The fundamental goal of proteomics is to gain an understanding of the expression and function of the proteome on the level of individual proteins, on the level of defined cell types and on the level of the entire organism. In this thesis, the human proteome is explored using membrane protein topology prediction methods to define the human membrane proteome and by global protein expression profiling, which relies on a complex study of the location and expression levels of proteins in tissues and cells. A whole-proteome analysis was performed based on the predicted protein-coding genes of humans using a selection of membrane protein topology prediction methods. The study used a majority decision-based method, which estimated that approximately 26% of the human genes encode for a membrane protein. The prediction results are displayed in a visualization tool to facilitate the selection of antigens to be used for antibody generation. Global protein expression profiles in a large number of cells and tissues in the human body were analyzed for more than 4000 protein targets, based on data from the antibody-based immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence methods within the framework of the Human Protein Atlas project. The results revealed few cell-type specific proteins and a high fraction of human proteins expressed in most cells, suggesting that cell and tissue specificity is attained by a fine-tuned regulation of protein levels. The expression profiles were also used to analyze the relationship between 45 cell lines by hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis. The global protein expression patterns overall reflected the tumor origin of the cells, and also allowed for identification of proteins of importance for distinguishing different categories of cell lines, as defined by phenotype of progenitor cell. In addition, the protein distribution in 16 subcellular compartments in three of the human cell lines was mapped. A large fraction of proteins were localized in two or more compartments and, in line with previous results, a majority of proteins were detected in all three cell lines. Finally, mass spectrometry-based protein expression levels were compared to RNA-seq-based transcript expression levels in three cell lines. Highly ubiquitous mRNA expression was found and the changes of expression levels between the cell lines showed high correlations between proteins and transcripts. Large general differences in abundance of proteins from various functional classes were observed. A comparison between categories based on expression levels revealed that, in general, genes with varying expression levels between the cell lines or only expressed in one cell line were highly enriched for cell-surface proteins. These studies show a path for a systematic analysis to characterize the proteome in human cells, tissues and organs. / QC 20110317 / The Human Protein Atlas project

Anion exchanger 1 (AE1) is a 95 kDa glycoprotein that facilitates Cl-/HCO3- exchange across the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Seven conserved tryptophan (Trp) residues are in the AE1 membrane domain; at the membrane interface (Trp648, Trp662, and Trp723), in transmembrane segment (TM) 4 (Trp492 and Trp496), and in hydrophilic loops (Trp831, and Trp848). All 7 Trp residues were individually mutated into alanine (Ala) and phenylalanine (Phe) and transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells. The 7 Trp residues could be grouped into three classes according to the impact of the mutations on the functional expression of AE1: class 1, normal expression, class 2, expression decreased, and class 3, expression decreased by Ala substitution. These results indicate that Trp residues play differential roles in AE1 expression depending on their location in the protein and suggest that Trp mutants with a low expression are misfolded and retained in the ER.

Anion exchanger 1 (AE1) is a 95 kDa glycoprotein that facilitates Cl-/HCO3- exchange across the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Seven conserved tryptophan (Trp) residues are in the AE1 membrane domain; at the membrane interface (Trp648, Trp662, and Trp723), in transmembrane segment (TM) 4 (Trp492 and Trp496), and in hydrophilic loops (Trp831, and Trp848). All 7 Trp residues were individually mutated into alanine (Ala) and phenylalanine (Phe) and transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells. The 7 Trp residues could be grouped into three classes according to the impact of the mutations on the functional expression of AE1: class 1, normal expression, class 2, expression decreased, and class 3, expression decreased by Ala substitution. These results indicate that Trp residues play differential roles in AE1 expression depending on their location in the protein and suggest that Trp mutants with a low expression are misfolded and retained in the ER.

