Nesta tese o parque urbano brasileiro dos primeiros anos do século XXI é apresentado como uma fi gura diferente dos parques dos séculos XIX e XX. As diferenças dizem respeito, principalmente, aos programas de uso e à distribuição pelo espaço urbano. Jardins urbanos que se destinavam à fruição das elites no século XIX e das massas no século XX apresentam-se, entre 2000 e 2015, como fi gura híbrida, relacionada à preservação ambiental e ao lazer mas não necessariamente a ambos. Surgem novos tipos de parque, como os lineares, que tanto se apresentam em forma de conjuntos de pequenos espaços livres articulados por curso d´água, como de projetos de grande envergadura que articulam uma sequência de parques no território urbano. Em algumas capitais brasileiras, como São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Goiânia, Brasília, Campo Grande, Vitória, Recife e Manaus, o número de parques públicos se multiplicou no período. O mesmo processo não foi observado em capitais litorâneas como Rio de Janeiro e Fortaleza, onde a orla segue como um grande parque linear. Todo o conjunto de parques vistos demonstra que houve mudança na percepção do valor do parque urbano pela sociedade brasileira, fato capitalizado pelo poder público e pela iniciativa privada. As novas características e as localizações dos parques em bairros periféricos onde a renda dos moradores é baixa impõem novos desafi os para o projeto e a gestão. / In this thesis the Brazilian urban park of the fi rst years of the 21st century is presented as a different fi gure from the parks of the 19th and 20th centuries. The differences mainly concern uses and distribution in the urban space. Urban gardens for the enjoyment of elites in the nineteenth century and the masses in the twentieth century are, between 2000 and 2015, as a hybrid fi gure, related to environmental preservation and leisure, but not necessarily to both. At that time new types of parks appeared, such as linear ones, which are in the form of sets of small free spaces articulated by watercourse, as well as large-scale projects that articulate a sequence of parks in the urban territory. In some Brazilian capitals, such as Sao Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Goiania, Brasilia, Campo Grande, Vitoria, Recife and Manaus, the number of public parks has multiplied in this period. The same process was not observed in coastal capitals like Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza, where the border follows as a large linear park. The whole set of parks seen shows that there was a change in the perception of the value of the urban park by Brazilian society, a fact capitalized by the public power and private initiative. The new features and locations of parks - in neighborhoods where residents\' incomes are low - create new challenges for design and management.

The late-Victorian and Edwardian period marked the zenith of urban park construction, spurred on in part by concerns about the physical and moral health of those living in the city. For the middle-class reformers at the time, public parks offered a space through which the unique and complex social issues of the era could be addressed and resolved. The public park was unique in that it made children visible on an unprecedented scale. Their role was fixed at the very heart of discourses on health; of the body, the mind, the nation, and the empire. This research explores these discussions of identity, and how that was negotiated by children in the very specific landscape of the public park. Previous work on the concept of childhood during this period has focused on an adult interpretation of the figure of the child, steeped in nostalgia and imbued with an adult fear and hope for the future. I argue that this ignores the lived experience of the child, and denies them agency in creating their own identity. This thesis uses a methodology inspired by current research in the emerging interdisciplinary field of childhood studies and drawing on the insights of material cultures studies to address this. The park space offers a unique opportunity to study lived experiences of childhood, designed as it was for use by the general public, with children firmly in mind. This work addresses the gaps in our knowledge and understanding of public urban parks in relation to children and explores the idea of a late-Victorian and Edwardian childhood identity as a complex and nuanced phenomenon. Throughout my thesis I use three parks as my primary case studies. These are Saltwell Park in Gateshead, Whitworth Park in Manchester, and Greenhead Park in Huddersfield. All three parks are situated in towns in the north of England that experienced dramatic change as a result of the industrial revolution and so reflect the anxieties present nationwide as a result of this change. By way of contrast I also consider parks in London and elsewhere to understand the uniqueness of these parks but also how they were situated within broader national debates over children and childhood. My investigation is broken down into three major thematic areas, each of which seeking to explore and analyse a particular aspect of childhood identity. The first of the three themes is the ‘Natural Child’. I explore the notion that children were thought of having a greater connection with, or affinity for, the natural world, and that they benefitted in particular from access to nature. The second area of research is the ‘Playful Child’. Here the idea that children were inherently playful, frivolous and could be shaped through correct play will be discussed. Finally, I investigate the ‘Empire Child’, exploring the notion of the child as the future of the Empire and the Nation, and the embodiment of concerns over racial superiority, military conquest and economic power. Within each of these sections I examine the way that this idea is expressed in the prescriptive and other literature, before addressing the way in which these notions could be articulated in the park landscape. The material culture of the park and the way in which the parks encouraged or discouraged children’s behaviour is analysed in relation to each of these themes. Significantly I also show how children engaged with, or rejected, notions of childhood identity, acknowledging that children were not just passively receiving instruction, but were actively involved in negotiating their own identity.

