Dans l’industrie de la micro-électronique, les efforts à fournir pour les nouvelles applications développées deviennent de plus en plus contraignants et difficiles à supporter en terme de coût. Les agressions provenant des décharges électrostatiques (ESD) générées par l’environnement direct sur les puces constituent un facteur important de la chute de rendement et donc des coûts. Ces difficultés s’ajoutent aux limites physiques plus strictes pour fabriquer des transistors lorsque l’on aborde des échelles nanométriques. La technologie Silicium sur Isolant (SOI) a été développée afin de contourner cette difficulté, mais l’intégration des protections ESD limite son émergence du fait de la complexité de la mise au point et du développement d’un réseau de protection pour la puce.L’objectif annoncé de ce travail de recherche, effectué en collaboration entre STMicroelectronics le CEA et l’IMEP est d’évaluer les caractéristiques principales de la technologie pour la protection contre les décharges et de proposer une stratégie innovante de protection adaptée au SOI. En effet, à partir de résultats expérimentaux, nous avons pu constater que l’oxyde enterré, le BOX, limite les performances en robustesse et diminue la fenêtre de conception pour le déclenchement des protections. Pour y remédier, une structure commandée bidirectionnelle a été développée sur PDSOI afin de faciliter la dissipation thermique et améliorer la robustesse. Pour prolonger cette solution sur technologie FDSOI, une étude approfondie sur le thyristor afin a été menée afin de porter cette solution. L’analyse de simulation 3D et de résultats silicium ont permis de proposer une stratégie de protections innovantes pour le thyristor sur FDSOI. / In the microelectronics industry, the fabrication process for advanced technological nodes becomes more and more cumbersome and limiting in terms of cost. The electrostatic discharges (ESD) generated by the direct environment affect the circuits and constitute an important factor for the decrease of the yield and thus result in an increase of the costs. Apart from these difficulties, there are also issues arising from the physical limits of transistor integration when reaching the nanoscale.The Silicon on Insulator (SOI) technology was developed in order to bypass this difficulty. However, the integration of ESD protections limits its emergence due to the development complexity and the protection circuit needed. The goal of this work which was a collaboration between STMicroelectronics, CEA and IMEP was to evaluate the principal characteristics of this technology for electrostatic discharge protection and propose a novel protection strategy adapted for SOI.In fact, we were able to confirm from experimental results that the buried oxide (BOX) limits the performances in terms of robustness and narrows the window of conception for the triggering of the protections. A commanded bidirectional structure was developed on PDSOI and proposed as a solution to facilitate the thermal dissipation and improve the robustness.In order to extend this solution on FDSOI technology, a detailed study on the thyristor was performed. Analysis of the 3D simulations and experimental results permitted to propose an innovative strategy for ESD protections on FDSOI.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho à compreender como as culturas sexuais e culturas juvenis vivenciadas por alguns jovens homossexuais sÃo traduzidas no exercÃcio da prevenÃÃo do HIV/Aids. E de que forma seus direitos sÃo exercitados nesta perspectiva. E ainda, como determinadas polÃticas de prevenÃÃo tÃm considerado essas questÃes para levar adiante propostas de contenÃÃo da propagaÃÃo HIV, mais eficazes entre esses grupos, os quais, historicamente, tÃm sido os mais atingidos pela Aids. Para construir uma abordagem sobre esse processo, esta pesquisa traz um panorama geral sobre a epidemia de Aids no mundo e um breve histÃrico social dos percursos da doenÃa no Brasil. Aborda ainda alguns apontamentos sobre a polÃtica de controle e enfrentamento do HIV/Aids em Fortaleza, principalmente em relaÃÃo aos grupos gays e outros Homens que fazem Sexo com Homens. Para entender de que maneira o exercÃcio de prÃticas preventivas se relaciona com as experiÃncias desses jovens, procuro reconstruir, a partir de suas narrativas, roteiros sexuais que me permitam interpretar o modo como as identificaÃÃes que constroem de si, a sociabilidade e as prÃticas envolvem culturas juvenis e culturas sexuais para pensar as possibilidades que configuram sexualidades e polÃticas de prevenÃÃo do HIV/Aids / The aim of this study is to understand how certain trials related to the experience of sexuality for young gays, in Fortaleza - CearÃ, relate to the prevention of HIV/AIDS. To build an approach on this process, this research provides a general overview of the AIDS epidemic in the world and a brief social history of the pathways of the disease in Brazil. It also addresses some issues about the politics of control and counter of HIV/AIDS in Fortaleza, especially in relation to gay groups and other Men who have Sex with Men. To understand how the prevention of STD/HIV/AIDS relates to the experiences of homosexual youths, I try to rebuild from sexual scripts and narratives brought by several young people interviewed and heard, how the identification, sociability and practices involve juvenile and sexual cultures to think of the possibilities that shape certain trials of sexuality and prevention