During pregnancy, 4 - 7% of women suffer from major depressive disorder. When antidepressive treatment is needed, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly used. Although severe complications from SSRI treatment are rare, association with a number of adverse pregnancy and fetal outcomes has been found. Also, antenatal depression per se has been shown to affect pregnancy outcomes. The overall aim of this thesis was to examine the effects of SSRIs on human placenta and embryo. In the first study, gene expression was investigated in placenta from depressed, SSRI-treated and healthy pregnant women, using microarray analysis. Antenatal depression and SSRI treatment induced alterations in gene expression, but only 20 genes in common were noted. Validation with qRT-PCR showed that six out of seven selected genes were altered in SSRI-treated women compared with controls, and two genes were altered between depressed women and controls. In study two, the protein levels in placenta from depressed, SSRI-treated and healthy pregnant women were investigated, focusing on the NGF signaling pathway. NGF, phosphorylated Raf-1, ROCK2 and phosphorylated ROCK2, were altered in both SSRI-treated and depressed women, although the proteins were regulated differently in the two groups. In the third study, human embryos were treated with fluoxetine. Embryo development and protein expression were studied. Fluoxetine had some effect on the timing of embryo developmental stages. Also, several proteins were uniquely found in fluoxetine-treated embryos compared with untreated embryos. Fluoxetine also altered the levels of proteins secreted from the embryo. In the fourth study, the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y/TrkA was treated with TPA and NGF. The activation of Raf-1 was investigated and the involvement of Ras and PKC was studied. Both NGF and TPA activated Raf-1, but to a different extent and via different pathways. The NGF-induced activation of Raf-1 was mediated via Ras, while TPA induced signaling via PKC. In conclusion, SSRI treatment and antenatal depression influence placental gene and protein expression. These findings may affect placental development and function, which in turn could affect fetal development. Also, direct exposure of embryos to fluoxetine has some effects on embryo development and protein expression, which may affect the development of the fetus.

Ephrin type-B receptor 2 (EphB2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase which phosphorylates proteins and thereby regulates cell migration, vascular development, axon guidance synaptic plasticity, and formation of borders between tissues. It has been seen overexpressed in several cancers, which make it an interesting protein to study. In this thesis EphB2 kinase domain (KD) and juxtamembrane segment with kinase domain (JMS-KD) have been expressed, purified and studied using analytical ultracentrifugation to evaluate the oligomerisation of the KD and how the double mutation S677/680A affects this. A program for data analysis have been written and used for analysis of the acquired data. The values of the dissociation constant were 2.94±1.04 mM for KD wild type and 3.46±2.26 mM for JMS-KD wild type have been calculated. Due to varied problems with the measurements no data was acquired on the double mutant, and not enough data was gained to draw any conclusions. Additional experiments will be needed to understand the oligomerisation of this intriguing protein.

Drug resistant strains of Clostridium difficile are a major health concern with over 3 million cases costing over 1 billion $ per year in the United-States. The diseases associated with these bacteria (CDAD) are toxin-mediated which offers a mean of treating and lessening the severity of CDAD symptoms. Toxin inactivation via antibodies therapy can drastically reduce CDAD morbidity and this project was aiming at investigating the large-scale production and recovery of a novel llama single domain antibody (pSJF2H-ToxA5.1) in recombinant Escherichia coli TG1 targeting C. difficile enterotoxin A (TcdA). In order to achieve these objectives, the project was divided into four segments: 1) ToxA5.1 being an intracellular recombinant protein, obtaining a high biomass production was the first step towards large-scale production. To achieve HCDC, effects of initial glucose concentration and pH-stat feeding strategy were studied; 2) Upon achieving HCDC, effects of parameters such as temperature, induction timing and media supplementation with complex nitrogen sources were investigated; 3) Once large-scale production of ToxA5.1 was obtained, the recombinant protein needed to be recovered and a selective cell lysis scheme where synergistic lysis effects of Triton X-100 and temperature were studied. And finally 4) Single-step purification using nickel nanoparticles (NNP) synthesized via a modified polyol method was studied. Combining the HCDC strategy with a temperature shift and yeast extract addition at the time of induction, ToxA5.1 concentration of 127 mg/L was obtained. Synergistic and selective cell lysis using Triton X-100 and temperature was achieved where 95% of the available ToxA5.1 was recovered and still functional while ToxA5.1 fraction in the resulting lysate increased to 27% in the cell lysate. Single-step purification was achieved using the synthesized NNP which proved to be highly selective and could be used up to five times. Diameter of the NNP synthesized was controlled by using various concentration of ranging from 131 ± 80 nm to 47 ± 20 nm. Using experimental data from binding isotherm, the ToxA5.1-NNP system was modeled.