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Human beings have relied on outdoor public spaces for thousands of years to recreate, socialize, exercise, and conduct business. As climate change leads to more severe weather including flooding, prolonged heatwaves, and wildfires, our ability to safely spend time outdoors is increasingly under threat. While a lot of attention has focused on bolstering the resilience of physical infrastructure, social infrastructure such as public parks are often left behind. To address this issue, this project uses East Potomac Park in Washington, DC as a case study to explore architectural interventions to physically and socially adapt parks for climate change. The existing park, which sits on a sinking island constructed in the early 20th century, is frequently forced to close due to tidal flooding. Utilizing a managed retreat along the southwestern edge of the park, the northeastern edge can be reconstructed as a resilient park for the next century. A series of interconnected pavilions each contain a unique architectural program coupled with passive and active environmental strategies to create comfortable recreational opportunities throughout the year. Specifically, sawtooth roofs, brise soleil, and vegetation are explored to manage temperatures, light, and airflow. / Master of Architecture / Human beings have relied on outdoor public spaces for thousands of years to recreate, socialize, exercise, and conduct business. As climate change leads to more severe weather including flooding, prolonged heatwaves, and wildfires, our ability to safely spend time outdoors is increasingly under threat. While a lot of attention has focused on bolstering the resilience of physical infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, social infrastructure such as public parks are often left behind. To address this issue, this project uses East Potomac Park in Washington, DC as a case study to explore architectural strategies to physically and socially adapt parks for climate change. The existing park, which sits on a sinking island constructed in the early 20th century, is frequently forced to close due to tidal flooding. Utilizing a managed retreat along the southwestern edge of the park, the northeastern edge can be reconstructed as a resilient park for the next century with a series of interconnected pavilions housing recreational or social space.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-05-09T13:06:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Gazzotti Mayboroda_.pdf: 3060633 bytes, checksum: 02d069028a11e54366a88f637d5e3e9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-09T13:06:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Gazzotti Mayboroda_.pdf: 3060633 bytes, checksum: 02d069028a11e54366a88f637d5e3e9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo versa sobre uma política pública instituída em algumas praças, a partir da década de 1920, denominada Jardins de Recreio. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar quais foram as condições para a implementação dos Jardins de Recreio, bem como a criação do Serviço de Recreação Pública, na cidade de Porto Alegre e as suas interfaces educativas no processo de constituição de um sujeito pautado por uma Educação na República. Nesse sentido, o foco de análise foi o de construir uma trajetória histórica dos Jardins de Recreio alinhavando com a vida do professor Frederico Guilherme Gaelzer. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, fundamentou-se na análise documental a partir de documentos escritos (diário, leis, decretos, documentos oficiais e demais documentos impressos e manuscritos), orais (depoimentos) e iconográficos (imagens, mapas e planta), os quais foram concebidos como “monumentos”, no sentido que trata Le Goff, analisando como um produto da sociedade que o fabricou segundo as relações de forças. Partindo do referencial da História Cultural, à luz de teóricos como Roger Chartier e Michel de Certeau, a análise está estruturada em duas dimensões. Primeiro, fundamentada pela interface da Teoria Configuracional, operacionalizada a partir da obra de Norbert Elias, o estudo é conduzido no sentido de analisar as redes de interdependência de Frederico Gaelzer e a sua