This diploma thesis describes Christian principles, whose influence ethical codes. Further, this thesis depicts, what a code of ethics is and what its contents are. In the following chapters ethical codes of assorted companies will be characterised and analysed. The next chapter compares the ethical demands of companies with the Decalogue and the Double Commandment of Love. The aim of the last chapter is to ascertain whether some approaches out of codes of ethics are close to Christian principles.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamąjį darbą sudaro 48 psl., 2 lentelės, 20 paveikslų, 54 literatūros šaltiniai, 1 priedas, darbas parengtas lietuvių kalba. Tyrimo objektas – ekologiniai ir kiti ūkininkų ūkiai Kauno rajone. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti bei įvertinti darnaus ūkininkavimo reikšmę kraštovaizdžiui. Uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti ir apibendrinti darnaus ūkininkavimo požymius; 2. Atskleisti kraštovaizdžio įtaką darniam ūkininkavimui; 3. Atlikti Kauno rajono ekologinių ir kitų ūkininkų ūkių darnaus ūkininkavimo reikšmės tyrimą kraštovaizdžiui. Darbe apibendrinti Lietuvos ir kitų šalių autorių moksliniai tyrimai, susijusieji su darnaus ūkininkavimo plėtros procesais, kurie skatina ekologinio ūkininkavimo perspektyvas ir saugo patį kraštovaizdį. Dėl ES pagalbos žemės ūkio sektoriui atsiranda įsipareigojimų, savo ūkius padaryti patrauklius, moderniai ūkininkaujant sumažinti neigiamą poveikį aplinkai ir tvarkytis taip, kad darnus ūkininkavimas natūraliai įsilietų į kraštovaizdį, nes stambėjant ūkininkų ūkiams dalinai nukenčia kraštovaizdis. Atlikus tyrimą nustatytas ryškus ekologinės žemdirbystės ūkių gausėjimas pereinamuoju laikotarpiu, 2010–2013 metais. Nors ekologinių ūkių skaičius pradėjo mažėti, tačiau sertifikuotas ekologinės gamybos plotas ir toliau auga. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, kad ūkininkai norėtų didesnių motyvuojančių išmokų efektyviai ekologinei gamybai (ūkis be paramos būtų nuostolingas). Taip pat jie pripažįsta, kad dėl darnaus ūkininkavimo gražėja kraštovaizdis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master‘s final work consists of 48 pages, including 2 tables, 20 pictures, 54 literature sources and 1 appendix. It was written in Lithuanian language. The object of the research – organic and other farmers‘ farms in Kaunas district. The aim of the research – to analyze and evaluate the significance of sustainable farming on the landscape. Tasks that were solved: 1. Features of the sustainable farming were analyzed and summarized; 2. The influence of the landscape upon sustainable farming was showed; 3. The research of the significance of the sustainable farming of organic and other farmers‘ farms of Kaunas district was carried out. In the work scientific researches related with the sustainable farming development processes were summarized, which stimulate organic farming and protect the landscape itself. Due to the EU's assistance to the agricultural sector liabilities occur to make farms attractive, to reduce the negative impact on the environment and manage in the way that sustainable farming naturally spilled into the landscape, as with the farmers’ farms getting bigger landscape is partially affected. The survey results show the significantly increasing number of farms of organic farming in the transition period of 2010-2013. Although the number of organic farms began to decline, the certified organic area continues to grow. The study revealed that farmers would like to receive larger motivating benefits for the efficient organic production. They also recognize that... [to full text]

This master degree thesis is focused on the rights and obligations of agricultural land owner from the perspective of right. Land belongs to most important sources of planet. Human being cannot alive and exist without agricultural land and cultivation of agricultural land helped to developed modern human civilization. Soil has been threatened on area and as well as quality especially by human, therefore is needed effective legal regulation with a balanced respect for property rights and the public interest in protecting of agriculture land and the environment. The main goal of thesis should be critically analyze on legislation (especially Laws, but also Government Regulations and Notices), regulating the ownerships of agricultural land. After general part of thesis, analyzing ownerships in general follows the interpretation of the ownership of land parcels, supplemented by the system and the development of land registration. The main part of thesis consists of a chapter entitled the rights and obligations of agriculture land owner, which is divided into modes of protection of agricultural land (in terms of area and quality), protection of larger area under Act on the protection of nature and landscape and other laws. The conditions of contemporary agricultural land are dealt in the last chapter of thesis....