Background: Trypsinogen is the inactive precursor of trypsin, a serine protease that cleaves proteins and peptides after arginine and lysine residues. In this study, human trypsinogen was used as a model protein to study the influence of electrostatic forces on protein–protein interactions. Trypsinogen is active only after its eight-amino-acid-long activation peptide has been cleaved off by another protease, enteropeptidase. Trypsinogen can also be autoactivated without the involvement of enteropeptidase. This autoactivation process can occur if a trypsinogen molecule is activated by another trypsin molecule and therefore is based on a protein–protein interaction. Results: Based on a rational protein design based on autoactivation-defective guinea pig trypsinogen, several amino acid residues, all located far away from the active site, were changed to modify the surface charge of human trypsinogen. The influence of the surface charge on the activation pattern of trypsinogen was investigated. The autoactivation properties of mutant trypsinogen were characterized in comparison to the recombinant wild-type enzyme. Surface-charged trypsinogen showed practically no autoactivation compared to the wild-type but could still be activated by enteropeptidase to the fully active trypsin. The kinetic parameters of surface-charged trypsinogen were comparable to the recombinant wild-type enzyme. Conclusion: The variant with a modified surface charge compared to the wild-type enzyme showed a complete different activation pattern. Our study provides an example how directed modification of the protein surface charge can be utilized for the regulation of functional protein–protein interactions, as shown here for human trypsinogen.

Sugarcane bacilliform virus (SCBV) is an economically important pathogen of sugarcane in Australia which limits access to foreign sugarcane germplasm. Although SCBV is present in the major cane growing regions worldwide, very little is known about its variability, virulence and the yield losses resulting from infection. The limited information on SCBV has resulted in quarantine measures being introduced to protect the Australian sugarcane industry, with a major consequence being restricted access to imported sugarcane germplasm for breeding programs. Foreign sugarcane germplasm plays an important role in breeding of new commercial varieties for the Australian sugar industry and is essential for the long term productivity, profitability and sustainability of the sugar industry. This study was aimed at characterising Australian isolates of SCBV to enable the development of reliable and robust molecular and/or antibody-based diagnostic tests which could be used to not only assess the impact of SCBV on the Australian sugarcane industry, but could also be used to screen imported sugarcane germplasm for the virus. SCBV virions (SCBV-IM) were purified from the sugarcane accession "Ireng Maleng" and the dsDNA genome was cloned and sequenced. The genome of SCBV-IM comprised 7687 bp with an organisation typical of other badnaviruses. When the entire nucleotide sequence of SCBV-IM was compared to that of the Moroccan SCBV isolate (SCBV-Mo), less than 75% similarity was present. Within the coding regions, ORF I, ORF II and ORF III had 83%, 71% and 73% nucleotide similarity to SCBV-Mo, respectively. At the amino acid level, ORFs I, II and III from SCBV-IM showed 91%, 84% and 85% similarity to the equivalent regions in SCBV-Mo, respectively. To further investigate the level of sequence variability within Australian SCBV isolates, virions were purified from three further sugarcane accessions and a 220 bp fragment of the reverse transcriptase-coding region was amplified. Five clones from each sub-population were selected and sequenced. Analysis of these sequences revealed considerable variability in the virus population with variability within one plant as great as it was between isolates. However, since the use of specific primers could also be selecting for a sub-population of SCBV sequences, it was possible that the variability may actually be greater than that reported. These results indicated that SCBV isolates are complex and variable and may represent a continuum of genetic variability. High molecular weight DNA species larger than the SCBV 7.6 kbp unit-length genome were found in DNA extracted from purified SCBV-IM virions. We confirmed that these high molecular weight nucleic acids were virus-specific and open circular in conformation. Using field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE), the SCBV-IM DNA was separated into four discrete bands with sizes ranging from between 1 to 4 genome copies. The DNA was shown to comprise overlapped individual genome-length molecules and not covalently-bonded continuous DNA strands. We presume that