Questões ambientais e sócio-econômicas nem sempre coexistem de forma conciliada, o que pode opor a conservação da biodiversidade, a regulação climática, a produção e qua¬li¬da¬de da água, com outros fatores como a produção de energia, alimentos e fibras, e a geração de empregos. No Brasil, o código florestal prescreve as Áreas de Preservação Permanente como forma de garantir a manutenção dos Serviços Ambientais (SA), e os projetos de Pagamento de Serviços Ambientais (PSA) estão surgindo como forma de recompensar os provedores de SA, como o Projeto Conservador das Águas, a primeira experiência municipal brasileira, em andamento no Município de Extrema, MG. Apesar dos esforços, ainda são escassos os estudos que quantifiquem os benefícios econômicos dos serviços ambientais, fundamental para que estes sejam incluídos nas tomadas de decisões. O objetivo do trabalho foi quantificar e valorar os Serviços Ambientais hidrológicos da recuperação da vegetação, na sub-bacia do Ribeirão das Posses, em Extrema, através da modelagem ambiental. Utilizando o modelo InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) foram simuladas a vazão e o fluxo de sedimentos em um cenário anterior e posterior ao Projeto Conservador das Águas, um cenário sem práticas de conservação (Antropizado), e em cenários que priorizassem o reflorestamento ao longo das margens dos rios (reflorestamento ripário) ou nas encostas (reflorestamento das áreas íngremes). Os Serviços Ambientais foram estimados a partir do custo evitado da redução do tratamento de água e dragagem (custos off-site) e na erosão (custos on-site), em função da diferença entre os cenários, e foram comparados com o Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais e o custo de oportunidade, equivalente aos rendimentos da pecuária extensiva. Verificou-se que as estradas geraram 29% da perda de solos na sub-bacia, e as barraginhas, uma das práticas conservacionistas adotadas pelo projeto, diminuíram em 4% os sedimentos na foz da sub-bacia, e o reflorestamento de espécies nativas em 5%. Juntas, as duas práticas contribuíram para 9% de redução. A redução do fluxo de sedimentos do Pós-Projeto em relação ao cenário Antropizado foi de 40%. O reflorestamento ripário foi mais eficiente na redução de fluxo de sedimentos do que o reflorestamento das áreas íngremes e gerou maior redução nos custos de tratamento de água e de dragagem. Enquanto um reflorestamento ripário de apenas 5 m reduziu em 23% o fluxo de sedimentos, um reflorestamento nas áreas íngremes com a mesma área de floresta (áreas com declividade acima de 60%) reduziu o fluxo de sedimentos em 2%. Para um reflorestamento ripário de 30 m, o mesmo foi reduzido em 50%. Por outro lado, o reflorestamento das áreas íngremes foi mais eficiente na redução da perda de solos, e portanto, obteve maior redução dos custos on-site, pela redução dos prejuízos causados pela erosão. Os resultados mostram a importância de projetos como o Conservador das Águas, não só na melhoria das condições ambientais, mas principalmente na conservação de florestas nativas. Os pequenos agricultores são uns dos principais beneficiários devido à melhoria das condições sociais e ambientais, embora não sejam os únicos, uma vez que os benefícios vão além dos limites da sub-bacia, e acreditamos que os esforços para a preservação devem ser com¬par¬ti¬lha-dos pelos beneficiários indiretos, que no caso da sub-bacia do Ribeirão das Posses, seriam os usuários da água do Sistema Cantareira. A nossa sugestão para esta contribuição é de pelo menos 28% do Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais por área preservada. / Environmental and socioeconomic issues not always coexist in a reconciled manner, which may oppose biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, water quality and production, to other factors such as energy production, food and fiber, and job creation. In Brazil, the Forest Code prescribes the Permanent Preservation Areas in order to guarantee the maintenance of Environmental Services (ES), and the Payment for Environmental Services project (PES) are emerging as a way to reward the providers of ES, as Conservador das Águas project, the first Brazilian municipal initiative, underway in Extrema Municipality. Despite the efforts, there are few studies that quantify the economic benefits of ecosystem services essential for them to be part of decision-making process. The objective of this work was to quantify and assess the hydrological Environmental Services in the recovery of vegetation in Posses subbasin in Extrema, through environmental modeling. Using InVEST model (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) we simulated sediment and streamflow in a scenario before Conservador das Águas project (Pre-Project), after (Post-Project), another with no soil conservation practices (Anthropized), and others which prioritize reforestation of riparian areas (riparian reforestation) or in slopes (reforestation of steep areas). The Environmental Services were estimated based on the avoided cost of reducing water treatment and dredging (off-site costs) and erosion (on-site costs), as functions of the difference between scenarios, and they were compared to the Payment for Environmental Services and the opportunity cost, equivalent to the extensive livestock income. It was found that the roads contributed to 29% of the total soil loss in the subbasin, and barraginhas, one of the conservation practices adopted by the project, decreased sediment flow in the river mouth by 4%, and reforestation of native species by 5%. Together, the two practices contributed to a reduction in 9%. The reduction of sediments flow in Post-Project scenario in relation to Anthropized was of 40%. Riparian reforestation was more efficient in the reduction of sediment flow than the reforestation of steep areas, what caused greater reduction in the costs of water treatment and dredging. While a 5 m riparian reforestation reduced sediment flow by 23%, reforestation in steep areas with the same area of forest (areas with slope above 60%) reduced sediment flow by 2%. For a 30 m of riparian strip of reforestation, it was reduced by 50%. On the other hand, reforestation of steep areas was more efficient in reducing soil loss, and so it presented greater reduction in on-site costs by reducing the losses caused by erosion. Results showed the importance of projects such as the Conservador das Águas, not only in the improvement of environmental conditions, but mainly in the conservation of native forests. The main beneficiaries of these projects are small farmers by improving social and environmental conditions, but the benefits go beyond the subbasin boundaries, and we believe that efforts to preserve must be shared by indirect beneficiaries, which in the case of Posses subbasin are the users of water from the Cantareira System. Our suggestion for this contribution is at least 28% of Payment for Environmental Services by preserved area.

Questões ambientais e sócio-econômicas nem sempre coexistem de forma conciliada, o que pode opor a conservação da biodiversidade, a regulação climática, a produção e qua¬li¬da¬de da água, com outros fatores como a produção de energia, alimentos e fibras, e a geração de empregos. No Brasil, o código florestal prescreve as Áreas de Preservação Permanente como forma de garantir a manutenção dos Serviços Ambientais (SA), e os projetos de Pagamento de Serviços Ambientais (PSA) estão surgindo como forma de recompensar os provedores de SA, como o Projeto Conservador das Águas, a primeira experiência municipal brasileira, em andamento no Município de Extrema, MG. Apesar dos esforços, ainda são escassos os estudos que quantifiquem os benefícios econômicos dos serviços ambientais, fundamental para que estes sejam incluídos nas tomadas de decisões. O objetivo do trabalho foi quantificar e valorar os Serviços Ambientais hidrológicos da recuperação da vegetação, na sub-bacia do Ribeirão das Posses, em Extrema, através da modelagem ambiental. Utilizando o modelo InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) foram simuladas a vazão e o fluxo de sedimentos em um cenário anterior e posterior ao Projeto Conservador das Águas, um cenário sem práticas de conservação (Antropizado), e em cenários que priorizassem o reflorestamento ao longo das margens dos rios (reflorestamento ripário) ou nas encostas (reflorestamento das áreas íngremes). Os Serviços Ambientais foram estimados a partir do custo evitado da redução do tratamento de água e dragagem (custos off-site) e na erosão (custos on-site), em função da diferença entre os cenários, e foram comparados com o Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais e o custo de oportunidade, equivalente aos rendimentos da pecuária extensiva. Verificou-se que as estradas geraram 29% da perda de solos na sub-bacia, e as barraginhas, uma das práticas conservacionistas adotadas pelo projeto, diminuíram em 4% os sedimentos na foz da sub-bacia, e o reflorestamento de espécies nativas em 5%. Juntas, as duas práticas contribuíram para 9% de redução. A redução do fluxo de sedimentos do Pós-Projeto em relação ao cenário Antropizado foi de 40%. O reflorestamento ripário foi mais eficiente na redução de fluxo de sedimentos do que o reflorestamento das áreas íngremes e gerou maior redução nos custos de tratamento de água e de dragagem. Enquanto um reflorestamento ripário de apenas 5 m reduziu em 23% o fluxo de sedimentos, um reflorestamento nas áreas íngremes com a mesma área de floresta (áreas com declividade acima de 60%) reduziu o fluxo de sedimentos em 2%. Para um reflorestamento ripário de 30 m, o mesmo foi reduzido em 50%. Por outro lado, o reflorestamento das áreas íngremes foi mais eficiente na redução da perda de solos, e portanto, obteve maior redução dos custos on-site, pela redução dos prejuízos causados pela erosão. Os resultados mostram a importância de projetos como o Conservador das Águas, não só na melhoria das condições ambientais, mas principalmente na conservação de florestas nativas. Os pequenos agricultores são uns dos principais beneficiários devido à melhoria das condições sociais e ambientais, embora não sejam os únicos, uma vez que os benefícios vão além dos limites da sub-bacia, e acreditamos que os esforços para a preservação devem ser com¬par¬ti¬lha-dos pelos beneficiários indiretos, que no caso da sub-bacia do Ribeirão das Posses, seriam os usuários da água do Sistema Cantareira. A nossa sugestão para esta contribuição é de pelo menos 28% do Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais por área preservada. / Environmental and socioeconomic issues not always coexist in a reconciled manner, which may oppose biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, water quality and production, to other factors such as energy production, food and fiber, and job creation. In Brazil, the Forest Code prescribes the Permanent Preservation Areas in order to guarantee the maintenance of Environmental Services (ES), and the Payment for Environmental Services project (PES) are emerging as a way to reward the providers of ES, as Conservador das Águas project, the first Brazilian municipal initiative, underway in Extrema Municipality. Despite the efforts, there are few studies that quantify the economic benefits of ecosystem services essential for them to be part of decision-making process. The objective of this work was to quantify and assess the hydrological Environmental Services in the recovery of vegetation in Posses subbasin in Extrema, through environmental modeling. Using InVEST model (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) we simulated sediment and streamflow in a scenario before Conservador das Águas project (Pre-Project), after (Post-Project), another with no soil conservation practices (Anthropized), and others which prioritize reforestation of riparian areas (riparian reforestation) or in slopes (reforestation of steep areas). The Environmental Services were estimated based on the avoided cost of reducing water treatment and dredging (off-site costs) and erosion (on-site costs), as functions of the difference between scenarios, and they were compared to the Payment for Environmental Services and the opportunity cost, equivalent to the extensive livestock income. It was found that the roads contributed to 29% of the total soil loss in the subbasin, and barraginhas, one of the conservation practices adopted by the project, decreased sediment flow in the river mouth by 4%, and reforestation of native species by 5%. Together, the two practices contributed to a reduction in 9%. The reduction of sediments flow in Post-Project scenario in relation to Anthropized was of 40%. Riparian reforestation was more efficient in the reduction of sediment flow than the reforestation of steep areas, what caused greater reduction in the costs of water treatment and dredging. While a 5 m riparian reforestation reduced sediment flow by 23%, reforestation in steep areas with the same area of forest (areas with slope above 60%) reduced sediment flow by 2%. For a 30 m of riparian strip of reforestation, it was reduced by 50%. On the other hand, reforestation of steep areas was more efficient in reducing soil loss, and so it presented greater reduction in on-site costs by reducing the losses caused by erosion. Results showed the importance of projects such as the Conservador das Águas, not only in the improvement of environmental conditions, but mainly in the conservation of native forests. The main beneficiaries of these projects are small farmers by improving social and environmental conditions, but the benefits go beyond the subbasin boundaries, and we believe that efforts to preserve must be shared by indirect beneficiaries, which in the case of Posses subbasin are the users of water from the Cantareira System. Our suggestion for this contribution is at least 28% of Payment for Environmental Services by preserved area.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Paper spray - mass spectrometry (PS-MS) has been developed as a rapid and direct ionization method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex samples at trace levels. In this work, different sampling devices for PS-MS were investigated to improve the assay’s simplicity and sensitivity over traditional approaches. In particular, chapter two characterizes an alternate paper substrate to enhance drug detection on surfaces like asphalt, cloth, concrete, aluminum, and glass. Analysis occurs on a single spray ticket coated with pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), also known as Post-it notes to detect and quantify drug residues. A PS-MS method utilizing PSA paper was developed to detect a mixture of ten drugs off of various surfaces to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative capabilities of the aforementioned substrate. After the method development on a conventional linear ion trap mass spectrometer, the assay was translated for use on a portable mass spectrometer to evaluate the suitability of the pressure-sensitive adhesive paper substrate in the field in chapter three. Chapter four introduces a sampling device combined with a snap-in solid-phase extraction (SPE) column. The new cartridge design not only inherits the functions from the first iteration SPE cartridge, including extraction and preconcentration from complex samples, but also exhibits greater flexibility in volume control and ease of use for on-site sample collection.

The aim of this diploma thesis is an analysis of selected joint-stock companies of the European automotive industry for the purpose of selecting the most advantageous investment opportunities. The theoretical part of the thesis summarizes the most common approaches and methods of fundamental analysis of shares. In the practical part, these findings applied to the analysis by BMW AG, Daimler AG, Fiat SpA, PSA SA, Renault SA and Volkswagen AG. The investment recommendation is proposed in the basis of the comparision of the results gathered by the analysis.

Die derzeitigen Probleme bei der Planung, Durchführung und Überwachung des seilunterstützten Rettens und Bergens entstehen durch die hohen Anforderungen an die Rettungsteams und die erforderlichen kurzen Ablaufzeiten. Einerseits sind die • Güte der Qualifikation der Rettungsteams und der Ausbilder, • Angemessenheit der Ausrüstung der Rettungsteams, • tatsächliche Arbeitssicherheit der Prozesse für alle beteiligten Personen, • tatsächliche Prozesssicherheit unterteilt nach technischer und menschlicher Zuverlässigkeit derzeit nicht ausreichend bewertbar, und andererseits sind die technologischen Abläufe mit ihren Gefährdungs- und Gestaltungspotentialen nur einem kleinen Kreis von Fachleuten bekannt. Dieses Erfahrungswissen gilt es, für alle Anwender zu erschließen. Betrachtet man nun die große Methodenvielfalt der seilunterstützten Rettungs- und Bergeverfahren, die auftretenden Fehler bei Übungen und die Unsicherheit der Planer und überwachenden Personen dieser Verfahren bezüglich der Gefährdungen der Rettungsteams und der zu rettenden bzw. zu bergenden Personen, so zeigen sich Probleme in der Prozessgestaltung. In dieser Arbeit wird, aufbauend auf die Standardisierung der Fertigungsverfahren, ein Baukasten-System mit standardisierten Prozessbausteinen und einem Ablaufalgorithmus zur Anwendung entwickelt, mit der die Aufbau- und Ablauforganisation der Rettungsprozesse beschrieben werden kann. Für die derzeit typischen Rettungs- und Bergeprozesse wurden Standardprozesse entwickelt und in ihren Gültigkeitsbereichen definiert. Der Baustein-Katalog, bestehend aus 127 Prozessbausteinen, ist an der Professur Arbeitswissenschaft der TU Chemnitz erhältlich.

This project is aimed toward finding DNA aptamers against prostate cancer peptide antigens. DNA aptamers can function to find and indicate the presence of certain molecules in a specimen. These aptamers will be obtained through the process of evolutionary selection, a specific process called SELEX which stands for Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Experimental Enrichment. By conducting several rounds of SELEX, a DNA aptamer will be selected to bind to a known peptide antigen. A biotinylated column will be utilized to stabilize a random library of DNA aptamers, and those peptides that bind to certain aptamers will cause a conformational change leading to the elution of those specific DNA aptamers. This SELEX process will be conducted again on the eluted aptamers to further select for strong binding DNA aptamers. The DNA aptamers that are obtained can further on be sequenced or used for prostate cancer research studies. Another possible usage of aptamers is to diagnose and determine the stage of various different cancer types. Our prediction is that this research will produce a DNA aptamer that will bind to a specific prostate cancer peptide antigen.

No description available.

No description available.

A dog owner does not only have rights, but also (and mainly) a lot of obligations. One of the aims of this work was to look at different areas concerning the ownership (holding) of a dog in relation to the actual public law regulations. Particular chapters reflect possible life situations, which have (especially from a point of view of public law) an effect on coexistence with a dog and (often negative) the impact (penalties) for a dog holder. Thematic areas are addressed, for example, purchasing a dog, his vaccination and other health and life conditions, the possibility of shortening a tail or ears, the admissible conditions and methods that permit the killing of a dog or the conditions and ways to bury a dog. Further mention is made of the possibilities of travelling with a dog (and also abroad), also described are the law regulations of dog fees and the generally binding ordinances of municipalities. Deeper consideration was essential in respect of the areas concerning misdemeanours and criminal offences, which can be commited both on a dog and by a dog (incl. veterinarian demands or animal cruelty). There are follow-up chapters concerning liability for damage and compensation for damage. A part of the work is dedicated to breed specific legislation concerning breeding some (so called "fighting" or...

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-05-18T18:07:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adelmar Azevedo Regis.pdf: 1651570 bytes, checksum: fea6985b4a975695e6c1917ebcb65ca8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T18:07:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adelmar Azevedo Regis.pdf: 1651570 bytes, checksum: fea6985b4a975695e6c1917ebcb65ca8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-05 / This work analyzes the Payment for Environmental Services (PES) as a promising economic instrument to solve some problems related to environmental degradation and the generation of positive externalities. To achieve such goal, firstly the thesis analyzes concepts of externality and public goods and the main existing theories to tackle market failures, citing three specific environmental principles to combat negative and positive externalities: Polluter-Pays Principle, User-Pays Principle and Principle Protector-Receiver, which is the modern promotional function of law. Then, the thesis conducts a comparative analysis between the command and control instruments and economic instruments and their efficaciousness and cost-effectiveness in environmental preservation. With such a basis built, this work then defines environmental services and their types and promotes a literature review on the theoretical aspects that support PES schemes, as well as addresses two foreign case studies of PSA and some experiences in Brazil. This paper contributes to the theoretical development of the subject, still little explored in literature, and intends to demonstrate that the payment of environmental services is not a magical solution to the environmental crisis and did not appear to replace command and control instruments; it has to be added to current instruments of environmental policy, in order to correct market failures, which do not recognize the inherent value of ecosystem services and the benefits they provide to social welfare. / O trabalho analisa os Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) como um instrumento econômico promissor para resolver alguns problemas relacionados à degradação ambiental e à geração de externalidades positivas. Para tanto, parte primeiramente de uma análise dos conceitos de externalidade e de bens públicos e das principais teorias existentes para combater as falhas de mercado, mencionando os três princípios ambientais específicos para combater as externalidades negativas e positivas: Princípio do Poluidor-Pagador, Princípio do Usuário-Pagador e Princípio do Protetor-Recebedor, que representa a moderna função promocional do Direito. Em seguida, promove uma análise comparativa entre os instrumentos de comando e controle e os instrumentos econômicos e sua eficácia e custo-benefício na preservação ambiental. Construída essa base, definem-se, então, os serviços ambientais e seus tipos, e se realiza revisão da literatura sobre os aspectos teóricos que dão suporte aos esquemas de PSA, inclusive abordando dois casos de sucesso de PSA no exterior e algumas experiências no Brasil. O presente trabalho contribui para o desenvolvimento teórico da temática, ainda pouco explorada na literatura, e tem por escopo demonstrar que o pagamento de serviços ambientais não é uma solução mágica para a crise ambiental e não surgiu para substituir instrumentos de comando e controle, mas para se somar aos atuais instrumentos de política ambiental, com a função de corrigir as falhas do mercado, que não reconhece o valor intrínseco dos serviços ecossistêmicos e os benefícios que eles proporcionam ao bem-estar da sociedade.