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Linearity and Noise Improvement Techniques Employing Low Power in Analog and RF Circuits and SystemsAbdel Ghany, Ehab 14 March 2013 (has links)
The implementation of highly integrated multi-bands and multi-standards reconfigurable radio transceivers is one of the great challenges in the area of integrated circuit technology today. In addition the rapid market growth and high quality demands that require cheaper and smaller solutions, the technical requirements for the transceiver function of a typical wireless device are considerably multi-dimensional. The major key performance metrics facing RFIC designers are power dissipation, speed, noise, linearity, gain, and efficiency. Beside the difficulty of the circuit design due to the trade-offs and correlations that exist between these parameters, the situation becomes more and more challenging when dealing with multi-standard radio systems on a single chip and applications with different requirements on the radio software and hardware aiming at highly flexible dynamic spectrum access. In this dissertation, different solutions are proposed to improve the linearity, reduce the noise and power consumption in analog and RF circuits and systems.
A system level design digital approach is proposed to compensate the harmonic distortion components produced by transmitter circuits’ nonlinearities. The approach relies on polyphase multipath scheme uses digital baseband phase rotation pre-distortion aiming at increasing harmonic cancellation and power consumption reduction over other reported techniques.
New low power design techniques to enhance the noise and linearity of the receiver front-end LNA are also presented. The two proposed LNAs are fully differential and have a common-gate capacitive cross-coupled topology. The proposed LNAs avoids the use of bulky inductors that leads to area and cost saving. Prototypes are implemented in IBM 90 nm CMOS technology for the two LNAs. The first LNA covers the frequency range of 100 MHz to 1.77 GHz consuming 2.8 mW from a 2 V supply. Measurements show a gain of 23 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.76 GHz. The minimum NF is 1.85 dB while the input return loss is greater than 10 dB across the entire band. The second LNA covers the frequency range of 100 MHz to 1.6 GHz. A 6 dBm third-order input intercept point, IIP3, is measured at the maximum gain frequency. The core consumes low power of 1.55 mW using a 1.8 V supply. The measured voltage gain is 15.5 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.6 GHz. The LNA has a minimum NF of 3 dB across the whole band while achieving an input return loss greater than 12 dB.
Finally, A CMOS single supply operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is reported. It has high power supply rejection capabilities over the entire gain bandwidth (GBW). The OTA is fabricated on the AMI 0.5 um CMOS process. Measurements show power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of 120 dB till 10 KHz. At 10 MHz, PSRR is 40 dB. The high performance PSRR is achieved using a high impedance current source and two noise reduction techniques. The OTA offers a very low current consumption of 25 uA from a 3.3 V supply.
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Stabilisation de la chaîne d'acquisition analogique du scanner LabPET[indice supérieur TM] IIBenhouria, Maher January 2017 (has links)
Afin d'étudier le fonctionnement des organes, les chercheurs utilisent l'imagerie médicale pour faire des observations d'une façon non invasive. Parmi les techniques d'imagerie les plus utilisées, on cite la tomographie d'émission par positrons (TEP) qui permet d'obtenir des informations fonctionnelles et métaboliques et la tomodensitométrie (TDM) qui fournit des informations sur l'anatomie.
Le LabPET II est un scanner bimodal combinant les techniques TEP et TDM. Il est développé par le Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS) et le Groupe de Recherche en Appareillage Médical de Sherbrooke (GRAMS), et dispose de plusieurs fonctionnalités innovantes qui le rendent unique dans sa résolution spatiale et sa qualité d'image. Il est également le premier scanner à intégrer totalement les modes TEP et TDM sur les mêmes détecteurs et dans un même système électronique. Ceci se fait grâce à un module détecteur composé d'une matrice de 64 cristaux scintillateurs couplés à 64 photodiodes à avalanche. L'acquisition des signaux se fait par un circuit intégré dédié composé de 64 canaux d'acquisition analogiques et d'un processeur numérique pour le traitement des données.