Les effets de différentes activités anthropiques (vignoble, cuverie) sur les populations fongiques du raisin au vin ont été étudiés. Afin de caractériser ces effets, il était nécessaire d’avoir accès à la diversité globale des populations (pyroséquençage et IR-TF) mais également à la diversité intraspécifique (IR-TF). La spectroscopie a ainsi été validée pour sa capacité à caractériser la population globale et à discriminer les souches pour trois espèces de levures non-Saccharomyces (NS). Pour la première fois, il est démontré que la baie de raisin constitue une source limitée pour les levures NS alors que la cuverie semble constituer une source importante; l’air étant un vecteur important de dissémination de ces levures. De plus, la persistance et la réimplantation des levures NS dans le moût l’année suivante ont été démontrées. Les activités anthropiques étudiées modifient la diversité fongique. Une biodiversité plus faible pour les raisins de la modalité biologique a été mesurée pour les 3 millésimes considérés. Les populations fongiques sont ensuite fortement remaniées par l’étape de pressurage/clarification et l’influence de la flore de cuverie est confirmée. L’ajout de SO2 modifie les dynamiques des populations et favorise la domination de l’espèce S. cerevisiae. L’analyse chimique non-ciblée des vins montre pour la première fois que ces derniers peuvent être discriminés à la fin de la fermentation alcoolique en fonction de la protection phytosanitaire, que ces fermentations aient eu lieu en présence ou non de SO2. Ainsi, l'existence dans les vins de signatures de diversité chimique et microbiologique liées au mode de protection au vignoble est mise en évidence. / The effects of different anthropogenic activities (vineyard, winery) on fungal populations from grape to wine were studied. To characterize these effects, it was necessary to access to the overall diversity of populations (pyrosequencing and spectroscopy FT-IR) but also to intra-specific diversity (FT-IR). Spectroscopy FT-IR has been validated for their ability to characterize the global population and to discriminate the strains for three species of non-Saccharomyces yeasts (NS). For the first time, it is shown that the grape berry is a limited source for NS yeasts while the winery seems to be a significant source; the air is an important vector for dissemination of these yeasts. In addition, persistence of NS yeast strains from year to year in the winery has been demonstrated. The studied anthropogenic activities modify the fungal diversity. Thus, lower biodiversity of grapes from organic modality was measured for the three vintages considered. The pressing / clarification step revises strongly fungal populations and the influence of the winery flora is confirmed. The addition of SO2 changes the population dynamics and favors the dominance of the species S. cerevisiae. The non-targeted chemical analysis shows, for the first time, that these wines can be distinguished at the end of the alcoholic fermentation (with or without SO2) depending on plant protection. Thus, the existence in wines of chemical and microbiological signatures associated with vineyard protection mode is highlighted.

Orientador: Yvete Flávio da Costa / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem a finalidade de analisar a Tutela da Evidência frente ao novo ordenamento processual civil. Tal instituto faz parte das Tutelas Provisórias, aquelas analisadas a partir de um juízo sumário a fim de se conceder maior eficiência ao processo durante o seu curso. Num primeiro momento necessário um estudo sobre o panorama geral das tutelas provisórias, dando um enfoque na de urgência, a qual demanda a presença dos requisitos da probabilidade do direito e do perigo de dano ou risco ao resultado útil do processo, de forma cumulativa. Feita essa abordagem, concentrar-se-á o estudo nos casos explícitos de tutela da evidência, presentes no rol do art. 311 do Código Processual Civil, estabelecendo-se, ainda, as premissas para a suas diferenças em relação à tutela de urgência, principalmente no tocante à ausência de demonstração do periculum in mora. Por fim, um estudo acerca de hipóteses de tutela evidente fora do rol do art. 311, e até mesmo do CPC/2015 necessita ser feito, pois a legislação processual preconiza algumas situações “especiais” de evidência, em que se concede tutelas, e até mesmo liminares, somente com o fumus boni iuris. Busca-se, portanto, um entendimento sobre o que é um direito evidente e como as novas ferramentas processuais podem contribuir para maior eficiência e celeridade processuais, garantindo-se um mais efetivo acesso à ordem jurídica justa. / Mestre

Electricity production from photovoltaic power plants has been one of the fastest growing energy industries in the last decade. Number of small power inverters working parallelly with the low voltage grid is growing. At the same time, the requirements for the correct behaviour of network inverters in the network by the distribution grid operators are also increasing. The thesis deals with creation of a workplace for testing the operational and technical requirements for micro-sources. The first part of the thesis consists of literature search of inverter demands according to the current rules for parallel production operation. The second part deals with the setting up of test procedures and automation. The last part evaluates selected tests of the functions of the inverters.

Electricity production from photovoltaic power plants has been one of the fastest growing energy industries in the last decade. Number of small power inverters working parallelly with the low voltage grid is growing. At the same time, the requirements for the correct behaviour of network inverters in the network by the distribution grid operators are also increasing. The thesis deals with creation of a workplace for testing the operational and technical requirements for micro-sources. The first part of the thesis consists of literature search of inverter demands according to the current rules for parallel production operation. The second part deals with the setting up of test procedures and automation. The last part evaluates selected tests of the functions of the inverters.