these DNA molecules are concatamers formed during replication as a result of a terminal overlap on the sense strand. The presence of these concatamers within virions may explain the observation of particles with lengths corresponding to one, two or three times the modal length of 130 nm. Four SCBV-infected Saccharum officinarum plants were examined for the presence of integrated viral DNA. Southern blot analysis of viral DNA and total DNA extracted from the same plant source were compared with, or without, restriction digestion. The resulting restriction patterns from viral and total DNA were almost identical suggesting that there were no integrated SCBV sequences in the sugarcane cultivars tested. Although larger-than-single-genome copy bands were detected in both the viral and the total DNA samples, this was probably due to the presence of genomic concatamers. SCBV integration studies using Southern analyses were further complicated by high sequence variability which precluded the restriction digestion of all viral DNA species. As such, some of the SCBV DNA species remain as concatamers which appear as larger-than-unit-length SCBV products. An antiserum derived from a mixture of purified SCBV isolates has been used routinely in the past to screen for SCBV infection, but the heterogeneity reported for badnaviruses has cast doubt on the ability of this antiserum to detect all SCBV isolates. We attempted to determine whether antiserum generated against proteins other than the viral capsid could be used to detect SCBV infections, thus improving the reliability and robustness of SCBV diagnosis. The complete coding regions of SCBV ORF I and ORF II were bacterially expressed and used as antigens for antiserum production. Both ORF I and II proteins were found to be highly immunogenic and generated high-titre antisera, designated AS-I and AS-II, respectively. The diagnostic utility of both antisera to detect SCBV in six different infected sugarcane plants was tested using both immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) and western blots. The currently used SCBV antiserum (AS-V), generated against a mixture of purified SCBV isolates, was included for comparison. In western analyses, neither AS-I nor AS-V was able to conclusively detect SCBV in any of the six infected plants due to reactivity with numerous non-specific proteins. In contrast, AS-II reacted specifically with a protein of the expected size (~13.5 kDa) in 2/6 infected plants. When compared using ISEM, AS-V, AS-I and AS-II trapped virions from 6/6, 6/6 and 2/6 SCBV-infected plants, respectively. However, the number of virions trapped using AS-V was approximately 30-fold more than that trapped using either AS-I or AS-II. These results highlight the variability between SCBV isolates and suggest that ISEM with antisera raised against mixtures of viral proteins may be a useful tool for the detection of viral isolates.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gibertoni_am_dr_jabo.pdf: 1047291 bytes, checksum: 9be7492afd065b969b043d3a6d16e4be (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram realizadas a clonagem e expressão do gene da nucleoproteína (N) de uma estirpe vacinal de referência M41 do vírus da bronquite infecciosa (VBI), como proteína recombinante de fusão, contendo uma cauda de poli-histidina na extremidade carboxi-terminal, em 2 sistemas hospedeiros; na levedura metilotrófica, Pichia pastoris e na bactéria Escherichia coli. A proteína N derivada de um isolado variante do VBI de surtos a campo no Brasil, também foi expressa em E. coli. As características bioquímicas e imunoquímicas de tais proteínas recombinantes, foram determinadas, tendo sido evidenciado maior eficiência de produção no sistema hospedeiro constituído por E. coli, comparativamente ao sistema composto por P. pastoris. Uma vez obtidas, caracterizadas e purificadas, através da técnica de cromatografia de afinidade em resina de níquel-sepharose, as preparações de proteína N recombinante expressas em E. coli e derivadas ou da estirpe de referência M41 ou do novo isolado de campo no Brasil, foram utilizadas de forma bem sucedida, como antígenos alvo de ensaios indiretos de ELISA, que foram aplicados na detecção e mensuração de anticorpos dos isótipos IgG e IgM em aves infectadas com estirpes homóloga ou variantes do VBI. Foi, também, investigada a atividade imunogênica da proteína N recombinante em aves, que depois de imunizadas e re-imunizadas com essas proteínas recombinantes, produziram no soro sanguíneo e na secreção lacrimal quantidades elevadas de anticorpos anti-VBI específicos, mas não desenvolveram proteção efetiva contra o desafio com a estirpe homóloga desse vírus. Concluindo, a proteína N recombinante do VBI expressa pela E. coli possui elevada imunogenicidade, no sentido de induzir altos