Este trabalho versa sobre a atividade de controle exercida pelo Ministério Público sobre a Administração Pública no âmbito extrajudicial. A vinculação do Poder Público ao próprio direito é o pressuposto básico da função de controle, a qual teve seu nascedouro exatamente na implantação do princípio da legalidade. O estudo aborda também o dinamismo do direito e das concepções jurídico-filosóficas, mencionando as modificações ocorridas no paradigma da legalidade nas últimas décadas, especialmente pelas tendências de constitucionalização do direito e de valorização do intérprete. Em seguida, discorre-se sobre o Ministério Público Brasileiro, com análise de suas finalidades constitucionais, de sua legitimidade democrática e processual e da disciplina básica de sua atuação. Menciona-se cada um dos instrumentos de atuação extrajudicial, tratando-se de sua caracterização infraconstitucional. Passa-se, então, à reflexão e identificação de um regramento próprio da atuação extrajudicial do Ministério Público, em especial no que se refere ao âmbito do controle que o órgão exerce sobre a Administração Pública. Sob esse enfoque, discutem-se questões atinentes ao regime jurídico de tal atividade, tais como a proatividade do membro do Ministério Público, a flexibilidade das medidas e soluções propostas pela instituição, a incidência dos postulados gerais do direito na atividade extrajudicial do Ministério Público. Avalia-se também a questão relativa aos efeitos jurídicos da atuação extrajudicial do Ministério Público no exercício de controle sobre a Administração Pública, cuidando-se de temas como a consensualidade necessária à vinculação da Administração Pública às propostas do Parquet e a revisibilidade judicial das interpretações e soluções propostas. Trata-se, ainda, de aspectos intimamente relacionados ao tema central do trabalho, tais como a responsabilidade política que recai sobre o Ministério Público, em face de seu status constitucional, a necessidade de se garantir adequadas estruturação dos órgãos e formação dos membros do Ministério Público, com vistas à sua mínima preparação para o enfrentamento de temas multidisciplinares. O trabalho busca estabelecer o básico regramento da atividade extrajudicial do Parquet, em especial no seu relacionamento com a função de controle da Administração Pública que a instituição exerce por força das disposições constitucionais pertinentes. / This work is about the control activity carried out by the Public Prosecution of the Public Administration in the extrajudicial context. According to the text, what links the Government to the right itself is the basic assumption of the control function, which just had its origin in the implementation of the principle of legality. The study also addresses the dynamics of law and legal-philosophical concepts, mentioning the changes in the paradigm of legality in recent decades, especially by trends in the constitutionalization of rights and enhancing the interpreter. Then it discusses the Public Prosecution, with analysis of its constitutional purposes, its democratic and legal standing and the basic discipline of its performance. It mentions each of the instruments of extrajudicial action, in the case of its infraconstitutional characterization. Then goes on to the reflection and identification of its own rules of the extrajudicial actions of Public Prosecution, in particular as regards the scope of the control that the body carries on the Public Administration. Under this approach, we discuss matters pertaining to the legal system of such activity, such as proactive member of the Public Prosecution, the flexibility of the measures and proposed solutions by the institution, the effect that the law general postulates on extrajudicial activity of the Public Prosecution. It also discusses the matter as to the legal effects of court actions of the Public Prosecution in the exercise of control over the Public Administration, with consideration given to issues such as consensual required for binding the Public Administration to the Parquet proposals and judicial revisibility of the interpretations and proposed solutions. It also discusses about aspects that are closely related to the main topic of this work, such as the political responsibility that lies with the Public Prosecution, in view of its constitutional status, the need to ensure adequate structuring of organs and training of prosecutors, with a view to its minimal preparation for dealing with multidisciplinary issues. This work seeks to establish the basic rules of the extrajudicial Parquet activity, especially in its relationship with the controlling function of the Public Administration that the institution carries under the relevant constitutional provisions.

This thesis takes its starting point from the need for a comprehensive approach towards justice following atrocities, and where not only the states in which the crimes were committed have a role to play. The thesis discusses atrocity crime (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes) prosecution and reparations procedures concerning individuals as two appropriate courses of action, through which non-territorial states may contribute to atrocity prevention and justice for the victims of atrocities. The analysis addresses whether, under international law, non-territorial states are allowed to, required to, or prohibited from facilitating prosecution and reparations procedures and includes an assessment of the extent to which international law relating to reparations fails to correspond to that applicable to prosecution. The implications of the lack of correspondence are analysed in light of the historical connection and separation of the two courses of action, the procedural and substantive legal overlaps between prosecution and reparations, and the underlying aims and functions of prosecution and reparations. The study covers a wide spectrum of international legal sources, most of them to be found in human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study shows that while non-territorial states are included in both conventional and customary law as regards prosecution of atrocity crimes, the same cannot be said in relation to reparations procedures. This serious deficit and inconsistency in international law, is explained by the framing of reparations, but not prosecution, as a matter concerning victims and human rights, thereby leaving the enforcement of the rules to the discretion of each state. Reparation is also considered a private matter and as such falls outside the scope of the far-reaching obligations regarding prosecution. The study suggests taking further the responsibilities of non-territorial states in relation to atrocity crimes. Most urgently, measures should be considered that bring the legal space for reparations procedures into line with that for prosecution in, for instance, future discussions by human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and in the drafting of new international victims' rights, atrocity crimes or civil procedure instruments.

Magister Legum - LLM / The study objective has been to examine the progress and challenges of implementing the Rome Statute in Uganda and to what extent the substantive provisions of the Rome Statute are implemented by the International Criminal Court Act.