This thesis seeks to systematically examine the contributions made by the dispute settlement bodies established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to the development of the law of the sea. The two main research questions to be answered are: (i) what kind of contribution have UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies made to the development of the law of the sea? and (ii) what are the factors that impact the performance of UNCLOS dispute settlement bodies in developing the law of the sea? To that end, Chapter 1 provides a working definition for the concept of 'judicial development of international law' in order to establish a framework for an assessment of the contributions of UNCLOS tribunals. Based on this working definition, Chapters 2, 3 and 4 examine the significance of UNCLOS tribunals' decisions in the development of three main areas of the law of the sea, respectively the law on fisheries, the law on the outer continental shelf and the law on marine environmental protection. Based on the findings of these chapters, Chapter 5 analyses the factors that help explain the contributions of UNCLOS tribunals to the law of the sea as identified in the preceding chapters. These factors include: (i) the jurisdictional scope of UNCLOS tribunals, (ii) the institutional design of UNCLOS, (iii) the interpretative method employed by UNCLOS tribunals in deciding their cases and (iv) the perception that UNCLOS tribunals hold regarding their roles. Chapter 6 concludes by taking stock of the contribution of UNCLOS tribunal in these areas and offering some final observations on the role of UNCLOS tribunals in the development of the law of the sea.

Depuis toujours, l’homme agit sur le milieu naturel pour développer son cadre de vie. Ce comportement peut avoir des effets néfastes sur l’environnement, de sorte que l’idée de le protéger a progressivement émergé dans la conscience collective. Le législateur français a ainsi développé un important arsenal législatif parmi lequel figurent des dispositions d’ordre pénal ayant vocation à sanctionner les auteurs d’atteintes à l’environnement. Mais le dispositif pénal, bien que nécessaire, ne doit pas être l’unique réponse aux atteintes à l’environnement. Il doit s’articuler avec d’autres mécanismes, tels que la responsabilité civile, et ce afin de permettre notamment la réparation du préjudice écologique. Le droit pénal de l’environnement tel qu’il est aujourd’hui mis en œuvre n’est pas satisfaisant. Il souffre d’imperfections qui affectent son efficacité. Les présents travaux tentent de remédier à cette situation. / Traditionally, the human being has acted on nature to develop its living environment. This behaviour can have bad effects on the environment, so that the idea of protecting it gradually came into the collective consciousness. The French legislature thus developed an important arsenal of laws among which we can find penal provisions made to sanction those who damage environment. But the penal system, while necessary, should not be the only answer to the environment attacks. It must be linked with other mechanisms, such as civil liability, and that in order to allow, among others, the repair of the ecological damage. Criminal law for the environment as it is implemented today is not satisfactory. It suffers from flaws that affect its efficiency. The present works try to find a remedy for this situation.

The remedial measures in the protection of the environment. This thesis focus on the remedial measures which belong to legal instruments and create an integral part of the public law. The public bodies, which are responsible for the enforcement of public interests, are in charge of enforcement of remedial measures to be done. As in the international law, the state is primarily responsible for remedying of damages arising from activities under its jurisdiction. Despite the remedial measures are incorporated into almost all legal enactments, the quality of the legislature is rather low and this legal tool has been beyond the academical interest. The remedial measures represent one of the most important instruments of the environment protection and are closely connected with the principles of the environment protection, i.e. the principle of the sustainable development, the polluter- pays principle, the preventive principle and the principle of the State responsibility. The remedial measures create a part of the measures within the environment protection, which primarily work as subsequent measures and partly as continuous and preventive ones. The remedial measures comprise different kinds of measures, the main goal of which is to remedy changes which are considered to be undesired from the legal and...

