A resistência tubular renal tem sido estudada a fim de se ampliar a compreensão da fisiopatologia da Insuficiência renal aguda (IRA). A isquemia renal induz à resistência a um subseqüente insulto isquêmico sendo que os mecanismos de resistência parecem depender de alterações celulares. O p21 é um inibidor do ciclo celular, o qual pode ser induzido por radicais livres de oxigênio e parece ter um efeito protetor na IRA isquêmica. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o papel do p21 e do estresse oxidativo em modelo de resistência adquirida após episódio de IRA isquêmica, e em túbulos proximais isolados após isquemia. Ratos Wistar foram divididos em 3 grupos: grupo 1- sham, grupo 2- submetido a procedimento sham e após 2 dias submetido à isquemia de 45 min e grupo 3- submetido à isquemia de 45 min e após 2 dias submetido à segunda isquemia de 45 min. Os valores de uréia plasmática (114±60 vs. 136±44 mg/dL, n.s.), a creatinina sérica (0,86±0,2 vs. 0,98±0,1mg/dL, n.s.) e o clearance de creatinina (0,21±0,1vs. 0,24±0,1mL/min/100g, n.s.), avaliados 48 h após o segundo procedimento (Dia 4), foram semelhantes entre os grupos 2 e 3. O tempo de recuperação da IRA também foi semelhante entre os grupos 2 e 3. A histologia mostrou necrose tubular aguda aparentemente de grau semelhante entre os grupos 2 e 3. O infiltrado linfocitário foi semelhante entre os 3 grupos, entretanto houve aumento no infiltrado de macrófagos no grupo 3. Foi observado aumento na proliferação celular no grupo 2 e grupo 3, quando comparados ao grupo 1(125±28 cél./mm2, p<0,05), entretanto, a proliferação foi mais intensa no grupo 2 (1.262±440 cél /mm2) que no grupo 3 (653±300 cél /mm2, p<0,05 vs. group 2). O grau de apoptose encontrado foi semelhante entre o grupo 2 e o grupo 3. Houve aumento na expressão do p21 apenas no grupo 3 sendo que esta expressão foi semelhante nos grupos 1 e 2. Foi estudada também a resistência celular em túbulos proximais (TP) isolados de ratos normais (grupo Controle) e ratos submetidos à isquemia de 35 min, 24 h antes do estudo (grupo Isquemia). TP do grupo Isquemia foram susceptíveis à hipóxia, porém, resistentes à lesão de reoxigenação. Além disto, apresentaram menor produção de hidroperóxidos. Portanto, a resistência renal isquêmica aparentemente está associada a mecanismos celulares, o estresse oxidativo e o aumento na expressão do p21 são possíveis mediadores destes mecanismos. / Renal tubular resistance has been studied for the understanding of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). Subsequent ischemic episodes may induce renal resistance whose mechanisms seem to be related to cell alterations. P21 is a cell cycle inhibitor that may be induced by oxygen free radicals and may have a protective effect in ischemic ARF. This study aimed at evaluating the role of oxidative stress and p21 on tubular resistance in isolated renal tubules and in a model of acquired resistance after renal ischemia. Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: group 1 - sham; group 2 - submitted to sham procedure and after 2 days submitted to 45 min ischemia and group 3 - submitted to ischemia of 45 min followed by a second 45 min ischemia after 2 days. Plasma urea levels (114±60 vs. 136±44 mg/dL), serum creatinine (0.86±0.2 vs. 0.98±0.1mg/dL) and creatinine clearance (0.21±0.1vs. 0.24±0.1mL/min/100g.) evaluated at 48 hours after the second procedure were similar between groups 2 and 3 (all NS). ARF recovery time was also similar between groups 2 and 3. Histology disclosed the same degree of acute tubular necrosis between groups 2 and 3. Lymphocytes infiltrate was similar among all groups whereas macrophages infiltrate was greater in group 3. Enhanced cell proliferation was observed in groups 2 and 3 when compared with group 1 (125±28 cel/mm2, p<0.05), however it was greater in group 2 (1,262±440 cel/mm2) than group 3 (653±300 cel/mm2, p<0.05 vs. group 2). Degree of apoptosis was similar between groups 2 and 3. The p21 expression was increased only in group 3 whereas it was similar in groups 1 and 2. Cell resistance was also evaluated in isolated renal proximal tubules (PT) from control and ischemia groups. In the latter group, animals were submitted to 35 min ischemia and PT were isolated one day later. PT from the ischemia group were sensitive to hypoxia but resistant to reoxygenation injury which was followed by lower hydroperoxides production. In conclusion, renal resistance obtained by an ischemia was associated with cell mechanisms involving oxidative stress and increased p21 expression as mediators of this protection.