Kalkbarrskogar är en sällsynt och artrik skogstyp i Sverige. Stora arealer finns i Jämtland. Skogstypen kalkbarrskog är prioriterade för områdesskydd och det finns därför ett behov att undersöka den. Studien genomfördes i samarbete med Länsstyrelsen i Jämtland. 45 prioritetsobjekt undersöktes genom GIS-baserade analyser. Målet var att undersöka objektens brukningshistorik för att undersöka eventuell påverkan på naturvärdena. Syftet var att utreda behovet av formellt områdesskydd. Samtliga objekt har fram till nutid aldrig blivit kalavverkade. 80 % var historiskt brukade med skogsbete och virkesuttag, vilket kan ha hållit skogarna glesa fram till 1960-talet. Studien kan inte visa om brukningshistoriken påverkat dagens naturvärden. Naturvärdena kan funnits innan brukandet startat, samt att andra miljöparametrar kan haft större betydelse. Idag är en femtedel av objekten helt eller delvis avverkade och en fjärdedel avverkningsanmälda. Studien kan styrka behovet av formellt områdesskydd på kalkbarrskogar i Jämtland eftersom det är ett motiverat alternativ för att naturvärdena bibehålls.

No description available.

La situation actuelle des règles relatives à la responsabilité civile de l'entrepreneur pour les dommages environnementaux provoqués par l’exploitation offshore d’hydrocarbure et le transport de ce produit par des navires pétroliers, démontre que le législateur a été de plus en plus concerné par la question de la santé environnementale. Cependant, il y a beaucoup de lacunes dans les lois nationales qui peuvent entraîner une incertitude juridique considérable pour l'entrepreneur et en même temps, ne pas fournir une protection adéquate à l'environnement et à l’homme. L’étude comparée des systèmes juridiques démontre qu’il est extrêmement important que les pays qui sont exposés aux périls des marées noires, notamment ceux qui exploitent des hydrocarbures dans la mer, disposent d’un fonds spécial d’indemnisation pour garantir et faciliter la restauration de l’environnement et le payement des indemnisations aux victimes. Outre la protection de l’environnement et des droits des citoyens, le fonds offre aussi la possibilité d’application des cas exceptés et de la limitation de responsabilité. Le fonds serait utilisé pour couvrir les préjudices au-delà de la limite de responsabilité de l’entrepreneur ou dans les cas où la responsabilité de celui-ci est écartée par un cas excepté. / The current situation of the rules governing the liability of the entrepreneur for environmental damage caused by offshore oil exploration and by the transportation of this product by oil tankers, shows that the legislator is more concerned with environmental health issues. However, there are many gaps in national legislations that can lead to considerable legal uncertainty for the responsible parties. While, at the same time it does not provide adequate protection for the environment and to human beings. The comparative study of legals systems shows the importance that countries that are exposed to the dangers of oil spills, especially those exploiting oil in the sea, to have a special indemnisation fund to guarantee and facilitate environmental restoration and payment of compensation to victims. Besides protecting the environment and citizens' rights, the fund also offers the possibility of applying the defenses of liability and limitation of liability. The funds would be used to cover the losses beyond the limit of liability of the responsible partie or when the responsibility for the accident is ruled out by a liability defense cause.

This works proposes a novel methodology for Fault Section Estimation in Power Systems. This document describes a computational tool to assist operators of electrical system in decision-making, thus ensuring the reliability of the energy supply and the reduction of reestablishment time after of fault occurrence. The proposed methodology is based on the interpretation of alarms provided by the Supervisory and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) and the electrical characteristics of the system, as well as impedance of transmission lines and transformers, circuit breakers states and settings of distance protective relays. The methodology is deterministic and uses the interception between zones of distance protective relays as base for the section estimation and the circuit breaker states to associate physically isolated sections in the system after of fault occurrence, making use of a shortest path search algorithm. Possible fault scenarios were simulated on the IEEE-30 Bus System in order to validate the methodology. The results show that the approach can provide satisfactory solutions, even in cases of multiple faults or failure of protections devices. / Este trabalho propõe uma nova metodologia para a estimação da seção de falta em sistemas elétricos de potência. O presente documento descreve uma ferramenta computacional capaz de auxiliar os operadores do sistema elétrico na tomada de decisão, favorecendo a confiabilidade do fornecimento da energia e a redução do tempo de reestabelecimento quando da ocorrência de falta. A metodologia proposta esta baseada na interpretação dos alarmes fornecidos pelo Sistema de Supervisão e Aquisição de dados (SCADA) e nas características elétricas do sistema, assim como impedâncias de linhas de transmissão e transformadores; nos estados dos disjuntores e nos sinais e ajustes dos relés de proteção de distância. A metodologia é determinística e utiliza a intercepção entre as zonas de proteção dos relés de distância como base para a estimação da seção e os estados dos disjuntores para associar as seções fisicamente isoladas no sistema ante a ocorrência de falta, fazendo uso de um algoritmo de busca do caminho mais curto. Possíveis cenários de falta foram simulados no sistema IEEE-30 barras a fim de validar a metodologia. Os resultados mostram que a abordagem consegue fornecer soluções satisfatórias, mesmo em casos de faltas múltiplas ou em caso de falha de dispositivos de proteção.