Les travaux de ce projet ont pour but de réviser le circuit intégré à application spécifique (ASIC) incluant la chaîne d'acquisition et de stabiliser son fonctionnement, afin d'améliorer les performances du scanner dans les deux modes TEP et TDM. Ceci a été effectué à travers la conception de nouveaux circuits analogiques et la modification des circuits actuels. Des interventions ont été faites sur différents composants de l'ASIC. Au niveau du canal analogique, des modifications ont été apportées sur les sous-circuits, d'une part pour améliorer le taux de réjection de l'alimentation et ainsi baisser le niveau de bruit, et d'autre part pour augmenter les marges de stabilité et éliminer le risque d'oscillation à gain élevé. Au niveau des circuits auxiliaires de l'ASIC, le circuit de transmission différetielle basse-tension (LVDS) a été révisé pour corriger des défaillances constatées sur les versions précédentes et de nouvelles références de tension ont été conçues pour remplacer les sources précédentes qui souffraient d'instabilités face aux variations de la température et des paramètres du processus de fabrication.
Ces travaux ont d'abord été validés par une série de simulations, puis un premier circuit intégré comportant une partie des modifications a été fabriqué avec la technologie CMOS 0,18 µm de la Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). Ceci a permis de valider un premier lot de révisions et de faire des tests poussés avant de procéder à la mise à jour finale de l'ASIC. Une fois fonctionnel, ce circuit pourra fonctionner d'une façon stable dans les deux modes d'imagerie TEP et TDM et permettra ainsi de réaliser un premier prototype d'un scanner bimodal totalement intégré.
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High power-supply rejection current-mode low-dropout linear regulatorPatel, Amit P. 08 April 2009 (has links)
Power management components can be found in a host of different applications ranging from portable hand held gadgets to modern avionics to advanced medical instrumentations, among many other applications. Low-dropout (LDO) linear regulators are particularly popular owing to their: ease of use, low cost, high accuracy, low noise, and high bandwidth. With all its glory, however, it tends to underperform switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) when with comes to power conversion efficiency, although the later generates a lot of ripple at its output. With the growing need to improve system efficiency (hence longer battery life) without degrading system performance, many high end (noise sensitive) applications such as data converters, RF transceivers, precision signal conditioning, among others, use high efficiency SMPS with LDO regulators as post-regulators for rejecting the ripple generated by SMPS. This attribute of LDO regulators is known as power supply rejection (PSR). With the trend towards increasing switching frequency for SMPS, to minimize PC board real estate, it is becoming ever more difficult for LDO regulators to suppress the associate high frequency ripple since at such high frequencies, different parasitic components of the LDO regulator start to deteriorate its PSR performance.
There have been a handful of different techniques suggested in the literature that can be used to achieve good PSR performance at higher frequencies. However, each of these techniques suffers from a number of drawbacks ranging from reduced efficiency to increased cost to increased solution size, and with the growing demand for higher efficiency and smaller power supplies, these techniques have their clear limitations. The objective of this research project is to develop a novel current-mode LDO regulator that can achieve good high frequency PSR performance without suffering from the afore mentioned drawbacks. The proposed architecture was fabricated using a proprietary 1.5 um Bipolar process technology, and the measurement results show a PSR improvement of 20dB (at high frequencies) over conventional regulators. Moreover, the proposed LDO regulator requires a small 15nF output capacitor for stability, which is far smaller than some of the currently used techniques.
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CMOS low-power threshold voltage monitors circuits and applications / Circuitos Monitores de tensão de limiar CMOS de baixa potência e aplicaçõesCaicedo, Jhon Alexander Gomez January 2016 (has links)
Um monitor de tensão de limiar (VT0) é um circuito que, idealmente, entrega o valor do VT0 como uma tensão na saída, para uma determinada faixa de temperatura, sem a necessidade de polarização externa, configurações paramétricas, ajuste de curvas ou qualquer cálculo subsequente. Estes circuitos podem ser usados em sensores de temperatura, referências de tensão e corrente, dosímetros de radiação e outras aplicações, uma vez que a dependência do VT0 nas condições de operação é um aspecto bem modelado. Além disso, estes circuitos podem ser utilizados para monitoramento de processos de fabricação e para compensação da variabilidade do processo, uma vez que o VT0 é um parâmetro chave para o comportamento do transistor e sua modelagem. Nesta tese, são apresentadas três novas topologias de circuitos, duas são monitores de VT0 NMOS e a terceira é um monitor de VT0 PMOS. As três estruturas são topologias de circuito auto-polarizadas que não utilizam resistências, e apresentam alta rejeição a variações na alimentação, baixa sensibilidade de Linea, e permitem a extração direta da tensão de limiar