L'exploitation des ressources énergétiques et minérales terrestres rencontre des limites face à l'augmentation rapide de la population mondiale. Ce n'est qu'après la seconde guerre mondiale que les États ont compris qu'ils devaient maîtriser l'océan pour pouvoir en extraire ses ressources. 1982 marque l'adoption de la Convention des Nations-Unies sur le droit de la mer. L'espace maritime fut alors découpé en zones, sur lesquelles les États côtiers avaient le plus souvent des droits. Ce découpage permettait une meilleure exploitation des ressources maritimes. Ainsi, en mer territoriale, les États pouvaient mettre en place des systèmes de production d'électricité à partir de sources renouvelables. Plus loin, dans la zone économique exclusive, les États peuvent autoriser l'exploration et l'exploitation des hydrocarbures. Enfin, sur le plateau continental, l'évolution de la technologie nous permettra bientôt d'aller exploiter les ressources minérales marines. La question centrale qui se pose est de savoir s'il est possible d'exploiter ces ressources de façon durable sans détruire l'environnement marin. La protection de l'environnement ne peut exister sans un droit fort et appliqué. Il doit constituer un rempart contre les agissements d'entreprises ou d’États peu soucieux de l'impact à long terme de leurs actions. L'Océan, immense, aux fonds invisibles et mystérieux, est vulnérable. Sa protection ne pourra avoir lieu que lorsque le grand public, les États et les entreprises, auront compris son importance pour la survie de l'Humanité. C'est le devoir des hommes et des femmes de droit de rendre cette protection effective. / The exploitation of terrestrial energy and mineral resources is limited by the rapid increase of the world's population. It was only after the Second World War that States realised that they had to control the ocean in order to extract its resources. 1982 marks the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The maritime are: was then divided into zones, over which coastal States most often had rights. This division allowed for a better exploitation of maritime resources. In the territorial sea, for example, States could set up electricity production systems from renewable sources. Further, in the exclusive economic zone, States could allow the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. Finally, on the continental shelf, the evolution of technology will soon allow us to exploit marine mineral resources. The central question is whether it is possible to exploit these resources in a sustainable way without destroying the marine environment. The protection of the environment cannot exist without a strong and applied legislation. It must be a bulwark against the actions of companies or States that have little regard for the long-term impact of their actions. The ocean, immense, with invisible and mysterious bottoms, is vulnerable. Its protection can only take place when the general public, States and companies understand its importance for the survival of Humanity. It is the duty of the men and women of law to render this protection effective.

The thesis dealing with the occupational safety and health protection for acute care department nurses had three goals. The first goal was to map the specifics of health protection and safety at work for acute care department nurses. The second goal was to ascertain the most frequent occurrence of failures to adhere to the H&S rules. The third goal was to find out whether the duration of the practice and the level of education affect the H&S knowledge among nurses. Qualitative as well as quantitative research was applied to the ascertainment of the answers to the prepared questions. When the two kinds of research had been set it was necessary to set research questions and hypotheses. The method of hidden observation of nurses working at an anaesthesiology and resuscitation department was applied within the qualitative research. Ten nurses were observed. The method of questionnaire survey sent through the Internet was used to obtain the quantitative results. Surprisingly, two hundred and forty respondents replied to the questionnaire. To confirm the hypotheses a statistical processing was carried out, which confirmed or refuted the significance level of the individual questions and replies. The asset of this work and of a part of its results is a finding that nurses from an anaesthesiology and resuscitation department are aware of the necessity of the adherence to the H&S rules and instructions, which protects their health, but they fail to do it in practice. This is why the results of this thesis might stimulate further solutions. The thesis also contains a proposal how to deal with complicated situations. All solutions are however completely individual and depend on the internal and further rules set by the hospital management.

La mondialisation de la dégradation de l’environnement a conduit, dès la fin des années 1960, à l’intervention de l’Organisation des Nations Unies dans ce domaine, en dépit de l’absence de référence explicite dans la Charte des Nations Unies à l’environnement. Cette absence n’a pas empêché l’ONU de devenir le principal acteur de l’universalisation de la protection de l’environnement. Cette universalisation marquée par le caractère universel de l’Organisation et des enjeux environnementaux se trouve dès lors au cœur des rapports entre l’ONU et la protection de l’environnement. La présente étude analyse d’une part le cadre de l’universalisation de la protection de l’environnement et d’autre part la portée juridique de cette dernière qui se façonne dans une relation dynamique et complexe, influençant à la fois l’Organisation et l’objet de la protection. / The globalisation of environmental degradation has led in the late 1960s to the intervention of the United Nations in this area, despite the lack of any explicit reference to the environment in the United Nations Charter. This absence has not prevented the UN to become the main actor in the universalisation of the protection of the environment. This universalisation, marked by the universal character of the Organisation and environmental issues, is therefore at the heart of the relationship between UN and the protection of the environment. This study analyses on the one hand the framework of universalisation of the protection of the environment and, on the other, its legal scope which is shaped in a dynamic and complex relationship, influencing both the Organisation and the object of its protection.

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