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alberto Jose de Camargo.pdf: 516677 bytes, checksum: 70bc526c520eaf01d1b8dd5d2a9a33f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper is based on the report of a case of Asperger Syndrome (A.S.) with a late diagnosis and on some remarks on classic biomedical and clinical psychology assessment and treatment of the Asperger Syndrome. The therapist and also a researcher, transforms the assistance of A.S. based in a classic biomedical framework into a social - historical clinic psychology practice, related to the assumptions of Vigotsky s Works (1924) of Mediation and Proximal Developmental Zone (PDZ). The patient of this case study has extreme difficulties in interpersonal relationship, in affect expressions, and over all, extreme difficulties in starting affective affairs with girls, despite his very good performance in academic and professional tasks. Nevertheless, his difficulties use to lead him to unemploymente menace and to learning déficits in his academic life. He never dares to make any questions to his teachers and colleagues. Aiming diagnosis purposes of difficulties and not deseases, the therapist brings important changes in the classic clinical setting , making therapy in outside environment, by introducing the patient s family and community into the clinical work. This new framework of therapy has the purpose of bringing emotional and dramatical experiences of life to the clinical work, like Veresov (2004) assumptions of the relationship between learning and development in a dialectic way of qualitative steps as a result of intensive emotional and cognitive experiences. The expected effects are the development of new habilities and potentialities as a result of some kind of compensation from the Asperger patient s level of difficulties. Participation of family and community are fundamental to the therapy goals. Aiming new potentialities and development of new habilities for the patient s growing goals, the therapist made a list of steps related to his clinical new approach directed to another therapists: a) Diagnosis of difficulties and potentialities, instead of deseases diagnosis; b) Life story of the patient his family and community; c) Widening up the subjective universe; d) Widening up the therapist and researcher role; e) Multiple mediators proposal; f) Sistemic studies of the patient s contexto of life; g) Therpeutic actions directed toward the Human Rights / Este trabalho é originário de um questionamento de práticas clássicas em psicologia clínica na assistência à Síndrome de Asperger com diagnóstico tardio. O terapeuta, que no seu percurso de atendimento clinico e de pesquisa, acumula formação inicial em psicologia social de orientação marxista e formação psicanalítica posterior, transforma seu atendimento a um caso de Síndrome de Asperger baseado num modelo biomédico clássico, em uma prática clínica fundamentada e orientada pela Psicologia Sócio Histórica e especialmente pela obra de Vigotsky (1998, 1983, 1979), por meio das categorias de Mediação e Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal. O sujeito assistido apresenta as dificuldades nos relacionamentos interpessoais, na manifestação e expressão de afetos, na extrema dificuldade de iniciar um namoro, ao mesmo tempo que apresenta bom desempenho acadêmico e profissional. Suas dificuldades, no entanto, trazem enorme Prejuizo, com ameaça de perda de emprego e acumulo de dependências na faculdade de engenharia, dada sua extrema dificuldade de fazer perguntas a professores e colegas. Com proposta alternativa de diagnóstico de dificuldades e não de doenças , tal como é desenvolvido por Vigotsky em sua obra sobre Defectologia (1924), o terapeuta promove mudanças no setting clássico de atendimento, levando o trabalho terapêutico para situações extra consultório com o envolvimento da família e da comunidade em que vive o sujeito. Nas ações mediadoras e proximais de desenvolvimento foram construídas situações para o livre acontecimento das emoções de todos os participantes, o que foi fundamental para a vivencia de dramaticidade que Veresov (2004) aponta como crucial para que haja saltos qualitativos na relação desenvolvimento e aprendizagem, e neste caso clínico, para o desenvolvimento de novas habilidades e potencias que configuram a transformação nas dificuldades relativas a Asperger , sendo fundamental a participação da comunidade e da família. Visando o desenvolvimento de novas potencias e de protagonismo para o sujeito em atendimento, o terapeuta elenca as etapas de sua proposta clínica: a) Diagnóstico de dificuldades e potências; b) História de vida do sujeito, de sua família e de sua comunidade; c) Ampliação do universo de subjetivação; d) Ampliação do papel do terapeuta e pesquisador; e) Proposição de múltiplas mediações; f) Leitura crítica e sistemática da realidade e do contexto de vida do sujeito; g) Ação terapêutica conhecedora dos Direitos Humanos e orientada pelos mesmos

O peptídeo-1 semelhante ao glucagon (GLP-1) é um hormônio incretina secretado pelas células L do trato gastrointestinal e liberado imediatamente após a ingestão de alimento. O GLP-1 estimula a secreção de insulina pós-prandial moderando a elevação precoce da glicose no sangue. Embora primariamente envolvido na homeostase da glicose, o GLP-1 é capaz de induzir a diurese e natriurese, quando administrado em doses farmacológicas em humanos e em roedores. Estudos prévios do nosso laboratório demonstraram que o mecanismo de ação renal do GLP-1, bem como de agonistas sintéticos do receptor GLP-1R, envolve o aumento do fluxo plasmático renal (FPR) e do ritmo de filtração glomerular (RFG) bem como a diminuição da reabsorção de sódio dependente da isoforma 3 do trocador Na?/H? (NHE3) em túbulo proximal renal. Entretanto, até o momento, nenhum estudo investigou se o GLP-1 endógeno exerce efeitos sobre o manuseio renal de sal e água, nem o seu papel fisiológico sobre a regulação da atividade do NHE3. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi testar a hipótese que o GLP-1 endógeno modula a função renal de ratos, ao menos em parte, via inibição da atividade do NHE3 em túbulo renal. Para este fim, ratos Wistar (2-3 meses de idade) foram devidamente anestesiados, submetidos à traqueostomia e tiveram a veia jugular e a bexiga canuladas para infusão de uma solução contendo 100 ug/kg/min do antagonista do receptor GLP-1R exendin-9 (Ex-9, 40 uL/min) por um período de 30 minutos e para a coleta de urina, respectivamente. A infusão sistêmica de Ex-9 diminuiu a concentração de AMPc urinário e atividade da PKA cortical renal consistente com o bloqueio da sinalização deflagrada pela interação GLP-1/GLP-1R no rim. Além disso, a administração sistêmica de Ex-9 reduziu a diurese, natriurese, RFG, FPR, clearance de lítio e pH urinário. Em experimentos de microperfusão estacionária in vivo, não foram observadas diferenças no fluxo de bicarbonato dependente de NHE3 entre os túbulos proximais perfundidos com exendin-9 (2 uM) e os túbulos perfundidos com solução controle. No entanto, a perfusão tubular proximal com Ex-9 foi capaz de bloquear completamente as ações inibitórias do GLP-1 (20 nM) sobre a atividade do NHE3. Por outro lado, a infusão sistêmica do Ex-9 reduziu os níveis de fosforilação da serina 552, sítio consenso para a fosforilação por PKA localizado na região C-terminal do NHE3, e que está associado à inibição da atividade de troca Na+/H+ mediada por este transportador. Baseando-se nos achados que a infusão sistêmica do Ex-9 aumenta a reabsorção de sódio e secreção de H?, reduz o clearance do lítio e os diminui os níveis de fosforilação do NHE3 na serina 552 são consistentes com um aumento na atividade deste transportador na ausência/redução da sinalização mediada pela interação do GLP-1 endógeno com seu receptor no rim. Por sua vez, o fato do Ex-9 não afetar a atividade do NHE3 sob as condições experimentais da microperfusão estacionária in vivo é condizente com o fato do GLP-1 não ser sintetizado no néfron e sugere fortemente que é o GLP-1 filtrado que se liga ao seu receptor no túbulo proximal renal resultando na diminuição da reabsorção de bicarbonato de sódio mediada pelo NHE3. Em conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que o GLP-1 endógeno exerce efeito tônico sobre o manuseio renal de sódio e água, mediando portanto, uma relação funcional entre a homeostase glicêmica e volêmica / The glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone secreted by the L-cells of the gastrointestinal tract and released immediately after ingestion of food. GLP-1 stimulates postprandial insulin secretion moderating early increase in blood glucose. Although primarily involved in glucose homeostasis, GLP-1 is capable of inducing diuresis and natriuresis when administered in pharmacologic doses in humans and rodents. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the renal mechanism of action of GLP-1 and synthetic agonists of GLP-1R receptor, involves an increase of renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as well a decrease in reabsorption of sodium mediated by the Na? / H? exchanger (NHE3) isoform 3 in the renal proximal tubule. However, to date, no study has investigated whether endogenous GLP-1 exerts effects on the renal handling of salt and water, or its physiological role in the regulation of the activity of NHE3. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that endogenous GLP-1 modulates renal function in rats, at least in part, via inhibition of the NHE3 in renal tubule. To this end, male Wistar rats (2-3 months old) were properly anesthetized, tracheostomized and the jugular vein and the bladder were cannulated to the infusion of a solution containing 100 ug / kg / min GLP-1R antagonist receiver exendin-9 (Ex-9, 40 uL/min) for a period of 30 minutes and to collect urine, respectively. Systemic infusion of Ex-9 reduced the urinary concentration of cAMP and the renal cortical PKA activity, consistent with the blockage of the signal triggered by the interaction of GLP-1 / GLP-1R in the kidney. Furthermore, systemic administration of ex-9 reduced diuresis, natriuresis, GFR, RPF, lithium clearance and urinary pH. In experiments of in vivo stationary microperfusion, no differences were observed in the NHE3-mediated net bicarbonate flow between proximal tubules perfused with exendin-9 (2 mM) and perfused tubules with control solution. However, the tubular proximal perfusion with Ex-9 was able to completely block the inhibitory actions of GLP-1 (20 nM) on the activity of NHE3. On the other hand, systemic infusion of Ex-9 reduced phosphorylation levels of serine 552, a consensus site for phosphorylation by PKA located in the C-terminal region of NHE3, which is associated with inhibition of exchange activity of Na+/H+ mediated by this transporter. Collectively, the findings that systemic infusion of Ex-9 increases sodium reabsorption and secretion of H+, reduces the lithium clearance and decreases the NHE3 phosphorylation at serine 552 levels are consistent with the idea that NHE3 activity is upregulated in the absence/reduction of the signaling cascade mediated by the interaction of the endogenous GLP-1 with its receptor in the kidney. In turn, the fact Ex-9 does not affect the activity of NHE3 under the experimental conditions of stationary microperfusion in vivo is consistent with the fact that GLP-1 is not synthesized in the nephron. Besides, it strongly suggests that is the filtrated GLP-1 that binds to its receptor in renal proximal tubule, resulting in a decrease in NHE3-mediated sodium bicarbonate reabsorption. Taken together, these results suggest that endogenous GLP-1 exerts a tonic effect on renal sodium and water handling, mediating therefore a functional relationship between volume and glucose homeostasis

A partir d’un ensemble de données interprétées et issues d’une analyse préalable par un opérateur expert (horizons, failles), l’objectif de la thèse est de proposer une segmentation d’une image sismique sous-jacente en parfaite cohérence avec les lois de la géologie. L’originalité de la démarche consistera à développer des techniques de segmentation d’images sismiques, entre autres basées sur des approches de type contours actifs, contraintes par des données interprétées en supplément de propriétés intrinsèques calculées par des procédés automatiques à partir de la donnée traitée sans nécessiter une quelconque supervision contrairement aux travaux existants. Un deuxième axe consistera à ordonnancer automatiquement les horizons (surfaces) interprétés et analyser finement chaque intervalle (le lieu existant entre deux horizons), en prenant en compte son contenu (amplitude, orientation, etc.). Tout cela aboutissant à la reconstruction du pseudo-temps géologique. / The objective of the thesis is to propose a segmentation of an underlying seismic image in perfect coherence with the results of a preliminary analysis by an expert (horizons, faults). laws of geology. The originality of the approach will be to develop techniques for segmenting seismic images, among others based on active contour type approaches, constrained by data interpreted in addition to intrinsic properties calculated by automatic processes from the data processed without requiring any supervision in contrast to existing work. A second axis will be to automatically schedule the horizons (surfaces) interpreted and to analyze each interval (the place between two horizons) finely, taking into account its content (amplitude, orientation, etc.). All this resulted in the reconstruction of the geological pseudo-time.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Apesar de muito se discutir sobre os efeitos citotÃxicos dos venenos ofÃdicos, pouco ainda à conhecido sobre os mecanismos de aÃÃo sobre as diversas cÃlulas, e em especial, sobre as cÃlulas renais. No caso particular da citotoxicidade dos venenos crotÃlicos, tem-se postulado a participaÃÃo de diversos metabÃlitos da hidrÃlise de lipÃdios de membrana, e, mais recentemente, da disfunÃÃo mitocondrial. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da fosfolipase A2 (FLA2) isolada do veneno da Crotalus durissus terrificus sobre rim isolado de rato assim como estudar a toxicidade e as alteraÃÃes da funÃÃo mitocondrial induzidas pelas FLA2s de pÃncreas de porco (PFLA2) e de veneno da C. d. terrificus (VSFLA2) em suspensÃes de tÃbulos proximais (TP). No rim isolado foi observado aumento no fluxo urinÃrio, no ritmo de filtraÃÃo glomerular (RFG) e na pressÃo de perfusÃo (PP) enquanto ocorreram decrÃscimos nos percentuais de transporte total de sÃdio (%TNa+), de potÃssio (%TK+) e de cloreto (%TCl-). Na anÃlise histopatolÃgica foi observada a deposiÃÃo de material proteinÃceo nos tÃbulos de rins perfundidos com FLA2. No estudo de suspensÃes de TP tratadas com PFLA2 e com VSFLA2 foi observado que estas induziram injÃria celular, sugerida pelo aumento na liberaÃÃo de lactato desidrogenase (LDH), promoveram aumentos nos nÃveis de Ãcidos graxos nÃo esterificados (AGNE) e diminuÃram o potencial de membrana mitocondrial (&#916;&#936;m), sem, no entanto, alterar os nÃveis de ATP. Em relaÃÃo ao &#916;&#936;m, a PPFLA2 nÃo produziu efeitos nas concentraÃÃes mais elevadas, apesar de ter aumentado, significativamente, na menor concentraÃÃo. As concentraÃÃes mais elevadas da FLA2 crotÃlica, entretanto, induziram um decrÃscimo significativo no &#916;&#936;m. A adiÃÃo de BSA reverteu completamente os efeitos das FLA2s sobre o &#916;&#936;m. No estudo da permeabilidade mitocondrial de transiÃÃo (PMT) foi observado que a PFLA2 e a VSFLA2 promoveram a liberaÃÃo da safranina O e, por entanto, induziu a formaÃÃo de PMT, apesar da leve edema mitocondrial produzido. Conclui-se que as fosfolipases A2 de pÃncreas de porco e do veneno da C. d. terrificus produziram um efeito citotÃxico em preparaÃÃes de tÃbulos proximais evidenciado pelo aumento na liberaÃÃo de LDH, alÃm de promoverem alteraÃÃes no potencial mitocondrial de membrana, o que sugere alteraÃÃo da funÃÃo mitocondrial por essas enzimas. Em rim isolado, foi observado que a FLA2 crotÃlica promoveu alteraÃÃes da funÃÃo renal / Although the increasing interest on biological effects of snake venoms, their cytotoxic as well as their nephrotoxic mechanisms are still unknown. In the particular case of crotalic venoms, it has been postulated the participation of several metabolites from membrane phospholipids hydrolysis and more recently, mitochondrial dysfunction. The present work investigated the renal effects promoted by the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom in the isolated rat kidney. Addition of PLA2 increased UF, GFR and PP, while reducing %TNa+, %TK+ and %TCl-. The histological analysis showed a mild amount of a proteinaceous substance in the renal tubules of kidneys perfused with PLA2. In the present study also showed that the phospholipase A2 isolated from porcine pancreas (PPLA2) and from C d terrificus snake venom (SVPLA2) produced cellular injury suggested by the increase in LDH release and increased nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels from rabbit proximal tubules in suspension. Furthermore, the SVPLA2 induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (&#916;&#936;m) assessed by both JC-1 uptake and safranin O uptake. PPLA2 produced no effects on &#916;&#936;m with the highest concentrations, and an unexpected increase in the group treated with the lowest concentration. Addition of BSA completely reversed the effects induced by phospholipases on &#916;&#936;m. It was observed no changes in cell ATP levels. Finally, to determine whether mitochondrial membrane permeability was affected by PPLA2 and SVPLA2, we measured the change safranin O uptake to assess both changes in mitochondrial volume and in &#916;&#936;m. The latter was affected by both PLA2s although small alterations in the mitochondrial volume were observed. We conclude that the treatment of proximal tubule suspensions with porcine or crotalic PLA2s disturbed the membrane integrity as well as the mitochondrial function. Furthermore, crotalic PLA2 altered renal function in the isolated rat kidney preparation.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o novo material nanoparticulado Carbômero de Vidro pode aumentar a taxa de sobrevida de restaurações ART ocluso-proximais quando comparado com um material resinoso modificado por poliácido - Compômero e o Cimento Ionômero de Vidro de alta viscosidade. Um total de 286 crianças de 5 a 7 anos apresentando ao menos uma lesão de cárie ocluso-proximal foram selecionadas no município de Barueri, SP. Os pacientes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos: CIV de alta viscosidade (CIV - Fuji IX Extra - GC Corp), Compômero (COM - Dyract Extra - Dentsply) e Carbômero de Vidro (CAR - Glass Carbomer - GCP Dental). Todos os tratamentos foram feitos seguindo os preceitos do ART e as recomendações dos fabricantes. As restaurações foram avaliadas após 2, 6 e 12 meses por um examinador treinado. Para verificação da sobrevida das restaurações foi utilizada a análise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier e teste log-rank. Para avaliar a associação entre o desfecho e as variáveis características do paciente foi aplicado o teste de Regressão de Cox. O nível de significância para os testes foi considerado 5%. Após 12 meses de acompanhamento, a sobrevida geral das restaurações foi de 52,8%. A taxa de sobrevida do CIV, COM e CAR foram de 62,6%, 61,3% e 36,3%, respectivamente. A análise estatística mostrou diferença significante entre os materiais, onde o CAR apresentou pior desempenho (HR=1,84; IC 1,19-2,85; p=0,006) e nenhuma diferença foi encontrada entre os materiais CIV e COM. Além disso, foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas para a variável volume da cavidade, onde cavidades menores apresentaram maiores chances de insucesso (p<0,03). Podemos concluir que o novo material Carbômero de Vidro não é adequado para o uso em restaurações ART proximais de molares decíduos em comparação com CIV de alta viscosidade e o Compômero. / The aim of this study was to evaluate if the new nanoparticulate material, the glass carbomer can increase the survival rate of occlusal-proximal-ART restorations compared with compomer - a polyacid resin modified material and a high viscosity glass ionomer cement (GIC). A total of 286 children aged 5 to 7 years presenting at least one occlusal-proximal carious lesion were selected in the city of Barueri, SP. Patients were randomized into three groups: high viscosity GIC (GIC - Fuji IX Extra - GC Corp), Compomer (COM - Dyract Extra - Dentsply) and Glass Carbomer (CAR - Glass Carbomer - GCP Dental). All treatments were made following the precepts of ART and manufacturers\' recommendations. The restorations were evaluated after 2, 6 and 12 months by a trained examiner. To verify the survival of the restorations was used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test. To evaluate the association between the outcome and patient variables was applied Cox regression test. The significance level for the tests was 5%. After 12 months of follow-up, overall survival rate of the restorations was 52.8%. The GIC, COM and CAR survival rate were 62.6%, 61.3% and 36.3%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the materials, where the CAR had a worse performance (HR = 1.84, CI 1.19 to 2.85; p = 0.006) and no difference was found between the CIV and COM materials. Moreover, statistical differences were found for the variable volume of the cavity, where smaller cavities had higher chances of failure (p <0.03). We conclude that the new glass carbomer material is not suitable for use in ART occlusal-proximal restorations in primary molars compared to high viscosity GIC and the compomer.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o novo material nanoparticulado Carbômero de Vidro pode aumentar a taxa de sobrevida de restaurações ART ocluso-proximais quando comparado com um material resinoso modificado por poliácido - Compômero e o Cimento Ionômero de Vidro de alta viscosidade. Um total de 286 crianças de 5 a 7 anos apresentando ao menos uma lesão de cárie ocluso-proximal foram selecionadas no município de Barueri, SP. Os pacientes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos: CIV de alta viscosidade (CIV - Fuji IX Extra - GC Corp), Compômero (COM - Dyract Extra - Dentsply) e Carbômero de Vidro (CAR - Glass Carbomer - GCP Dental). Todos os tratamentos foram feitos seguindo os preceitos do ART e as recomendações dos fabricantes. As restaurações foram avaliadas após 2, 6 e 12 meses por um examinador treinado. Para verificação da sobrevida das restaurações foi utilizada a análise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier e teste log-rank. Para avaliar a associação entre o desfecho e as variáveis características do paciente foi aplicado o teste de Regressão de Cox. O nível de significância para os testes foi considerado 5%. Após 12 meses de acompanhamento, a sobrevida geral das restaurações foi de 52,8%. A taxa de sobrevida do CIV, COM e CAR foram de 62,6%, 61,3% e 36,3%, respectivamente. A análise estatística mostrou diferença significante entre os materiais, onde o CAR apresentou pior desempenho (HR=1,84; IC 1,19-2,85; p=0,006) e nenhuma diferença foi encontrada entre os materiais CIV e COM. Além disso, foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas para a variável volume da cavidade, onde cavidades menores apresentaram maiores chances de insucesso (p<0,03). Podemos concluir que o novo material Carbômero de Vidro não é adequado para o uso em restaurações ART proximais de molares decíduos em comparação com CIV de alta viscosidade e o Compômero. / The aim of this study was to evaluate if the new nanoparticulate material, the glass carbomer can increase the survival rate of occlusal-proximal-ART restorations compared with compomer - a polyacid resin modified material and a high viscosity glass ionomer cement (GIC). A total of 286 children aged 5 to 7 years presenting at least one occlusal-proximal carious lesion were selected in the city of Barueri, SP. Patients were randomized into three groups: high viscosity GIC (GIC - Fuji IX Extra - GC Corp), Compomer (COM - Dyract Extra - Dentsply) and Glass Carbomer (CAR - Glass Carbomer - GCP Dental). All treatments were made following the precepts of ART and manufacturers\' recommendations. The restorations were evaluated after 2, 6 and 12 months by a trained examiner. To verify the survival of the restorations was used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test. To evaluate the association between the outcome and patient variables was applied Cox regression test. The significance level for the tests was 5%. After 12 months of follow-up, overall survival rate of the restorations was 52.8%. The GIC, COM and CAR survival rate were 62.6%, 61.3% and 36.3%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the materials, where the CAR had a worse performance (HR = 1.84, CI 1.19 to 2.85; p = 0.006) and no difference was found between the CIV and COM materials. Moreover, statistical differences were found for the variable volume of the cavity, where smaller cavities had higher chances of failure (p <0.03). We conclude that the new glass carbomer material is not suitable for use in ART occlusal-proximal restorations in primary molars compared to high viscosity GIC and the compomer.

The Cretaceous Mowry Shale is an organic-rich, siliceous marine shale, and as such is a known source rock in the Western United States. Studies have documented that total organic carbon (TOC) in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming increases to the southeast. These studies cover large areas with limited sample sets. In this study, over 250 samples were collected near Lander, Wyoming to address spatial heterogeneity of TOC within the Mowry Shale at a much finer scale than previously examined. Samples were collected along five vertical sections at three localities, and following correlation of the vertical sections, which was strongly aided by the presence of regional bentonite horizons, samples were collected laterally from the same unit at regular 25-foot intervals. These samples were analyzed using pyrolysis and x-ray diffraction techniques. Average TOC values are fairly consistent within the study area (1.65%, with a range of 2.10% to 1.15%). Average Tmax values for vertical and lateral samples is 433 °C with a standard deviation of 7.25 °C suggesting immature to very early oil window thermal maturity. Kerogen types are determined to be dominantly type III, suggesting a dominance of terrestrial input, becoming slightly more mixed type II/III to the southeast. Redox-sensitive trace metals such as uranium, thorium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum values all suggest a slightly oxygenated sediment water interface during time of deposition. These pyrolysis and trace metal data suggest that the study area was in a prograding proximal marine/prodeltaic depositional environment during Upper Mowry time with influences from higher energy bottom flows. Lateral homogeneity of strata and the low variability in geochemical character across the study area suggest that the local basin in the study area was not segmented by structural or oceanographic conditions. While efforts were made to collect unaltered outcrop samples (digging back into what appeared to be unfractured, unaltered rock), alteration or weathering of organic material is a concern for source rock evaluation of near-surface outcrops. In order to address this concern, a 5-foot-deep trench was dug back into the outcrop at the target horizon in one locality. Samples were taken at regular three-inch intervals from this trench as it was excavated to determine the effect of weathering on TOC in the study area. Based on pyrolysis results, TOC was affected by weathering only along fracture sets (several samples intersected fractures in the shallow subsurface) and did not appreciably increase from the surface to a depth of five feet. Due to the impermeable nature of shale rock, decreases of TOC due to weathering appear to be limited to the immediate surface of samples and along fracture sets.

The past decade has seen a significant increase in the emergence of English Language Learners (ELLs) in the United States. Nationally, a disparity in achievement exists between ELLs and non-ELLs. Relatedly, this problem was evident in a northeastern school district, where ELLs had not made Adequate Yearly Progress 2 years in a row. The purpose of this study was to examine how much time English as Second Language (ESL) teachers spend on a variety of best instructional practices. Constructivism, Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, and Tomilinson's differentiated instruction were the frameworks used to guide this research. A within-group design was utilized to identify how much time 25 ESL educators spent on 5 types of instructional practices. The Survey of Instructional Practices for ESL/ELD Teachers for Grades K-12 was used to collect data. A 1-way analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences between the amounts of time ESL teachers spent on the 5 instructional practices. The greatest time was spent on individualized instructional activities and a variety of educational tasks. Less time was spent on small group activities, and the least amount of time was spent on inquiry-based activities and technology activities. Findings supported the creation of a professional development for ESL teachers at the local site focusing on (a) best instructional practices for teaching ESL students, (b) professional learning community network of support, and (c) resources to support educators in their lesson planning of instructional activities. The study findings and culminating project may positively affect social change by improving ESL instruction at the local site and ultimately decreasing the disparity in achievement between ELL and non-ELL students.

Nous avons cherché comment, dans une situation de lecture conjointe, la mère et l’enfant appréhendent l’album de jeunesse et comment, de ce fait, s’instaurent chez l’enfant de 18 mois-36 mois les premières postures de lecteur. Se demander comment la mère et l’enfant découvrent l’album de jeunesse, dans ce triangle Mère/Album/Enfant conduit alors à analyser leurs modes d’appréhension : interactifs, cognitifs, d’objet, narratifs, émotionnels, de subjectivation. Nous étudions également les liens de ces modes d’appréhension avec les postures de lecture de l’enfant et ses conséquences dans l’éveil de son être au livre. Au plan empirique, auprès d’un échantillon constitué de 21 dyades mère-enfant, nous avons procédé en trois temps. Tout d’abord, nous avons réalisé un premier entretien qui nous a permis de recueillir le discours des mères quant aux pratiques familiales de chaque enfant. Dans un second temps, nous avons filmé les dyades, lisant toutes le même album à leur enfant dans une bibliothèque de quartier. Enfin, trois mois après chaque observation filmée, nous avons mené un second entretien qui constituait alors une analyse méta vidéo. A partir des résultats obtenus, nous avons ainsi pu définir la lecture conjointe comme une aire intermédiaire, pouvant s’apparenter à l’Aire Intermédiaire de Winnicott (1971) et à la Zone Proximale de Développement de Vygotski (1933). Nous avons ainsi conceptualisé l’Aire Intermédiaire de Lecture Conjointe (AILC). Nous avons également approfondi, dans une perspective du développement du jeune enfant lecteur, le concept de Lecteur potentiel de Frier (2006). / Our study focuses on the mother /child shared reading experience and how the first reading postures are thereby awakened in the 18 to 26 month old infant. How exactly do the mother and child discover the children’s book? The mother/book/child triangle leads us to an analysis of their mode of apprehension: interactive, cognitive, of the book object, of the narrative, emotional, subjectivity. The link between these different modes of apprehension is also studied along with the child’s reading postures and their consequences on the infant’s discovery of the book. On the empirical level, a sample, consisting of 21 mother/child dyads was studied in three stages. First of all an interview was carried out which allowed us to collect information concerning family practices from the mother of each child. Second, the mother/child dyads were filmed, the mothers all reading the same story to their child in a local library. And lastly, three months after each filmed observation, a second interview consisted in a meta video analysis. The results obtained from this study enabled us to define the joint reading as an intermediary zone, close to Winnicott’s Intermediary Zone (1971) and Vygotski’s Next Proximal Zone of Development (1933). We thus conceptualized the Intermediate Zone of Shared Reading (IZSR). We also went further into Frier’s concept of Potential Reader, keeping in mind the perspective of the development of the infant reader.