Purpose: The purpose of the study is to fill the existing gap in the literature connected to project strategywithin the Swedish fiber infrastructure regarding the subsidy program announced by the Post- andTelecom Authority. To fulfill the purpose and address the research area two research questions have beendeveloped: RQ1: How do private companies design their project strategy competing for subsidies? RQ2:In what way does the business environment affect the design of the project strategy? Method: The study has used a qualitative research method based on a single private incumbent firmwithin the fiber infrastructure industry in Sweden. The study is based on existing literature on the subjectand complemented with 22 interviews divided into three stages to secure the quality of the data collection.The data were analyzed through a thematic analysis, which laid the foundation for the study's findings. Findings: The section presents four stages that intend to increase understanding of the subsidy program'sproject strategy and the business environment. The findings resulted in four parts, the Post- and TelecomAuthority subsidy program, the project in relation to the business environment, a life-cycle of the project,and lastly, a conceptual framework of the project strategy. The project strategy consists of sixcomponents: sub-goals, project organization and structure, risk, cost calculation, knowledge ofcompetition, and competitive tender. The strategy needs to include these components to create acompetitive tender and achieve the project goals and objectives. However, the competitive businessenvironment and Post- and Telecom Authority rules and regulations limit how the strategy can bedesigned and operationalized. Theoretical and practical implications: The study agrees with prior literature, which presents thatproject strategy is vital for project success (Shenhar et al., 2007), and that risk is a highly prominentcomponent affecting the strategy (Carbonara et al., 2015). However, the study presents new perspectiveson project strategy within public private partnerships on the Swedish fiber infrastructure and whichcomponents are the most prominent in the specific project. For managers, the study contributes with aframework intended to help assess these crucial components affecting the project strategy within theexisting context. This is to guide and assist managers in designing a more efficient project strategy andmitigates the risks associated with the subsidy program. Limitations and future research: This study is limited to investigating the project strategy related to thesubsidy program issued by the Swedish Post- and Telecom Authority. Further, the study is only based onone case company that does not present a holistic view of the project strategy of all actors involved. Thisindicating future research should investigate other companies within the market and especially publicfiber net owners with different goals and targets.

El presente trabajo tiene por finalidad identificar las causas que ralentizan las adjudicaciones de los proyectos del Sistema Garantizado de Transmisión del Plan de Transmisión cuya entrega en concesión al sector privado le es encargada a la Agencia de Promoción de la Inversión Privada (PROINVERSIÓN) por parte del Ministerio de Energía y Minas (MINEM). De la revisión de la normativa para el desarrollo de las Asociaciones Público Privadas (APP) que rige el actuar de PROINVERSIÓN, aunada a la investigación realizada respecto de los procesos de promoción de la inversión privada de los proyectos tramitados en el periodo comprendido de 2007 a 2020, se observa que, a medida que la mencionada regulación ha venido siendo modificada, se han incrementado los requerimientos y procedimientos de cada una de las fases de desarrollo de las APP aplicables a los proyectos. Resulta relevante que la normativa de APP tenga en consideración la regulación sectorial en materia de electricidad, a fin de evitar la duplicidad de esfuerzos y su tramitología asociada, lo cual redunda en el mayor tiempo que insumen los procesos de promoción de la inversión privada. Habiendo identificado las causas que generaron dicha situación, se presenta una propuesta modificatoria de la normativa de las APP, la cual coadyuvará a que los procesos de promoción de la inversión privada de los proyectos del Sistema Garantizado de Transmisión del Plan de Transmisión resulten ágiles para su oportuna implementación, cumpliendo con los objetivos de mantener o mejorar la calidad, fiabilidad y seguridad del sistema de transmisión. / The purpose of this work is to identify the causes that slow down the allocations of the projects of the Guaranteed Transmission System of the Transmission Plan, whose delivery in concession to the private sector is entrusted to the Agency for the Promotion of Private Investment – PROINVERSION- by the Ministry of Energy and Mines. According to the review of the regulations for the development of Private-Public Partnerships (PPP), which runs the actions of PROINVERSION, along with the research carried out regarding the processes of promotion of private investment of the projects processed from 2007 to 2020, it is observed that as the aforementioned regulations have been modified, the requirements and procedures of each of the development phases of the PPP applicable to the projects have increased. It is relevant that the PPP regulations take into account the sectorial policies in the matter of electricity, in order to avoid duplication of efforts and its associated paperwork, which result in increasing greatly the time the private investment promotion processes take. Having identified the causes that generated this situation, a proposal to modify the PPP regulations is presented, which will help the processes of promoting private investment in the projects of the Guaranteed Transmission System of the Transmission Plan to be more flexible for their timely implementation, meeting the objectives of maintaining or improving the quality, reliability and safety of the transmission system. / Trabajo de investigación

