Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Prior to 2007, South Africa’s government became concerned about the loss and inability to retain certain professionals in its employment. Health human resources were distributed in favour of the private sector and urban areas while rural areas survived on a meagre portion of health employees. In 2007, the government introduced a re-designed remuneration structure for individual skilled professions namely, Occupation Specific Dispensation (OSD), with the goal to attract and retain professionals. This study qualitatively explores the perceptions of public sector employment (PSE) by pharmacists to extract how OSD-policy may or may not be succeeding. It also investigates the opinions of pharmacists on the promotional structure of OSD and opportunity for career advancement (CA) as a possible indication of organisational commitment. Participants were recruited from four career streams in OSD’s structure, all employed in the Department of Health, Provincial Government of the Western Cape. In the first stage of data collection, one-on-one interviews were conducted with key-informants which consisted of policy specialists (n=2) and management (n=2). In the second stage, focus group interviews were conducted comprising of production and supervisory pharmacists (n=27). Sampling strategies encompassed purposive, snowball and stratified sampling to ensure saturation of data and provide comparisons between groups and sub-groups. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts was performed using inductive coding in the first stage and apriori coding in the second stage. Themes and sub-themes were “reflexed” onto Human Resource and Work Motivation Theory by engaging a three question reflexive framework to ensure consistency in the interpretation of results. Eleven major themes emerged: overlapping of salary grades; variety of positions; being a manager of professionals; envisioning promotion; pay versus responsibility; pay equity and expectancy; OSD and attraction; OSD and retention; over-time and after-hours remuneration; interpreting OSD; and using unions to negotiate policy for professionals. 41 sub-themes that emerged were positively, negatively or neutrally connected to perceptions of PSE or CA. Positive sub-themes of PSE is that OSD has “ensured that entry level positions are extremely attractive” and OSD is “attracting more junior pharmacists to management positions”. Negative sub-themes of PSE include that a “retention strategy for experienced pharmacists tends to be neglected” and “some work related factors may nullify retention strategies”. Negative or stagnant perceptions of PSE produce an image that fails to care for individual employee needs and tarnishes the image of public sector employment. Positive sub-themes of CA are that OSD now “permits individual freedom of career path choice” and OSD “has created a variety positions through a broadened post structure”. Negative subthemes of CA are that “experienced pharmacists stagnate in their career” and “supervisors have a lot more responsibilities but get paid the same as production pharmacists”. Since the perception of career mobility is related to organizational commitment and retention, negative perceptions of career advancement may result in apprehension to develop via promotion or career path change. This can lead to employee boredom, complacency or frustration of career ambitions and eventual loss of staff. Some aspects of OSD, such as overlapping of salary grades, should be addressed by policy-developers to ensure the successful accomplishment of policy goals.

The subject of this diploma thesis is a municipal enterprise performances evaluation. In the introduction part of the thesis there is a literary research aimed on an explanation of the cooperation between public and private sector importance and the description of financial analysis with emphasis on municipal entities distinctions requiring modifications. In the application part both general and specific evaluating methods are applied on particular municipal company operating in the waste disposal field - Technické služby Třeboň, s.r.o. Secondary aim of the thesis is to suggest to company management some improving precautions in order to save public funds and use them more wisely. Performances are compared among business municipal companies and funded organization in this field, moreover there are also described differences between these legal forms.

[pt] Que se espera de um funcionário público que se aposenta ainda jovem: trabalhar ou usar o tempo livre para lazer? Caso trabalhe, então a reforma previdenciária de 1998 - que impôs idade mínima para aposentadoria - causa perda de renda futura que deve ser compensada por aumento de poupança corrente. Caso a opção seja por lazer, a reforma resulta em perda de lazer futuro, o que, sob a hipótese de complementaridade entre consumo e lazer, implica na realocação de consumo futuro para o presente, ou seja, decréscimo de poupança corrente. Usando uma amostra com dados da PNAD de 33.893 funcionários públicos, mostramos que, com a implementação da reforma, a poupança dos servidores civis caiu relativamente aos militares, que não foram atingidos pela reforma. Como as decisões de lazer e trabalho dependem do salário de mercado, o experimento sugere que o setor privado não dá um valor significativo para o capital humano dos servidores públicos. / [en] What should we expect from public employees that retire at early ages: continue working or enjoy full leisure time? If they continue working, the Brazilian 1998 pension reform - that established minimum retirement age for public employees - reduces future income and increases current savings, as consumption is smoothed through time. If the answer is leisure, the reform implies additional work and savings decrease in consequence of future consumption transfer to the present. This is the case of leisure and consumption being complements in the utility function. We use a sample with 33,893 public employees from the PNAD database (1996 to 2002) to show that there was a decrease in saving relative to the military, which were not affected by the reform. Since work and leisure decisions rely on the market alternative wage, this result suggests that the private sector does not greatly value the human capital of public employees.