níveis de anticorpos específicos, e reatividade cruzada com proteínas N de outras variantes desse vírus, tendo um grande potencial de ser aplicada em... / Two host systems, represented by Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris were used for cloning and protein expression of the nucleoprotein (N) gene of M41 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) as a fusion recombinant protein containing a poli-histidine tag. The N protein from a new variant Brazilian field isolate was also cloned and expressed by E. coli system. The biochemical and immunochemical properties of these recombinant N proteins were determined and higher efficiency on protein production was achieved by using the E. coli expression system. Both recombinant N proteins expressed by E. coli were purified in nickel-sepharose resin and used as antigen in indirect ELISA methods for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies in birds infected with homologous and variant IBVs. The immunogenicity of N recombinant protein was also evaluated by immunizing and re-immunizing birds and high antibody levels were generated in lachrymal secretion and serum, but no effective protection against challenge with homologous virulent stain of IBV was induced. Concluding, the recombinant N IBV protein expressed by E. coli is highly immunogenic for inducing specific and crossreactive antibodies, and can be applied in the immuno-diagnosis of IB

Orientador: Hélio José Montassier / Banca: Ricardo Luiz Moro de Sousa / Banca: José Moacir Marin / Banca: Eduardo Hilário / Banca: Maria da Glória Buzinaro / Resumo: Foram realizadas a clonagem e expressão do gene da nucleoproteína (N) de uma estirpe vacinal de referência M41 do vírus da bronquite infecciosa (VBI), como proteína recombinante de fusão, contendo uma cauda de poli-histidina na extremidade carboxi-terminal, em 2 sistemas hospedeiros; na levedura metilotrófica, Pichia pastoris e na bactéria Escherichia coli. A proteína N derivada de um isolado variante do VBI de surtos a campo no Brasil, também foi expressa em E. coli. As características bioquímicas e imunoquímicas de tais proteínas recombinantes, foram determinadas, tendo sido evidenciado maior eficiência de produção no sistema hospedeiro constituído por E. coli, comparativamente ao sistema composto por P. pastoris. Uma vez obtidas, caracterizadas e purificadas, através da técnica de cromatografia de afinidade em resina de níquel-sepharose, as preparações de proteína N recombinante expressas em E. coli e derivadas ou da estirpe de referência M41 ou do novo isolado de campo no Brasil, foram utilizadas de forma bem sucedida, como antígenos alvo de ensaios indiretos de ELISA, que foram aplicados na detecção e mensuração de anticorpos dos isótipos IgG e IgM em aves infectadas com estirpes homóloga ou variantes do VBI. Foi, também, investigada a atividade imunogênica da proteína N recombinante em aves, que depois de imunizadas e re-imunizadas com essas proteínas recombinantes, produziram no soro sanguíneo e na secreção lacrimal quantidades elevadas de anticorpos anti-VBI específicos, mas não desenvolveram proteção efetiva contra o desafio com a estirpe homóloga desse vírus. Concluindo, a proteína N recombinante do VBI expressa pela E. coli possui elevada imunogenicidade, no sentido de induzir altos níveis de anticorpos específicos, e reatividade cruzada com proteínas N de outras variantes desse vírus, tendo um grande potencial de ser aplicada em ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Two host systems, represented by Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris were used for cloning and protein expression of the nucleoprotein (N) gene of M41 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) as a fusion recombinant protein containing a poli-histidine tag. The N protein from a new variant Brazilian field isolate was also cloned and expressed by E. coli system. The biochemical and immunochemical properties of these recombinant N proteins were determined and higher efficiency on protein production was achieved by using the E. coli expression system. Both recombinant N proteins expressed by E. coli were purified in nickel-sepharose resin and used as antigen in indirect ELISA methods for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies in birds infected with homologous and variant IBVs. The immunogenicity of N recombinant protein was also evaluated by immunizing and re-immunizing birds and high antibody levels were generated in lachrymal secretion and serum, but no effective protection against challenge with homologous virulent stain of IBV was induced. Concluding, the recombinant N IBV protein expressed by E. coli is highly immunogenic for inducing specific and crossreactive antibodies, and can be applied in the immuno-diagnosis of IB / Doutor