Por medio del Decreto Supremo Nº 410-2015-EF, el cual aprobó el Reglamento del Decreto Legislativo Nº 1224, Decreto Legislativo que regula la Promoción de la Inversión Privada mediante Asociaciones Público-Privadas (en adelante, las APP’s) y Proyectos en Activos (actualmente derogado) se incorporó a las optimizaciones en el marco normativo nacional referido a la ejecución de contrato de APP. El mencionado mecanismo ha vuelto a ser considerado dentro del Decreto Legislativo N° 1362 y su reglamento aprobado por Decreto Supremo N° 240-2018-EF. Así, las optimizaciones se incorporaron como un mecanismo para realizar cambios a determinadas obligaciones establecidas en los contratos de APP. No obstante, se ha apreciado que dichas optimizaciones presentan una regulación confusa, la cual ha generado confusiones y discordancias respecto de en su correcta ejecución y, por ende, el desarrollo de las obligaciones establecidas en los contratos; ello se aprecia por ejemplo en el caso específico del Contrato de Concesión de la Línea 2 del Metro de Lima. Por lo tanto, por medio del presente trabajo de investigación se planteará una propuesta de regulación de las optimizaciones, la cual tiene por finalidad que estas se vuelvan una herramienta que permita mejorar su aplicación en los contratos de APP. / Through the promulgation of Supreme Decree 410-2015-EF, which approved the Regulation of Legislative Decree No. 1224, Legislative Decree that regulates the Promotion of Private Investment through Public-Private Partnerships and Projects in Assets was incorporated into the optimizations in the national regulatory framework referred to the execution of the PPP contract. The mentioned mechanism has been considered again in Legislative Decree No. 1362 and its regulations approved through Supreme Decree No. 240-2018-EF. Thus, the optimizations were incorporated as a mechanism to make changes to certain obligations established in the PPP contracts. However, it has been appreciated that these present incoherent regulations, which damages their correct execution and, therefore, the development of the established obligations; This has been seen in the specific case of the Concession Contract for Line 2 of the Lima Metro. Therefore, by means of this research work, a proposal for the regulation of optimizations will be proposed, it is intended that they become a tool to improve their application in PPP contracts. / Tesis

El objetivo general de la presente tesis es optimizar los plazos de los entregables que conforman el expediente técnico, en la fase de formulación, enfocado en proyectos de Asociaciones Públicas Privadas que el Área de Estudios de Proyectos realiza. El presente trabajo se enfoca en mejorar los tiempos a través del uso de herramientas de gestión de procesos. Para la evaluación de casos se recopiló la información de 3 proyectos de iniciativa privada cofinanciadas del rubro de infraestructura en Perú que demandan varios años desde el planeamiento y programación hasta la ejecución contractual. Debido a ello se procederá a analizar cuantitativa y cualitativamente las causas raíz de la problemática. Luego, se definirá las herramientas de mejora para cada causa identificada, para el caso en estudio se propone la aplicación de herramientas de gestión. Finalmente, se validará la propuesta mediante el nivel de aceptación por juicio de expertos y se analizará los impactos positivos que pueda generar en los proyectos de iniciativa privada cofinanciada. / The general objective of this thesis is to optimize the deadlines of the deliverables that make up the technical file, in the formulation phase, focused on projects of Public Private Associations that the Project Studies Area carries out. This work focuses on improving times through the use of process management tools. For the evaluation of cases, information was collected from 3 co-financed private initiative projects in the infrastructure sector in Peru that require several years from planning and programming to contractual execution. Due to this, the root causes of the problem will be analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Then, the improvement tools will be defined for each identified cause, for the case under study the application of management tools is proposed. Finally, the proposal will be validated through the level of acceptance by expert judgment and the positive impacts that it may generate in co-financed private initiative projects will be analyzed. / Tesis