relação com a criação dos Jardins de Recreio e o Serviço de Recreação Pública. Em segundo, analisa as condições de instauração e funcionamento dos Jardins de Recreio em sua função educadora e seus desdobramentos com a urbanidade. Assim, foi possível compreender, através da análise dos dados empíricos, que os Jardins de Recreio, instituídos nas praças e parques públicos da cidade, constituíram-se para além de espaços de sociabilidade e lazer dos portoalegrenses. Havia uma intenção pedagógica fomentada pelas modificações urbanas, pelo discurso higienista e civilizatório deflagrados pela modernidade. / This study deals with a public policy instituted in some squares, from the decade of 1920, denominated Gardens of Recreation. The objective of this study was to identify the conditions for the implementation of the Recreation Gardens, as well as the creation of the Public Recreation Service in the city of Porto Alegre and its educational interfaces in the process of constitution of a subject ruled by na Education in Republic. In this sense, the focus of analysis was to build a historical trajectory of the Recreation Gardens aligning with the life of Professor Frederico Guilherme Gaelzer. The qualitative research was based on documentary analysis based on written documents (diary, laws, decrees, official documents and other printed documents and manuscripts), oral (testimonials) and iconographic (images, maps and plant), which were conceived as "monuments", in the sense that Le Goff treats, analyzing as a product of society that made it according to the relations of forces. In the light of theorists like Roger Chartier and Michel de Certeau, the analysis is structured in two dimensions. First, based on the interface of the Configurational Theory, operationalized from the work of Norbert Elias, the study is conducted in order to analyze the networks of interdependence of Frederico Gaelzer and its relation with the creation of the Recreation Gardens and the Public Recreation Service. Second, it analyzes the conditions for the establishment and operation of the Playgrounds in their educational function and its developments with urbanity. Thus, it was possible to understand, through the analysis of the empirical data, that the Gardens of Recreation, established in the squares and public parks of the city, were constituted beyond spaces of sociability and leisure of the Porto Alegre inhabitants. There was a pedagogical intention fostered by the urban modifications, by the hygienist and civilizing discourse triggered by modernity.

Diss. (vol. 1-2) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2008.

Despite the directions of regulatory agencies, that prompt a sufficient provision of green spaces in the urban context, research claims that the access to parks depends on the Socio-Economic-Status (SES) of the inhabitants of the city. Therefore, the uneven access to the green areas, known as Environmental Inequality, has been recognised as an Environmental Injustice. In this study, a qualitative approach was employed to assess the presence of the Environmental Inequality between two neighbourhoods with different SES in the city of Rome; consequently, the interest was to investigate how does the inequality occur given a satisfying quantity of green space. Ten citizens were selected to participate in semi-structured interviews with the aim to understand their attitudes and perspectives towards the local green parks and to verify if the inhabitants perceived any inequality. The results indicate the presence of the Environmental Inequality based on the SES of the inhabitants of the two neighbourhoods, in consequence of qualitative factors such as maintenance and lack of facilities. A perceived Inequality was also found within the participants of both the neighbourhoods supporting the results about the presence of the inequality. The present study contributes to the discussion about the qualitative obstacles that may influence access to the urban parks and that may determine an environmental injustice. Further research should extend the samplings to more than two neighbourhoods in order to confirm that these results apply to the rest of the wide territory of Rome, as these results cannot be generalized with a sample size of ten.

A finalidade das áreas verdes é oferecer, à população dos grandes centros urbanos, oportunidades de lazer, recreação, bem-estar, aumentando, assim, sua qualidade de vida e seu contato com a natureza. O aumento do índice de áreas verdes nas cidades, expresso pela metragem quadrada de espaços livres de uso público em relação à sua população absoluta, induz a diversas manifestações sociais e culturais e amplia a integração da comunidade, inibindo o uso de tempo e energia com atividades danosas à sociedade, inclusive a violência. A recuperação e reabilitação das áreas degradadas pela mineração tornaram-se obrigatoriedade legal, a partir de 1988, com o advento da atual Constituição Brasileira. A existência de diversos sítios degradados nas áreas urbanas dos municípios, resultantes da extração mineral, constituindo espaços livres abandonados e a necessidade de cumprimento da legislação, incentiva a ocupação de tais locais por áreas verdes. A redestinação destes locais degradados pela mineração, em áreas verdes públicas, é uma das alternativas mais eficientes em aumentar o índice de áreas verdes das grandes cidades e ampliar suas opções de lazer. Com o objetivo de aliar o cumprimento da legislação vigente sobre recuperação de áreas degradadas, com as funções primordiais da criação de áreas verdes, foram analisados três casos de áreas verdes públicas paulistas, que outrora foram mineradas para a extração de materiais aproveitados na construção civil e utilizaram o mesmo método de lavra. Os locais escolhidos para estudo foram o Parque Luiz Roberto Jábali, o Parque do Varvito e a Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães, localizados, respectivamente, nos Municípios de Ribeirão Preto, Itu e Campinas. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi o de estudo de caso. A parte teórica do trabalho consistiu no levantamento de dados bibliográficos regionais e locais sobre as áreas de estudo. A parte prática consistiu no levantamento de dados em campo sobre a situação atual de cada uma das áreas verdes estudadas, através de visitas técnicas para coleta dos dados primários, por meio da comunicação e da observação direta sistemática. A manutenção do Parque Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali foi considerada altamente positiva. O local cumpre as funções primordiais de uma área verde, além de contribuir para o aumento do índice de áreas verdes do Município de Ribeirão Preto. O Parque do Varvito apresenta algumas benfeitorias mal conservadas, porém cumpre suas funções culturais e paisagísticas, elevando, também, o índice de áreas verdes do Município. A Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães encontra-se abandonada pela Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas e, embora eleve o índice de áreas verdes do Município, não atinge os objetivos básicos de uma área verde municipal. Os sítios urbanos degradados pela mineração são potenciais opções de aumento do índice de áreas verdes num determinado Município. Contudo, somente atingirão tais funções, contemplando bemestar, lazer e recreação à população, quando a conservação e a manutenção forem bem conduzidas pelas políticas governamentais de gestão e fiscalizadas pela comunidade. / The purpose of a green area or public park is to offer the population of large urban centers an area where they can enjoy leisure and recreation, thus increasing their quality of life and contact with nature. The ratio of green in a city, expressed by the area of public space such as parks divided by the population, is linked to numerous social and cultural manifestations and increases community integration, inhibiting the use of time and energy with activities that can be considered harmful to society, including violence. The recovery and rehabilitation of areas degraded by mining are required by law since 1988, after the promulgation of the Brazilian Constitution. The fact that there is a great number of sites in cities’ urban areas that have been degraded as a result of mineral extraction and later become public areas covered by vegetation, has led to making public parks a common alternative when recovering an area, especially because of legal requirements. It is one of the most efficient alternatives when it comes to increasing green areas and leisure spots. It was with the objective of joining compliance with the current legislation on rehabilitation of degraded areas with the basic functions of increasing the number of green areas, that three such areas were analyzed; all in the State of São Paulo and all formerly mined for construction material using the same extraction procedures. The areas chosen for the study were the Parque Luiz Roberto Jábali, the Parque do Varvito and the Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães, located respectively in the Municipalities of Ribeirão Preto, Itu and Campinas. The survey method used was the case study. The theoretical aspect of the study consisted in finding local and regional bibliographical data on the areas. The practical aspect consisted in gathering field data on the current situation of each one studied, by means of conducting technical visits for primary data collection through direct and systematic observation. Maintenance of the Parque Prefeito Luiz Roberto Jábali was considered very positive. The location achieves the primary purposes of a green area, and also makes a contribution to the ratio of green in the Municipality of Ribeirão Preto. The Parque do Varvito presents a few positive aspects as far as what it offers, but maintenance has been fairly poor. It does, nonetheless, carry out its cultural and landscaping functions, also helping the ratio of green. The Praça Dr. Ulisses Guimarães has been abandoned by the Municipal Authorities and contributes only to the green area in Campinas, not achieving the primary goals of a Municipal green area. The recovery of a degraded mining is an option for increasing the area of green in a given Municipality; it will, however, only fulfill the purposes of urban green areas, i.e. to increase overall well-being of the population by offering leisure and recreation, when it is duly preserved and maintained with help from government policies and the community.