A retificação do Riacho, conhecido como Arroio Dilúvio, foi uma das principais obras implantadas na cidade de Porto Alegre (Brasil). Esta intervenção deu origem à atual Avenida Ipiranga, que rasga a cidade de leste a oeste com cerca de doze quilômetros canalizados. A implantação do novo canal demorou mais de 30 anos para ser finalizada e pode ser considerada uma grande cirurgia urbana. Através de um olhar mais apurado sobre área que abrange os primeiros quatro quilômetros de sua implantação a partir da foz junto ao Lago Guaíba, o objetivo da pesquisa vem ao encontro do entendimento do processo de canalização do Riacho para além da questão sanitarista, que sempre foi a principal força a mover o poder público rumo à realização desta obra. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa remonta um caminho que parte do território original, e traz, em seqüência, um panorama onde são apresentados todos os projetos urbanos para a canalização do Riacho. Após o início das obras, em meados dos anos 40, vem à baila a análise das ações governamentais que incidiram na ocupação dos territórios da Praia de Belas e da antiga Cidade Baixa, escolhidos como estudos de caso. Nessas duas áreas, onde novos projetos urbanos ressurgem após a canalização, parte-se das ações do poder público a fim de analisar convergências e dissonâncias entre ambiente projetado e ambiente construído na cidade atual. / The Riacho's straightening, also known as Arroio Dilúvio, was one of the main public projects implemented in the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil). This intervention originated Ipiranga Avenue, which crosses the city from East to West with approximately twelve kilometres canalized. The implementation of the new channel took more than 30 years to be finished, and can be considered a great "urban surgery". Through careful observation of the area that covers the first four kilometres of its construction, from the mouth of Lake Guaíba, the objective of this research meets the understanding of the canalization process of the Riacho beyond sanitary matters, which was the main force to move the public sector to complete this project. From this perspective, the research reconstructs a path that starts at the original territory and presents, in sequence, a panorama where all urbanization projects for the Riacho canalization are presented. After the beginning of the project, during the mid 40's, comes to life the analysis of the governmental actions which resulted in the occupation of the Praia de Belas and the old Cidade Baixa areas, which were chosen as case studies. In these two areas, where new urbanization projects resurrected after the canalization, the public sector actions are the starting point to analyze convergent and dissonant aspects between projected and developed areas in the city of today.