Magister Legum - LLM / Since the 1980's, many dictatorships around the world have been replaced by new democracies. These old dictatorships were notorious for their human rights abuses. Many people were killed and tortured; and many others were disappeared. When the new governments came into power, they had to confront these injustices that were perpetrated under the predecessor regime. This was necessary to create a culture of human rights; promote a respect for the law and access to justice. Many confronted these injustices in different ways, some granted amnesty, some prosecuted and others instituted truth commissions. This research paper focuses on truth commissions. The research focuses particularly on the study of the South African Truth Commission. The mandate of the South African Truth Commission is analysed and the investigation into whether the commission served the purpose for which it had been established is discussed. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM / Sexual violence leaves the victims psychologically traumatised and stigmatised in the eyes of its community. Used on a large scale, sexual violence can destabilise a society as a whole and when used during armed conflicts, it serves as a powerful weapon against members of a community. During armed conflicts, sexual violence is widespread and systematically used as a tool of war and this makes sexual violence amount to crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes. This research paper critically analyses and evaluates sexual violence as an international crime, as well as its prosecution under international criminal law mainly by the International Criminal Court (hereafter ICC), International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (hereafter ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (hereafter ICTR). It discusses the problem of selectivity that can be observed in prosecuting sexual violence that has in fact, left many victims of sexual violence dissatisfied. By doing so, it analyses the law as it is to determine whether the law applied during sexual violence prosecutions is sufficient. The paper also states recommendations that can contribute to the effective prosecution of sexual crimes under international criminal law. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM / The aim of this study is the coming into force of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court was a thriving success for the international community insofar as that it contributed greatly to international criminal law jurisprudence. The Rome Statute establishes the International Criminal Court and confers upon the ICC jurisdiction over the international crimes namely: the crime of genocide; crimes against humanity; war crimes and the crime of aggression

Magister Legum - LLM

Magister Legum - LLM

En France comme en Angleterre, le ministère public a historiquement vocation à garantir la forme juridictionnelle de la répression-pénale. A l'inverse, la juridictionnalisation de la répression pénale constitue une limite traditionnelle aux prérogatives du ministère public. Ainsi, alors que le premier rend toujours possible la juridictionnalisation et légitime la répression, la seconde limite légitimement le champ des possibles offerts au ministère public. Pourtant, la liaison qui paraît si évidente entre la juridictionnalisation de la répression pénale et l'institution du ministère public s'efface progressivement en nuances. Les législateurs français et anglais, encouragés par la jurisprudence, ont considérablement renforcé les pouvoirs d’enquête et de traitement infrajuridictionnels du ministère public évinçant par là la juridictionnalisation de la répression. Et même si la juridictionnalisation peut paraître préservée lorsqu'il s'agit pour le ministère public d'obtenir une coercition et une rétribution ultimes, celle-ci s'avère en réalité sans substance. Le contrôle à priori du juge de l'autorisation des pouvoirs d'enquête juridictionnalisés est souvent purement formel et ne peut permettre de contredire la nécessité d'ordonner tel ou tel acte qui serait requis par le ministère public, alors que le contrôle a posteriori du juge de l'annulation des actes d'enquête est lui déficient et aléatoire. La garantie d'un usage régulier des pouvoirs d'enquête et de traitement des infractions ne saurait pourtant venir d'une juridictionnalisation de l'institution du ministère public. La comparaison de l'organisation des ministères publics français et anglais laisse apparaître que les solutions qui sont envisagées l'indépendance et impartialité du ministère public français ne seraient pas suffisantes. C'est une restauration de la juridictionalisation des fonctions de l'institution, conforme à sa ratio profonde qu'il convient de mettre en œuvre. / In France, like in England, the Public Prosecutor is historically intended to ensure the judicial nature of criminal justice. Reciprocally, the strengthening of the judicial nature of the criminal justice traditionally restricts the prerogatives of the Public Prosecutor's Office. However, the link between the reinforcement of the judicial nature of the criminal justice and the existence of the Public Prosecutor, albeit obvious, evaporates slowly in multiple shades. The French and the English lawmakers, supported by case law, have come to considerably strengthen the Public Prosecutor's investigation and pre-trial powers, thus ousting the judicial nature of the criminal justice. Although it may seem that the judicial nature of repression is preserved when the Public Prosecutor is required to obtain coercive measures or ultimate retribution, it turns out to be deprived of substance. An a priori control by a judge who grants judicial investigative powers to the Public Prosecutor is always formalistic, whereas an a posteriori control by a judge who may annul decisions taken during the investigation is flawed and random. However, a guarantee of a regular use of investigative powers and of treatment of offenses cannot come out of the strengthening of judicial nature of the Public Prosecutor. A comparative analysis of the structure of the Public Prosecutor’s Office in France and in England reveals that the dues that are to be considered -independence and impartiality of the French Public Prosecutor -do not suffice. It is a reestablishment of the judicial functions of the body, coherent with its true ratio, that should be implemented.

This thesis focuses on the issue of maritime pirate attacks prosecution. The proposal of the establishment of an International Piracy Court is connected to the growth of pirate attacks in the area of the Gulf of Aden off the borders of Somalia between 2007 and 2011. The Somali government was not able to suppress this threat to the international security and pirates often avoided trial. Other countries were not willing to prosecute pirates at their national courts. By that time the thought of the establishment of the new specialized international tribunal arised. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate if there actually is the necessity to create an International Piracy Court in the current local and global situation.