This study sought to highlight the concept of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) as it applies to South Africa. BEE as a new concept in South Africa is likely to be faced with a number of challenges. Of note is how a number of pieces of legislation were generated to help create an environment for the implementation of BEE policy. What was illuminated in the study is the fact that in spite of the many policies having been generated, there seems to be a lack of understanding in terms of how these policies should be implemented. Self-evident in this study is the perception embraced by a number of stakeholders with regard to the implementation of BEE through public-private partnership. The perceived differences of opinion are not only reflected among-policy makers from different political parties, but also within the wider spectrum of South African society and workers’ movements. Differing views in terms of the actual implementation of the policy became evident in this study. The differing views seem to be premised around what can be portrayed as the niche that the concept of BEE occupies in the society at large. At the centre of this debate is the recycling of beneficiaries of BEE, which is seen to be consistent and invariable and may be perceived to be defeating the purpose of BEE through PPP. A number of questions were raised in this regard, which provided justification for the researcher to put the past and the present practices in juxtaposition. The study found that procurement processes and procedures were central to the discussion of BEE through PPP. Against this backdrop, the supply chain management system played a dominant role. The introduction of policy frameworks such as Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, 2000; Public Financial Management Act, 1999; the Constitution, 1996 and the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, 2003 provide an enabling environment for BEE through PPP to be a reality. The dominant discourse on BEE has been whether it indeed achieves what it set out to achieve, i.e. poverty alleviation. It is interesting that this discourse as addressed in this study seems to place in perspective the difference between economic growth and economic development, which seemed to have not yielded similar outcomes. Against this backdrop, the effect of BEE has been placed under scrutiny, with reference to the generally accepted determiners of economic growth such as gross domestic product (GDP). The study further focused on the effect of BEE in the rural areas in the midst of the perceived levels of illiteracy. Though the effect of BEE on women and youth was looked at, this has not been done in isolation from the realities facing this sector, such as a lack of skills perceived to have stemmed from the past policies of institutionalised segregation. The researcher has however argued that perhaps a new empowerment strategy had to be found based on poverty alleviation for the poor irrespective of the colour of their skin, political affiliation or gender; namely an empowerment strategy that looks into the future. The good policies referred to earlier are likely to fall prey to rampant greed as referred to by former president, Mbeki (2006). It appears the new measures will have to be put in place to curb the scourge of greed currently experienced, often masqueraded under affirmative action, affirmative acquisition or even affirmative discrimination and discrimination against the poor. This indeed feeds into the re-emergence of a new class struggle and sows the destructive seeds of interracial conflict and disharmony. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