Apesar de serem países fronteiriços- o Uruguai tendo sido parte do Império do Brasil e guardando características que o aproximaria da região Sul brasileira- quando analisados sob o prisma da desigualdade social e da pobreza, e também sob a luz do papel que historicamente o Estado desempenhou, os dois países apresentam mais diferenças do que similaridades. O objetivo principal da presente dissertação foi analisar a percepção sobre pobreza e desigualdade social de um grupo pouco estudado pela Sociologia: os dirigentes públicos. Trata-se de cargos de livre nomeação e exoneração do alto escalão do Executivo Federal e exercem papel crucial na formulação e implementação de políticas públicas. No Brasil, esses cargos são denominados Direção e Assessoramento Superior (DAS) 5 e 6 e, no Uruguai, como Diretor de Ministério. Empiricamente, partiu-se da análise de um survey aplicado com esses dirigentes em 2013, em uma amostra de 60 entrevistados em cada país Os objetivos abrangeram três aspectos principais. O primeiro deles foi examinar as diferenças e semelhanças no perfil dos dirigentes públicos do Brasil e do Uruguai que ocupavam cargos em 2013 e na forma como percebiam a pobreza e a desigualdade. O segundo objetivo foi averiguar se os dirigentes públicos percebiam a pobreza e a desigualdade como problemas prioritários, que agente era percebido como o principal responsável por esses problemas e como enxergavam o papel das Ongs e do Estado. E, por fim, o último objetivo da dissertação foi verificar a preferência dos dirigentes por políticas públicas, isto é, como percebiam as políticas que visavam o crescimento econômico, a redistribuição, os programas sociais e a intervenção na economia. Os dados corroboraram alguns argumentos presentes na literatura, e trouxeram indícios que necessitam de futuras investigações qualitativas, dentre os quais se destacam a questão da responsabilidade coletiva e da proeminência do Estado. / Brazil and Uruguay are neighbouring countries. The latter was part of Brazil’s Empire and also has some characteristics which make it similar to Brazilian South. However, they present more differences than similarities when it is taken into account social inequality, poverty and the role of the State. The main objective of this dissertation was to analyse the perception about poverty and social inequality among public sector executives. These are positions of free appointment and dismissal of the high ranking Federal Executive. They play a crucial role in the formulation and implementation of public policies. In Brazil, these positions are called “Direção e Assessoramento Superior” (DAS) 5 and 6 and, in Uruguay, as Director of the Ministry. Empirically, it was analysed a survey applied with these leaders in 2013, in a sample of 60 interviewees in each country. The aims covered three main aspects. Firstly, to examine the differences and similarities in the profile of the public sector executives in Brazil and Uruguay who held positions in 2013 and how they perceived poverty and inequality. Secondly, to investigate whether they perceived poverty and inequality as priority problems; who was perceived as the main responsible for these problems and what was the view about the role of the NGO’s and the State. Finally, to verify the preference of the leaders for public policies, such as how they perceived policies focus on economic growth, redistribution, social programs and intervention in the economy. The data corroborates some arguments in the literature, as well as indicates further qualitative investigations, especially concerning the question of collective responsibility and the level of responsibility they attribute to the State.

Este estudo descreve a expectativa do órgão central com a implantação do Sistema de Informação de Custos (SIC) do governo federal, seus órgãos usuários, a motivação para utilização do sistema por estes órgãos e as possíveis dificuldades durante o processo de implantação. Para responder o problema de pesquisa, o estudo foi dividido em três etapas. A primeira etapa apresenta-se em revisão bibliográfica e entrevistas com o órgão central para identificar o estágio atual da implantação do SIC, os órgãos usuários do mesmo e a expectativa futura para a utilização deste sistema. Na segunda etapa identifica-se através de questionário, a motivação da utilização do SIC nos órgãos usuários. Na terceira e última etapa realiza-se um estudo de campo em cinco dos órgãos usuários do SIC para identificar o objetivo da utilização do SIC, suas possíveis dificuldades de implantação e se a informação gerada pelo SIC é utilizada para subsidiar a tomada de decisão. Verificou-se que poucos órgãos já estão estruturados para a utilização das informações extraídas do SIC como tomada de decisão. Porém, os que estão estruturados ainda o utilizam de forma incipiente e poucos utilizam para subsidiar a tomada de decisão, devido à baixa demanda do gestor por tais informações. Conclui-se com este estudo que o SIC é um instrumento que pode subsidiar a tomada de decisão e que alguns órgãos já estão estruturados para gerar esta informação auxiliando assim o gestor público a ter mais eficiência nos gastos com recursos públicos. No entanto, a cultura da utilização desta informação para a tomada de decisão ainda é incipiente e há indícios de que isto se deve a falta de cultura organizacional em utilizar tais informações. / This study describes the organs users of cost information from the Federal Government and its implementation process, identifying the possible difficulties encountered in the implementation of the Information System Costs (SIC) and using the same process system to support decision-decision. To answer the research problem, the study was divided into three stages. The first step presents interviews with the regulator to identify the current stage of implementation of the SIC, the organs of the same users and future expectations. In the second step the identification of the questionnaire, the use and purpose of use of the SIC users in the organs and in the third and last step is carried out a case study in some of the organs of SIC users to identify their use to subsidize decision making. It was found that few of the respondents are already structured for the use of information extracted from the SIC as decision making. But, those who are still using structured incipiently to support decision making. It is concluded from this study that the SIC is an important decision making tool and that some agencies are already structured to generate this information so helping public managers in their decision making. However, the culture of use this information for decision making is still in its infancy and there is evidence that this is due to lack of organizational culture using such information.