Os parques públicos funcionam como equipamentos urbanos que melhoram a qualidade estética, funcional e ambiental da cidade, resultando em bem-estar para a população. A água de bebedouros e vaporizadores (aspersores) de água dos parques é fornecida pela rede pública de abastecimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da água desses dispositivos de acesso à agua, em quatro parques municipais de São Paulo. As coletas foram realizadas durante treze meses (n= 552), para a quantificação de Escherichia coli, de bactérias heterotróficas e teor de cloro livre cujos resultados foram avaliados com base no padrão de potabilidade preconizado pela legislação brasileira vigente. A detecção de Staphylococcus aureus, uma das principais bactérias responsáveis por infecções humanas e pela resistência a antimicrobianos no mundo, também foi realizada. A avaliação das características dos isolados foi realizada de acordo com o preconizado pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). A confirmação de espécies de S. aureus foi através da detecção dos genes nuc e coa, a verificação de virulência das cepas foi realizada pela detecção dos genes de virulência, sea, seg e luk-PVL relacionados à expressão de enterotoxinas, e a detecção do gene mecA relacionado a resistência a meticilina (MRSA). A resistência a antimicrobianos dos isolados, foi realizada por método de disco difusão e a avaliação de resistência à vancomicina pelo método de microdiluição em caldo (CIM) com base no Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). A presença de S. aureus foi detectada em 23 amostras distribuídas entre os parques estudados, representando 22,2% das amostras de bebedouro e 6,6% das amostras de aspersores, respectivamente. O gene mecA foi detectado em 73,91% (17/23) dos isolados de S. aureus encontrados em 23 amostras. A expressão de resistência a antimicrobianos dos isolados foi diversificada e 17,6 % dos isolados detectamos fenotipicamente eram Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina (MARSA). Não detectamos nenhum dos genes de virulência nas amostras, como também resistência e/ou sensibilidade reduzida à Vancomicina. A presença de S. aureus em água potável para o consumo humano encontrado neste estudo é um achado inédito, se fazendo necessário a vigilância de água potável para o consumo humano para patógenos, como S. aureus. / Public parks role as urban facilities is to improve the aesthetic, functional and environmental quality of the city, resulting in well-being for the population. Water fountains and mist maker is provided by the public water supply. The objective of this study was to evaluate the water quality of these water access devices in four parks of the São Paulo city. The samples were collected for thirteen months (n=552) for the quantification of Escherichia coli, heterotrophic bacteria and free chlorine content. The results were evaluated based on the potability standard recommended by the Brazilian normalization. The detection of Staphylococcus aureus, one of the major responsible for human infections and antimicrobial resistance in the world, was also performed. The evaluation of the characteristics of the isolates was carried out according to the recommendations of the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Confirmation of S. aureus species was carried out through the detection of nuc and coa genes, the virulence of the strains was performed by detecting the following genes: sea, seg and luk-PVL related to enterotoxin expression, and the detection of mecAc gene related to methicillin resistance. The antimicrobial resistance of the isolates was carried out by disc diffusion method and the evaluation of resistance to vancomycin by the broth microdilution method (CIM) based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The presence of S. aureus was detected in 23 samples distributed among the studied parks, representing 22.2% of the drinking water samples and 6.6% of the mist maker samples, respectively. Seventeen isolates had mecA detection. The antimicrobial resistance expression of the isolates was diverse and 17.6% of the isolates phenotypically detected were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is not detected any of the studied virulence genes for the isolates neither resistance and/or reduced sensitivity to vancomycin. The presence of S. aureus in drinking water for human consumption study is an unprecedented finding, put in evidence the necessity for surveillance of drinking water for human consumption.