Infrastructure is one of the main parameters of economic growth and a country‘s competitiveness depends on the provision and maintenance of efficient and productive infrastructure assets. However, Nigeria, like most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest quantity and poorest quality of stocks of infrastructure assets in the world and this phenomenally poor infrastructure has remained an impediment to development in the country. Decades of sub-optimal investment, poor maintenance culture and the fact that the required infrastructure investments could not be accommodated within the available fiscal space as a result of budgetary constraints have all contributed to the Nigeria‘s infrastructure deficit. The immediate outcome of this however is that the available infrastructure assets across the Nigerian landscape are in decrepit state and absurdly inadequate. Besides, the present demand for basic infrastructure services has grown astronomically out-stripping the supply capacity of the existing ones. Closing the infrastructure financing gap will however require increased investment by private investors through creative financing in an enabling legal and financial environment. Outside the budgetary constraints, the absence of efficient maintenance and management of infrastructure assets and quality service delivery by the public sector are some of the reasons why procurement of public infrastructure stocks by government through the traditional approach is no longer plausible and hence, the general appeal of the public-private partnership framework. However, despite all the potentials, the public private partnership technique in Nigeria has not made an appreciable impact in closing the infrastructure gaps due to lack of access to long-term financing. It is against this back-drop that this study has sought to investigate how reforms of the legal and financial infrastructure could widen access to financing through innovative financial resource mobilization in scaling-up infrastructure development and service delivery to the teeming Nigeria population. Therefore, the central thesis of this study is that the inadequacy of appropriate laws and inefficient financial system are partly responsible for the huge financing gaps in the Nigeria‘s infrastructure market and with the legal and financial reforms, an enabling legal and financial environment that would open up space for resource mobilization through innovative financing techniques and sources will be created thereby widening access to long-term financing and increasing the appetite for private investment in the nation‘s public infrastructure assets and services. So, the overarching objective of this thesis is to explore how legal and financial system reforms can facilitate the development of financial models and instruments that can help mobilize financial resources to fund infrastructure and bridge the huge infrastructure financing gaps in Nigeria in a sustainable fashion. Given the infrastructure poverty that constrains economic growth and development in Nigeria, the outcomes of this proposed study would help inform the need for the legal and financial system reforms to unlock resources in addressing the problems of financing gaps in infrastructure projects development in Nigeria. Besides, such outcomes based on the Nigerian experience in infrastructure financing and development may be turned into valuable knowledge for policy –making and further research in Nigeria. Copyright / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

The study has empirically examined the relative impact of public and private investment on economic growth and has also tested the crowding in or crowding out effect of public investment on private investment in four Southern African economies – Malawi, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The analysis used annual time-series data covering the period from 1970 to 2014. The study provides new evidence to contribute firstly to the current debate regarding the relative importance of public and private investment in economic growth processes and secondly, on whether public investment crowds in or crowds out private investment in the selected countries. For this purpose, the study employed two empirical models using the recently developed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)-bounds testing approach to cointegration. Model 1 examines the relative impact of public and private investment on economic growth while Model 2 investigates the crowding in or crowding out effect of gross public investment and its subcomponents (infrastructural and non-infrastructural) on private investment. The results of Model 1 largely supported the private investment-led economic growth strategy. In all the study countries, private investment had a positive impact on economic growth. Also, public investment positively contributed to economic growth in Zimbabwe, but in the remaining study countries, public investment had a negative relationship with economic growth. Results from Model 2 reveal that: (i) the crowding out effect of gross public investment on private investment predominates in the study countries; (ii) infrastructural public investment crowds in private investment in South Africa and Zimbabwe in the long run while it crowds out private investment in Malawi and Zambia in the short run; and (iii) non-infrastructural public investment crowds out private investment in South Africa and Zambia. On balance, the results from Model 2 show that public investment tends to crowd out private investment in the selected countries and this further underscore the importance of the private sector-led economic growth processes in the study countries. / Economics / D. Phil. (Economics)

Little published research has examined the post-implementation outcomes of public private partnerships for housing, specifically the Military Privatized Housing Initiative (MPHI) from the perspective of the end user, the Military Family Housing (MFH) resident. Using Mettler and SoRelle's conceptualization of policy feedback theory as the foundation, the purpose of this repeated cross-sectional study was to assess residential satisfaction pre- and post- implementation of the MPHI. The study also addressed the influence of sociodemographic factors on MFH residents' perceived residential satisfaction. Secondary data were collected using 2 Department of Defense surveys administered pre- and post-implementation. An independent-samples t test was used to examine residential satisfaction before and after implementation of the MPHI. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on residential satisfaction of MFH residents. Results indicated that privately-managed MFH residents were less satisfied than residents of government-managed MFH (p < .001). Results also showed that paygrade, branch of service, ethnicity/race, and having children or dependents in a household were significant determinants of residential satisfaction for government-managed MFH residents (p < .05). In privately-managed MFH, residents having children or dependents in the household was a significant determinant of residential satisfaction (p < .05). The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to policy makers to continue examination of MPHI outcomes and improve data collection consistency to ensure current housing policies are meeting the needs of military families.