A retificação do Riacho, conhecido como Arroio Dilúvio, foi uma das principais obras implantadas na cidade de Porto Alegre (Brasil). Esta intervenção deu origem à atual Avenida Ipiranga, que rasga a cidade de leste a oeste com cerca de doze quilômetros canalizados. A implantação do novo canal demorou mais de 30 anos para ser finalizada e pode ser considerada uma grande cirurgia urbana. Através de um olhar mais apurado sobre área que abrange os primeiros quatro quilômetros de sua implantação a partir da foz junto ao Lago Guaíba, o objetivo da pesquisa vem ao encontro do entendimento do processo de canalização do Riacho para além da questão sanitarista, que sempre foi a principal força a mover o poder público rumo à realização desta obra. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa remonta um caminho que parte do território original, e traz, em seqüência, um panorama onde são apresentados todos os projetos urbanos para a canalização do Riacho. Após o início das obras, em meados dos anos 40, vem à baila a análise das ações governamentais que incidiram na ocupação dos territórios da Praia de Belas e da antiga Cidade Baixa, escolhidos como estudos de caso. Nessas duas áreas, onde novos projetos urbanos ressurgem após a canalização, parte-se das ações do poder público a fim de analisar convergências e dissonâncias entre ambiente projetado e ambiente construído na cidade atual. / The Riacho's straightening, also known as Arroio Dilúvio, was one of the main public projects implemented in the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil). This intervention originated Ipiranga Avenue, which crosses the city from East to West with approximately twelve kilometres canalized. The implementation of the new channel took more than 30 years to be finished, and can be considered a great "urban surgery". Through careful observation of the area that covers the first four kilometres of its construction, from the mouth of Lake Guaíba, the objective of this research meets the understanding of the canalization process of the Riacho beyond sanitary matters, which was the main force to move the public sector to complete this project. From this perspective, the research reconstructs a path that starts at the original territory and presents, in sequence, a panorama where all urbanization projects for the Riacho canalization are presented. After the beginning of the project, during the mid 40's, comes to life the analysis of the governmental actions which resulted in the occupation of the Praia de Belas and the old Cidade Baixa areas, which were chosen as case studies. In these two areas, where new urbanization projects resurrected after the canalization, the public sector actions are the starting point to analyze convergent and dissonant aspects between projected and developed areas in the city of today.

A presente pesquisa discute o uso de avaliação de desempenho em prefeituras municipais. Nas últimas décadas reformas administrativas em diversos países têm orientado organizações do setor público a adotarem novas práticas em busca de eficiência. Foi feita análise de conteúdo da legislação sobre plano de carreira e avaliação de desempenho para carreiras de administração geral em prefeituras de 35 municípios dos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais com população superior a 50 mil habitantes. A análise traz evidências de que a influência de tais reformas administrativas em governos locais no Brasil pode ser limitada. Os sistemas de avaliação de desempenho na maioria dos casos observados não fazem associação do mérito do funcionário ao atingimento de metas individuais e de equipes para progressão na carreira. / This research discusses the performance appraisal use in municipalities. In recent decades administrative reforms in many countries have guided public sector organizations to adopt new practices in pursuit of efficiency. We conducted a content analysis on the career planning and performance appraisal laws for city hall\'s administrative staff from 35 municipalities (more than 5 thousand inhabitants) in São Paulo and Minas Gerais states. The analysis provides evidences for consider as limited the influence of such administrative reforms on local governments in Brazil. Performance appraisal systems generally do not associate employee merit with individual or team targets achievement as career advancement criteria

Studiens syfte var att belysa medarbetarperspektivet inom förändringsprocesser i den offentliga sektorn. Förändringar i den offentliga sektorn innebär stora utmaningar på grund av dess miljö och strukturella egenskaper. Ofta får även medarbetarna inom den offentliga sektorn spela en passiv roll i förändringsarbetet eller bli helt exkluderade vilket således kan leda till motstånd eller negativa reaktioner gentemot förändringen. I uppsatsen tillämpades ett tolkningsinriktat synsätt där en kvalitativ undersökningsansats och undersökningsmetod användes. Empiri inhämtades med hjälp av en fallstudie av en förändringsprocess på Polismyndigheten genom nio semistrukturerade intervjuer.. Det teoretiska ramverket bestod av aktuell forskning beträffande organisationsförändring utifrån ett medarbetar-perspektiv. Fyra faktorer i förändringsprocesser samlades i en egengjord analysmodell; ledarskap, kommunikation, delaktighet och attityder/känslor. Resultatet visade att medarbetarna inte överhuvudtaget känt sig delaktiga i förändringsprocessen. Vidare ansåg även majoriteten av respondenterna att kommunikationen och ledarskapet genom förändringsprocessen varit undermålig. De slutsatser som drogs var att den byråkratiska miljön och dess strukturella egenskaper kan försvåra bland annat medarbetarnas delaktighet i förändringsprocesser i den offentliga sektorn. Vidare hade även bristen på ledarskap och kommunikation i den aktuella förändringsprocessen lett till negativa attityder och känslor gentemot förändringen. Även den starka polisiära kultur som grupperna i fallstudien kännetecknades av, likt vissa personlighetsdrag, kan ha spelat in gällande medarbetarnas reaktioner till förändringen. / The aim of this study is to emphasize the employee perspective in public sector change processes. Changes in the public sector are posing major challenges due to its structural characteristics. Also, employees in the public sector tend to be excluded from or have an insignificant role in the change process which can lead to resistance or negative responses to the change. In this essay an interpretative approach was used, and the method of investigation was qualitative. Data was collected through a case study of a change process at the police authority through nine semi structured interviews. Theoretical framework consists of current research of organizational change from an employee perspective. Four significant elements in change processes were found and these were the base of the analysis model; leadership, communication, participation and attitudes / feelings. Results revealed that employees did not feel involved at all in the change process. Furthermore, the majority of respondents also experienced that communication and leadership through the change process were inferior. The conclusions drawn were that the bureaucratic environment and its structural characteristics can complicate, among other things, the involvement of employees in public process change processes. Furthermore, the lack of leadership and communication in the current process of change seemed to result in predominately negative attitudes and emotions towards the change. Also, the strong police culture that the groups in the case study were characterized by, like some personality traits, may have affected employees' reactions to the change.

Title: Prevention of Cyber Security Incidents within the Public Sector - A qualitative case study of two public organizations and their way towards a sustainable cyber climate Authors: Julia Enocson and Linnéa Söderholm Supervisor: Ida Lindgren Keywords: Cyber Security, Incident, Prevention, Public Sector, IT Security, Information Security Background: In today’s digital environment it has become crucial for organizations to protect themselves against cyber security attacks and incidents. Emerging technologies pose security risks and the number of cyber security incidents are increasing. Within the public sector it is considered as one of the most challenging phenomenons that governments face today, and awareness is limited. However, studies show that a majority of cyber security incidents could have been prevented. In addition, evidence indicates that incidents often occurs due to internal actions, and not external threats. Purpose: The purpose of our study is to identify factors that may impact public organizations’ capability to prevent cyber security incidents, and subsequently how they could work towards maintaining a proactive prevention. Methodology: This study has adopted a qualitative research strategy with the design of a case study of cyber security incident prevention in the public sector, examined through two organizations. In order to collect empirical data, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Conclusion: In this study we have, based on previous literature and empirical data, identified seven influential factors that may be of importance for public organizations to take into consideration when working with cyber security incident prevention. Our findings have subsequently resulted in insights that may inspire public organizations as to how they could work proactively towards preventing incidents. The identified factors revolve around the importance of performing internal and external analyses, defining roles and responsibilities, formulating goals and regulatory documents, educating and communicating to employees, the aspect of organizational culture, and consistent evaluation. How, and to what extent, public organizations work with these factors, indicate the level of preparation to prevent future cyber security incidents.