para grandes intervalos de temperatura e de tensão de alimentação, com pequeno erro. Sua metodologia de projeto é baseada no modelo unificado controlado por corrente (UICM), um modelo MOSFET que é contínuo, desde o nível de inversão fraca a forte e para as regiões de operação de triodo e saturação. Os circuitos ocupam uma pequena área de silício, consomem apenas dezenas de nanowatts, e podem ser implementados em qualquer processo padrão CMOS digital, uma vez que só utilizam transistores MOS (não precisa de nenhum resistor). Os monitores de VT0 são utilizados em diferentes aplicações, a fim de investigar a sua funcionalidade e comportamento como parte de um sistema. As aplicações variam de uma tensão de referência, que apresenta um desempenho comparável ao estado da arte, para uma configuração que permite obter uma menor variabilidade com processo na saída de um circuito auto-polarizado que gera um tensão CTAT. Além disso, explorando a capacidade de funcionar como um gerador de corrente específica (ISQ) que os monitores de VT0 aqui apresentados oferecem, introduz-se um novo circuito auto-polarizado que gera um tensão CTAT, que é menos sensível a variações de processo, e pode ser usado em referências de tensão band-gap. / A threshold voltage (VT0) monitor is a circuit that ideally delivers the estimated VT0 value as a voltage at its output, for a given temperature range, without external biases, parametric setups, curve fitting or any subsequent calculation. It can be used in temperature sensors, voltage and current references, radiation dosimeters and other applications since the MOSFET VT0 dependence on the operation conditions is a very well modeled aspect. Also, it can be used for fabrication process monitoring and process variability compensation, since VT0 is a key parameter for the transistor behavior and modeling. In this thesis, we present three novel circuit topologies, two of them being NMOS VT0 monitors and the last one being a PMOS VT0 monitor. The three structures are resistorless self-biased circuit topologies that present high power supply rejection, low line sensitivity, and allow the direct extraction of the threshold voltage for wide temperature and power supply voltage ranges, with small error. Its design methodology is based on the Unified Current Control Model (UICM), a MOSFET model that is continuous from weak to strong inversion and from triode to saturation regions. The circuits occupy small silicon area, consume just tens of nanoWatts, and can be implemented in any standard digital CMOS process, since they only use MOS transistors (does not need any resistor). The VT0 monitors are used in different applications in order to prove their functionality, and behavior as part of a system. The applications vary from a reference voltage, that presents performance comparable with state-of-the-art works, to a configuration that allows to obtain a lower process variability, in the output of a self-biased circuit that generates a complementary to the absolute temperature (CTAT) voltage. In addition, exploiting the ability to operate as an specific current (ISQ) generator, that the VT0 monitors presented here offer, we introduced a new self-biased circuit that produces a CTAT voltage and is less sensitive to process variations, and can be used in band-gap voltage references.
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An accurate, trimless, high PSRR, low-voltage, CMOS bandgap reference ICGupta, Vishal 05 July 2007 (has links)
Bandgap reference circuits are used in a host of analog, digital, and mixed-signal systems to establish an accurate voltage standard for the entire IC. The accuracy of the bandgap reference voltage under steady-state (dc) and transient (ac) conditions is critical to obtain high system performance. In this work, the impact of process, power-supply, load, and temperature variations and package stresses on the dc and ac accuracy of bandgap reference circuits has been analyzed. Based on this analysis, the a bandgap reference that
1. has high dc accuracy despite process and temperature variations and package stresses, without resorting to expensive trimming or noisy switching schemes,
2. has high dc and ac accuracy despite power-supply variations, without using large off-chip capacitors that increase bill-of-material costs,
3. has high dc and ac accuracy despite load variations, without resorting to error-inducing buffers,
4. is capable of producing a sub-bandgap reference voltage with a low power-supply, to enable it to operate in modern, battery-operated portable applications,
5. utilizes a standard CMOS process, to lower manufacturing costs, and
6. is integrated, to consume less board space
has been proposed.
The functionality of critical components of the system has been verified through prototypes after which the performance of the complete system has been evaluated by integrating all the individual components on an IC.
The proposed CMOS bandgap reference can withstand 5mA of load variations while generating a reference voltage of 890mV that is accurate with respect to temperature to the first order. It exhibits a trimless, dc 3-sigma accuracy performance of 0.84% over a temperature range of -40°C to 125°C and has a worst case ac power-supply ripple rejection (PSRR) performance of 30dB up to 50MHz using 60pF of on-chip capacitance. All the proposed techniques lead to the development of a CMOS bandgap reference that meets the low-cost, high-accuracy demands of state-of-the-art System-on-Chip environments.
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CMOS low-power threshold voltage monitors circuits and applications / Circuitos Monitores de tensão de limiar CMOS de baixa potência e aplicaçõesCaicedo, Jhon Alexander Gomez January 2016 (has links)
Um monitor de tensão de limiar (VT0) é um circuito que, idealmente, entrega o valor do VT0 como uma tensão na saída, para uma determinada faixa de temperatura, sem a necessidade de polarização externa, configurações paramétricas, ajuste de curvas ou qualquer cálculo subsequente. Estes circuitos podem ser usados em sensores de temperatura, referências de tensão e corrente, dosímetros de radiação e outras aplicações, uma vez que a dependência do VT0 nas condições de operação é um aspecto bem modelado. Além disso, estes circuitos podem ser utilizados para monitoramento de processos de fabricação e para compensação da variabilidade do processo, uma vez que o VT0 é um parâmetro chave para o comportamento do transistor e sua modelagem. Nesta tese, são apresentadas três novas topologias de circuitos, duas são monitores de VT0 NMOS e a terceira é um monitor de VT0 PMOS. As três estruturas são topologias de circuito auto-polarizadas que não utilizam resistências, e apresentam alta rejeição a variações na alimentação, baixa sensibilidade de Linea, e permitem a extração direta da tensão de limiar para grandes intervalos de temperatura e de tensão de alimentação, com pequeno erro. Sua metodologia de projeto é baseada no modelo unificado controlado por corrente (UICM), um modelo MOSFET que é contínuo, desde o nível de inversão fraca a forte e para as regiões de operação de triodo e saturação. Os circuitos ocupam uma pequena área de silício, consomem apenas dezenas de nanowatts, e podem ser implementados em qualquer processo padrão CMOS digital, uma vez que só utilizam transistores MOS (não precisa de nenhum resistor). Os monitores de VT0 são utilizados em diferentes aplicações, a fim de investigar a sua funcionalidade e comportamento como parte de um sistema. As aplicações variam de uma tensão de referência, que apresenta um desempenho comparável ao estado da arte, para uma configuração que permite obter uma menor variabilidade com processo na saída de um circuito auto-polarizado que gera um tensão CTAT. Além disso, explorando a capacidade de funcionar como um gerador de corrente específica (ISQ) que os monitores de VT0 aqui apresentados oferecem, introduz-se um novo circuito auto-polarizado que gera um tensão CTAT, que é menos sensível a variações de processo, e pode ser usado em referências de tensão band-gap. / A threshold voltage (VT0) monitor is a circuit that ideally delivers the estimated VT0 value as a voltage at its output, for a given temperature range, without external biases, parametric setups, curve fitting or any subsequent calculation. It can be used in temperature sensors, voltage and current references, radiation dosimeters and other applications since the MOSFET VT0 dependence on the operation conditions is a very well modeled aspect. Also, it can be used for fabrication process monitoring and process variability compensation, since VT0 is a key parameter for the transistor behavior and modeling. In this thesis, we present three novel circuit topologies, two of them being NMOS VT0 monitors and the last one being a PMOS VT0 monitor. The three structures are resistorless self-biased circuit topologies that present high power supply rejection, low line sensitivity, and allow the direct extraction of the threshold voltage for wide temperature and power supply voltage ranges, with small error. Its design methodology is based on the Unified Current Control Model (UICM), a MOSFET model that is continuous from weak to strong inversion and from triode to saturation regions. The circuits occupy small silicon area, consume just tens of nanoWatts, and can be implemented in any standard digital CMOS process, since they only use MOS transistors (does not need any resistor). The VT0 monitors are used in different applications in order to prove their functionality, and behavior as part of a system. The applications vary from a reference voltage, that presents performance comparable with state-of-the-art works, to a configuration that allows to obtain a lower process variability, in the output of a self-biased circuit that generates a complementary to the absolute temperature (CTAT) voltage. In addition, exploiting the ability to operate as an specific current (ISQ) generator, that the VT0 monitors presented here offer, we introduced a new self-biased circuit that produces a CTAT voltage and is less sensitive to process variations, and can be used in band-gap voltage references.