Dans cette thèse, j’étudie l’impact des inégalités salariales horizontales sur la performance des commerciaux. J’explore plus particulièrement les coûts relatifs aux comparaisons dont sont l’objet ceux qui sont considérés comme des références dans la force de vente. Grâce à des données relatives à la rémunération et à la performance de plus de 34000 commerciaux, et aux marques qu’ils vendent, je montre que le pouvoir des marques peut se substituer à la rémunération et contrecarrer l’effet négatif des inégalités salariales sur la performance. Par ailleurs, mes résultats suggèrent que la qualité du travail commercial peut également remplacer la rémunération et ainsi influencer la relation entre inégalités salariales et performance. De plus, je décris l’effet de la structure du capital des entreprises sur la gestion de la performance des forces de vente. Je conclus cette étude en montrant comment les responsables devraient tirer partie de leurs marques et de leurs activités commerciales, puisque la manière dont de nombreuses organisations commerciales rémunèrent leurs talents commerciaux se traduit par une augmentation de la dispersion des salaires. / This dissertation examines how horizontal pay inequalities in sales organizations impact salespeople’s performance. More specifically, I explore costs that arise through social comparisons with salient targets within sales organizations. I use compensation and performance data of more than 34,000 salespeople as well as data pertaining to the brands they sell, to show that brand power can substitute for pay and counteract the detrimental effect of pay inequality on performance. Moreover, my results suggest that job challenge can also act as a surrogate for pay, thereby affecting the relationship between pay gaps and performance. Further, I describe the effect of organizational ownership structure on salespeople’s performance management. Given that many sales organizations reward better performers by heightening pay dispersion, decision makers should carefully leverage their brand portfolio and sales team job assignments to soften the impact of pay gaps on salespeople’s performance.

El uso del Project Finance (PF) se ha incrementado en las últimas dos décadas, lo que ha servido como economía de escala y fuente de crecimiento para países desarrollados. Por otro lado, para los países en vías de desarrollo, el PF ha tenido mayor protagonismo en proyectos para el desarrollo de infraestructura pública en colaboración con empresas privadas, lo que se conoce como asociación público-privada. Así, aunque el PF parece ser una solución para financiar proyectos de gran envergadura, algunos autores creen que es posible aplicar este concepto para proyectos más pequeños o menos complejos, por ello, existe una controversia entre la limitación y el alcance que puede tener esta herramienta. De este modo, el presente trabajo analiza los estudios realizados por distintos autores y compara las diferentes perspectivas de estos en cuanto al alcance y el uso del PF, específicamente, si la aplicación de la herramienta es solo para megaproyectos o también para proyectos de menor escala. Así, el trabajo concluye que todo dependería de qué tan altos sean los costos de estructuración, análisis, estudios, etc., para el proyecto, la capacidad del proyecto para asumir estos gastos y si el resultado todavía es bastante atractivo para los inversionistas. / The use of Project Finance has increased in the last two decades, serving as an economy of scale and a source of growth for developed countries. While, for developing countries, Project Finance has had a greater role in projects for the development of public infrastructure in collaboration with private companies, which is known as Public-Private Partnership. However, although Project Finance seems to be a solution to finance large-scale projects, some authors believe that it is possible to apply this concept for smaller or less complex projects, so there is a controversy between the limitation and scope that this may have. tool. This paper analyzes the studies carried out by different authors and compares the different perspectives that these have regarding the scope and use of Project Finance, specifically if the application of Project Finance is only for megaprojects or it could also occur for smaller-scale projects. Thus, the research concludes that everything would depend on how high the costs of structuring, analysis, studies, etc. are. for the project, the ability of the project to bear these expenses, and whether the result is still quite attractive to investors. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional