiants de licence dans des sciences sociales par l\'Université de São Paulo (1999 à 2004), présentés comme une des exigences du cours ; les rapports de stages des élèves de méthodologie d\'enseignement de sciences sociales !! (2004) qui ont constitué une étude de cas pour comprendre la manière comme les étudiants observent le travail des actuels professionnels. La variété des sources de recherche nous a obligées à établir des paramètres d\'analyse avec des catégories que égalait les données et mous permettait de trouver des normes, se rappelant que ces données ont été produits pour faire attention aux intérêts de cette recherche, dans ce sens s\'est fait nécessaire créer des catégories avec l\'intention de les séparer de leurs caractéristiques individuelles (particularités). À partir de l\'analyse de ces matériels, nous avons pu constituer un débat entre les sphères des politiques publiques, des décisions éditoriales et des pratiques scolaires dans le débat de l\'enseignement de ladite discipline. En raison de la pénurie de travail sur cette thématique, les bases bibliographiques de ce travail sont fournies par Amaury C. Moraes, lIeizi L.F. Silva, Jaime F. P. Cordeiro, Mario Bispo dos Santos, Simone Meucci et autres chercheurs. Les résultats indiquent qu\'y a peu de similitude entre les sources cherchées, ayant rares influences d\'un sur les autres, vu que n\'y a pas l\'établissement d\'une communauté de discussion concernant l\'enseignement de Sociologie. Néanmoins, nous comprenons que ce type d\'étude contribue pour connaître les pratiques afférentes à la discipline Sociologie afin de comprendre le type d\'enseignement qui est proportionné pour les élèves de l\'enseignement moyen, indiquant leurs limitations et contributions pour un accroissement des possibilités scolaires de cette discipline.

Este trabalho procura entender como o homem formula seus pensamentos e com eles age no mundo. Não nos cabe esgotar tal assunto e sim, discuti-lo e apresentar um modelo de como este processo possivelmente ocorre. Para tanto foi feita uma releitura dos modos de pensamento estudados pelo psicólogo Jerome Bruner na década de 80: pensamento narrativo e paradigmático. Para o psicólogo, estes pensamentos são antagônicos; entretanto, nesta dissertação, será mostrado que estes dois pensamentos podem estar interligados. O pensamento narrativo é entendido aqui como uma narrativa criada pelo homem, baseada em sua memória e na sua interação com a sociedade e o pensamento paradigmático, como proposições derivadas da história narrada. O software \"Aristóteles\" foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de representar a interação entre o pensamento narrativo e o paradigmático. Esta representação é o primeiro passo para se discutir como, supostamente, o ser humano pensa. Não há a intenção em simular a mente humana, mas demonstrar que o estudo da mente humana pode servir de subsídios para criação de softwares. Assim, além da teoria de Bruner, o programa foi baseado na pesquisa sobre pensamento e palavra de Vygotsky e teoria dos gêneros de Bakhtin. Para a implementação do \"Aristóteles\" foram usadas regras da Inteligência Artificial Simbólica (IAS) escritas em linguagem orientada a objetos (Java). / This work seeks to understand how man formulates his thoughts and use them to act in the world. It is not our purpose to exhaust this subject, but to discuss it and present a model of how this process might possibly occur. For this we made a new lecture of the thinking modes studied by the psychologist Jerome Bruner in the 1980s: narrative thinking and paradigmatic thinking. To Bruner, these modes of thinking are opposites; however, in this work, we will show that these two modes may be interconnected. Narrative thinking is understood here as a narrative created by man, based on his memory and his interaction with society, and the paradigmatic thinking as a propositions derived from the narrated story. The software Aristoteles was developed, as part of this work, with the goal of representing the interaction between narrative and paradigmatic thinking. This representation is the first step to discuss how man supposedly thinks. There is no intention to simulate the human mind, but to show that its study might be useful to create software. Therefore, besides Bruner\'s theory, the program was based on a research of thinking, the writing of Vygotsky and Bakhtin\'s genre theory. To implement Aristoteles we used rules of Symbolic Artificial Intelligence written in an object oriented language (Java).

No description available.

One usually makes assertions by means of uttering indicative sentences like It is raining. However, not every utterance of an indicative sentence is an assertion. For example, in uttering I will be back tomorrow, one might be making a promise. What is to make an assertion? C.S. Peirce held the view that to assert a proposition is to make oneself responsible for its truth (CP 5.543). In this thesis, I interpret Peirces view of assertion and I evaluate Peirces reasons for holding it. I begin by reconstructing and assessing Peirces case for such view as it appears in (EP 2.140, 1903), (EP 2.312-313, 1904), and (CP 5.546, 1908). Then, I continue by elaborating on three aspects of Peirces view of assertion, namely, assertion as an act involving a certain kind of responsibility, the proposition as what is asserted, and responsibility for truth as a responsibility to give reasons. With respect to these three aspects, I argue for the following claims: (1) Peirce construed the responsibility involved in asserting as a moral responsibility; (2) Peirce held that propositions are types; and (3) Peirce was committed to a dialogical interpretation of responsibility to give reasons. Finally, I end by presenting two objections to Peirces view of assertion and its corresponding replies. I conclude that Peirces account of assertion is a valuable contribution to the philosophical debate on assertion. / Costumamos fazer asserções quando proferimos sentenças indicativas como \"Está chovendo\". Mas, não toda proferição de uma sentença indicativa é uma asserção. Por exemplo, quando dissemos vou voltar amanhã, poderíamos estar fazendo uma promessa. O que é fazer uma asserção? C.S. Peirce argumentou que \"asseverar uma proposição é fazer-se responsável pela sua verdade\" (CP 5.543). O propósito do presente texto é interpretar a visão de Peirce sobre a asserção assim como examinar as razões que a suportam. Para cumprir esse propósito, primeiro reconstruo e examino o argumento que, em defesa da sua visão, Peirce propôs em (EP 2.140, 1903), (EP 2.312-313, 1904), e (CP 5.546, 1908). A continuação aponto para três aspetos constitutivos dessa visão, a saber, a asserção como um ato que envolve certa responsabilidade, a proposição como o que é asseverado, e a responsabilidade pela verdade como a responsabilidade de dar razões. Tendo em consideração esses três aspetos, passo a defender as seguintes teses: (1) Peirce concebeu a responsabilidade envolvida na asserção como uma responsabilidade moral. (2) Peirce pensou que as proposições são types. (3) Peirce interpretou responsabilidade de dar razões de modo dialógico. Para finalizar, apresento duas objeções à visão de Peirce sobre a asserção e as réplicas respetivas. Concluo que a visão de Peirce sobre a asserção é uma contribuição valiosa ao debate filosófico sobre a asserção.

Este trabalho procura entender como o homem formula seus pensamentos e com eles age no mundo. Não nos cabe esgotar tal assunto e sim, discuti-lo e apresentar um modelo de como este processo possivelmente ocorre. Para tanto foi feita uma releitura dos modos de pensamento estudados pelo psicólogo Jerome Bruner na década de 80: pensamento narrativo e paradigmático. Para o psicólogo, estes pensamentos são antagônicos; entretanto, nesta dissertação, será mostrado que estes dois pensamentos podem estar interligados. O pensamento narrativo é entendido aqui como uma narrativa criada pelo homem, baseada em sua memória e na sua interação com a sociedade e o pensamento paradigmático, como proposições derivadas da história narrada. O software \"Aristóteles\" foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de representar a interação entre o pensamento narrativo e o paradigmático. Esta representação é o primeiro passo para se discutir como, supostamente, o ser humano pensa. Não há a intenção em simular a mente humana, mas demonstrar que o estudo da mente humana pode servir de subsídios para criação de softwares. Assim, além da teoria de Bruner, o programa foi baseado na pesquisa sobre pensamento e palavra de Vygotsky e teoria dos gêneros de Bakhtin. Para a implementação do \"Aristóteles\" foram usadas regras da Inteligência Artificial Simbólica (IAS) escritas em linguagem orientada a objetos (Java). / This work seeks to understand how man formulates his thoughts and use them to act in the world. It is not our purpose to exhaust this subject, but to discuss it and present a model of how this process might possibly occur. For this we made a new lecture of the thinking modes studied by the psychologist Jerome Bruner in the 1980s: narrative thinking and paradigmatic thinking. To Bruner, these modes of thinking are opposites; however, in this work, we will show that these two modes may be interconnected. Narrative thinking is understood here as a narrative created by man, based on his memory and his interaction with society, and the paradigmatic thinking as a propositions derived from the narrated story. The software Aristoteles was developed, as part of this work, with the goal of representing the interaction between narrative and paradigmatic thinking. This representation is the first step to discuss how man supposedly thinks. There is no intention to simulate the human mind, but to show that its study might be useful to create software. Therefore, besides Bruner\'s theory, the program was based on a research of thinking, the writing of Vygotsky and Bakhtin\'s genre theory. To implement Aristoteles we used rules of Symbolic Artificial Intelligence written in an object oriented language (Java).

Thesis (M. Com.) --University of Limpopo, 2018 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency and effectiveness of e-business applications when used for the creation and delivering of value propositions that the target markets that businesses desire to achieve in the Limpopo Province. The study had three objectives. (1) To identify the e-business applications that can be used in the development of new value propositions for businesses (2) To identify the benefits that the use of e-business applications offers to businesses (3) To determine the relationship between the use of e-business applications and the operational performance of the value propositions. The study was quantitative in nature. Exploratory and descriptive research were utilised to the use of e-business applications by businesses. A sample size of 330 businesses was used. The questionnaire was based on a thorough theoretical basis and a pilot study was conducted to improve the validity. The Cronbach alpha test was conducted to ascertain the reliability of the research instrument. Data was collected through the use of self-administered questionnaires in a survey. SPSS was used for data analysis. The results indicate the e-business applications, the benefits of e-business and the relationship between the e-business applications and operational performance of value propositions. Recommendations to businesses utilise e-business applications so that they are able to create and deliver value propositions in an efficient and effective manner are made.

Sammanfattning "Employer branding på Q-Med – En fallstudie i hur företagsspecifika värden förmedlas till potentiella och befintliga medarbetare" Datum: 19 januari, 2011 Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi, 15 ECTS Institution: Akademin för hållbar samhälls‐ och teknikutveckling, HST, Mälardalens Högskola Författare: Erik Ljungmark 29 januari 1980, Stina Nilsson 25 april 1983 Titel: Employer branding på Q-Med – En fallstudie i hur företagsspecifika värden förmedlas till potentiella och befintliga medarbetare Handledare: Sara Melén Nyckelord: Employer branding, arbetsgivarvarumärke, företagsspecifika värden Frågeställning: Vilka företagsspecifika värden avser Q-Med att förmedla till potentiella och befintliga medarbetare? Vilka strategier använder Q-Med i sitt arbete med employer branding? Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att beskriva hur det medicintekniska företaget Q-Med arbetar med employer branding, både internt och externt, samt beskriva hur deras employer branding-process ser ut. Metod: Undersökningen består av en kvalitativ fallstudie baserad på sekundära och primära källor. Insamlad primärdata utgörs av intervjuer med representanter från fallföretaget. Utöver fallstudien har sakkunniga inom området employer branding intervjuats. Slutsats: Studien visar att Q-Med avser att förmedla värdeorden affärsmässighet, enkelhet och nytänkande till potentiella och befintliga medarbetare. Dessa värdeord ska återspegla Q-Meds företagsspecifika värden. Q-Med använder inga uttalade strategier för employer branding, dock använder företaget många strategier som bidrar till en lyckad employer branding, främst genom nöjda medarbetare och ett framgångsrikt ledarskap. Vad gäller extern employer branding finns utrymme för förbättring. / Abstract  – Date: January 19th 2011 Level: Bachelor thesis in business administration, 15 ECTS Institution: School of Sustainable development of society and technology, Mälardalen University Authors: Erik Ljungmark 29th January 1980, Stina Nilsson 25th April 1983 Title: Employer branding at Q-Med – A case study of how employer value propositions are conveyed to potential and existing employees Tutor: Sara Melén Keywords: Employer branding, employer brand, employer value propositions. Research questions: Which employer value propositions do Q-Med indent to convey to potential and existing employees? Which strategies do Q-Med use in their employer branding efforts? Purpose: The purpose of this chapter is to describe how Q-Med, a medical device company, implement employer branding within the company as well as externally. The purpose is also to describe the company’s employer branding process. Method: The study is a qualitative case study based on secondary and primary sources. The primary data collected consists of interviews with case company representatives. In addition to the case study, experts in the field of employer branding has been interviewed. Conclusion: The study shows that Q-Med intends to convey the value words: business sense, simplicity and innovation to their potential and existing employees. These value words are intended to reflect Q-Med’s employer value propositions. Q-Med does not use any set strategies when working with employer branding, even though the company uses a number of strategies which contributes to a successful employer branding. This applies especially to areas such as employee satisfaction and leadership. Regarding the external employer branding there is still opportunities for improvement.

The purpose of this essay is to examine at how to portray characters in the stories and narratives which depicts one of these children's books and if they really have something to ethnicity and its identification to be done. The Research questions is: What are the different identification markers given, to the reading child in the books, which might indicate that the story depicts people of different ethnicities? How are the characters portrayed in the story and which role is assigned to the main character? What story is portrayed and is it relevant to an identifier can occur? The conclusions of the five children's books shows that it is important with identifications markers, to show that there are different ethnicities. For example the analysis revealed the specific features of the illustrations and how the books portrayes someone with a different ethnicity and cultural background as something exotic. In the texts, the analysis showed how it occurred ethnic differences, by explicitly demonstrating differences between the characters. It was found that the characters were produced mostly as good, happy, curious, suspicious and unsympathetic. Common to all the main characters was that they had been placed, in one for them unusual context and that they were trying to assimilate to the new situations. Depictions consisted of realism and fiction. What emerged here was that most of the stories themselves were not carrying identification purposes, most of the stories needed help with the identification markers from the illustrations, so that the reading child could understand the themes it was about. The methods used in the studies are narratology, semiotics and critical discourse analysis. In particular, I looked at the propositions, inferences, icon, index and symbol.

Baigiamojo darbo autorius: Simona Anankaitė Pilnas baigiamojo darbo pavadinimas: Pieno pakuotės patrauklumo didinimas Baigiamojo darbo vadovas: Prof. dr. Arvydas Bakanauskas Baigiamojo darbo atlikimo vieta ir metai: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Ekonomikos ir vadybos fakultetas, Kaunas, 2012 Puslapių skaičius: 66 Lentelių skaičius: 0 Paveikslų skaičius: 37 Priedų skaičius: 3 Darbe analizuojama produkto pakuotės svarba pieno produktų rinkoje. Darbo tikslas – pateikti siūlymus pieno pakuotės patrauklumo didinimui. Šiam tikslui pasiekti nagrinėjama mokslinė literatūra, atliktas Lietuvos gamintojų pieno pakuočių patrauklumo tyrimas bei, remiantis surinktais duomenimis, pateikiami pasiūlymai patrauklumo didinimui. Darbą sudaro trys pagrindinės dalys. Pirmojoje, teorinėje, analizuojami mokslinės literatūros šaltiniai pakuotės sąvokos ir svarbos, jos funkcijų, ją sudarančių elementų tema, taip pat pateikiami pakuotės patrauklumo tyrimams naudojami metodai. Antrojoje dalyje pristatomas pieno pakuotės patrauklumo tyrimas. Projektinėje darbo dalyje, remiantis analizuota teorija bei atliktu tyrimu, pateikiami pasiūlymai pieno pakuotės patrauklumo didinimui. Pasiūlymai teikiami penkiose kategorijose, kiekvienoje jų analizuojant šešis sudėtinius pakuotės elementus. Iš viso darbe pateikti 27 pasiūlymai (kai kurie jų – išplėstiniai, t.y. vienoje kategorijoje yra keli) pieno pakuočių patrauklumo didinimui. / Author of diploma paper: Simona Anankaite Full title of diploma paper: Improvement of the milk package attractiveness Diploma paper advisor: Prof. dr. Arvydas Bakanauskas Presented at: Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Economics and Management, Kaunas, 2012 Number of pages: 66 Number of tables: 0 Number of figures: 37 Number of appendixes: 3 In this paper the meaning of milk product packaging is analyzed. The aim of this research is to present some specific propositions to increase the attractiveness of milk product package. To achieve this goal various research papers on this subject were analyzed, a practical research had been made and finally propositions to increase the attractiveness of milk product package were made. The paper consists of three main parts. In first one various research papers on package, its meaning, and functions, its elements, on specific research types are analyzed. In the second one the practical research is presented. In final part of the paper some specific propositions to increase the attractiveness of milk product package are presented. The propositions are made for five different categories, analyzing six different elements of milk package in each one of them. In total 27 propositions how to increase the attractiveness of milk product package are presented (some of them are extended).