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CMOS low-power threshold voltage monitors circuits and applications / Circuitos Monitores de tensão de limiar CMOS de baixa potência e aplicaçõesCaicedo, Jhon Alexander Gomez January 2016 (has links)
Um monitor de tensão de limiar (VT0) é um circuito que, idealmente, entrega o valor do VT0 como uma tensão na saída, para uma determinada faixa de temperatura, sem a necessidade de polarização externa, configurações paramétricas, ajuste de curvas ou qualquer cálculo subsequente. Estes circuitos podem ser usados em sensores de temperatura, referências de tensão e corrente, dosímetros de radiação e outras aplicações, uma vez que a dependência do VT0 nas condições de operação é um aspecto bem modelado. Além disso, estes circuitos podem ser utilizados para monitoramento de processos de fabricação e para compensação da variabilidade do processo, uma vez que o VT0 é um parâmetro chave para o comportamento do transistor e sua modelagem. Nesta tese, são apresentadas três novas topologias de circuitos, duas são monitores de VT0 NMOS e a terceira é um monitor de VT0 PMOS. As três estruturas são topologias de circuito auto-polarizadas que não utilizam resistências, e apresentam alta rejeição a variações na alimentação, baixa sensibilidade de Linea, e permitem a extração direta da tensão de limiar para grandes intervalos de temperatura e de tensão de alimentação, com pequeno erro. Sua metodologia de projeto é baseada no modelo unificado controlado por corrente (UICM), um modelo MOSFET que é contínuo, desde o nível de inversão fraca a forte e para as regiões de operação de triodo e saturação. Os circuitos ocupam uma pequena área de silício, consomem apenas dezenas de nanowatts, e podem ser implementados em qualquer processo padrão CMOS digital, uma vez que só utilizam transistores MOS (não precisa de nenhum resistor). Os monitores de VT0 são utilizados em diferentes aplicações, a fim de investigar a sua funcionalidade e comportamento como parte de um sistema. As aplicações variam de uma tensão de referência, que apresenta um desempenho comparável ao estado da arte, para uma configuração que permite obter uma menor variabilidade com processo na saída de um circuito auto-polarizado que gera um tensão CTAT. Além disso, explorando a capacidade de funcionar como um gerador de corrente específica (ISQ) que os monitores de VT0 aqui apresentados oferecem, introduz-se um novo circuito auto-polarizado que gera um tensão CTAT, que é menos sensível a variações de processo, e pode ser usado em referências de tensão band-gap. / A threshold voltage (VT0) monitor is a circuit that ideally delivers the estimated VT0 value as a voltage at its output, for a given temperature range, without external biases, parametric setups, curve fitting or any subsequent calculation. It can be used in temperature sensors, voltage and current references, radiation dosimeters and other applications since the MOSFET VT0 dependence on the operation conditions is a very well modeled aspect. Also, it can be used for fabrication process monitoring and process variability compensation, since VT0 is a key parameter for the transistor behavior and modeling. In this thesis, we present three novel circuit topologies, two of them being NMOS VT0 monitors and the last one being a PMOS VT0 monitor. The three structures are resistorless self-biased circuit topologies that present high power supply rejection, low line sensitivity, and allow the direct extraction of the threshold voltage for wide temperature and power supply voltage ranges, with small error. Its design methodology is based on the Unified Current Control Model (UICM), a MOSFET model that is continuous from weak to strong inversion and from triode to saturation regions. The circuits occupy small silicon area, consume just tens of nanoWatts, and can be implemented in any standard digital CMOS process, since they only use MOS transistors (does not need any resistor). The VT0 monitors are used in different applications in order to prove their functionality, and behavior as part of a system. The applications vary from a reference voltage, that presents performance comparable with state-of-the-art works, to a configuration that allows to obtain a lower process variability, in the output of a self-biased circuit that generates a complementary to the absolute temperature (CTAT) voltage. In addition, exploiting the ability to operate as an specific current (ISQ) generator, that the VT0 monitors presented here offer, we introduced a new self-biased circuit that produces a CTAT voltage and is less sensitive to process variations, and can be used in band-gap voltage references.
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Lineární aktivní filtr napájecího napětí „Ripple Blocker“ / Linear active filter of supply voltage „Ripple Blocker“Vlček, Pavel January 2015 (has links)
This work deals with a methods for increasing the PSRR of the linear active filters of supply voltage or if linear regulators and voltage range of supply, primarily his minimal value. In the work are used ideal parts of reference voltage source and reference current source. The work describes how to eliminate effect of feedback loop on the PSRR, how to decrrease minimal power supply voltage and how to set stability of total schematic.
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