Mundialmente a inovação é um dos principais assuntos das agendas políticas e econômicas. Por meio da inovação, as empresas adquirem vantagens competitivas sustentáveis, e alavanca o desenvolvimento econômico do país ou de sua região. A fim de minimizar os custos e adaptar as exigências do mercado interno e externo, a participação do instituto público de pesquisa (IPP) é fundamental para dar mais agilidade no desenvolvimento de novos produtos e processos, pois foca na pesquisa aplicada. Assim, uma integração harmônica deveria ocorrer entre o setor produtivo e o IPP, porém há entraves contratuais e burocráticos que podem, inclusive, prejudicar um projeto de inovação entre estes entes. A partir do problema apresentado, surge a questão: como negociar os aspectos da formalização da transferência de tecnologia por meio de um instrumento contratual entre o IPP e o setor produtivo? Para tanto, este trabalho faz uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a pesquisa, definição e características do IPP, a transferência de tecnologia e os aspectos de propriedade intelectual, bem como a negociação contratual. Propõe a revisitar o conceito de transferência de tecnologia, das suas formas de contratação, bem como da propriedade intelectual e dos aspectos pertinentes na negociação dos instrumentos contratuais. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi de estudo exploratório e qualitativo com estratégia de pesquisa de casos em 04 (quatro) IPPs de países localizados na América Latina, do Brasil, México e Uruguai. Verificou-se que em todos os IPPs são negociados caso a caso os aspectos de propriedade industrial que incidem nos contratos de transferência de tecnologia, porém diferem em razão da legislação de seu país ou de suas diretrizes institucionais. Recomenda-se para trabalhos futuros a ampliação deste escopo para os demais IPPs localizados nos países que compõem a América Latina, bem como nos Estados Unidos, Japão, e Europa, a fim de aprimorar a negociação dos aspectos, tornando mais ágil a contratação dos IPPs junto ao setor produtivo. / Innovation is one of the main issues of political and economic globally agendas. Through innovation, companies acquire sustainable competitive advantages, and leverage the economic development of the country or its region. In order to minimize costs and adapt the requirements of the internal and external market, the participation of the public research institute (PRI) is fundamental to give more agility in the development of new products and processes, as it focuses on applied research. Thus, a harmonic integration should occur between the productive sector and the PRI, however there are contractual and bureaucratic barriers that can even harm an innovation project between these ones. From the problem presented, the question arises: how to negotiate aspects of formal technology transfer through a contractual instrument between the PRI and the productive sector? To do so, this work makes a bibliographic review about research, definition and characteristics of PRI, technology transfer and intellectual property aspects, as well as contractual negotiation. Proposes to revisit the concept of technology transfer, its forms of hiring, as well as intellectual property rights and relevant aspects in the negotiation of contractual instruments. The research methodology used was an exploratory and qualitative study with a strategy to investigate cases in four (4) PRIs from countries located in Latin America, such Brazil, Mexico and Uruguay. It has been found that in all PRIs negotiate case-by-case aspects of industrial property that deal with technology transfer contracts, but differ according to the legislation of their country or their institutional guidelines. It is recommended to further work of this scope enlargement to others PRIs located in others Latin America countries, as well as in the United States, Japan and Europe, in order to improve the trading aspects, making it more agile hiring of PRIs by productive sector.

This essay is about new legal entity -public research institution. First chapter is about research and development in Czech republic, about good laws. In these days the situation is being changed due to changes in laws. Second charter is about accounting. As all legal entities in Czech republic public research institution should record information about its assets and liabilities. Third chapter is about taxes. The end is a summary. There are thoughts if Czech laws where adapted in correct way to be prepare for new legal entity. There are some more parts of law which should be modify in future.

Ce mémoire de validation des acquis de l’expérience (VAE) s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une demande d’accès au diplôme de doctorat. Il s’organise autour de trois parties. La première est un bilan de parcours, la deuxième est une analyse des activités de recherche et la troisième est un bilan des productions scientifiques. Autour de nombreux exemples, il structure une analyse des acquis et des compétences. Dans le premier chapitre, le bilan de parcours s’appuie sur une analyse chronologique et catégorielle des activités (travaux de recherche, animation scientifique, encadrement, enseignement, etc.) aussi bien en recherche publique que privée. Il rend compte de nombreuses évolutions sensibles : évolution du positionnement à la recherche, spécialisation progressive des sujets d’étude, internationalisation croissante des échanges scientifiques, structuration du réseau partenarial, management d’équipe…Dans le deuxième chapitre, plusieurs travaux scientifiques sont présentés portant sur l’amélioration de l’efficience d’utilisation du phosphore selon diverses approches (complexation, solubilisation bactérienne, voie de signalisation, vectorisation de principes actifs et modélisation de diffusion…). Ces sujets de recherche s’organisent autour de la compréhension des processus, des mécanismes d’actions et des domaines de validité des solutions à destination du milieu agricole. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, les types de productions scientifiques (publications, brevets, autorisations de mise sur le marché, posters, communications, rapports d’expertise…) rendent compte de la trans / This manuscript is part of a process of recognition of acquired experience. It is organized around three parts. The first part is an assessment of the course, the second part is an analysis of the research activities and the third part is a review of the scientific productions. Around many examples, it structures an analysis of skills and competencies. In the first chapter, the assessment of the course is based on a chronological and categorical analysis of activities (research work, scientific animation, supervision, teaching, etc.) in both public and private research. It reports on many significant developments: evolution of positioning to research, progressive specialization of the subjects of study, increasing internationalization of scientific exchanges, structuring of the partnership network, team management ...In the second chapter, several scientific works are presented on the improvement of the efficiency of use of phosphorus according to various approaches (complexation, bacterial solubilization, signaling pathway, vectorization of active principles and diffusion modeling ...). These research topics are organized around the understanding of processes, mechanisms of action and areas of validity of solutions for the agricultural community. Finally, in the third chapter, the types of scientific productions (publications, patents, marketing authorizations, posters, communications, expert reports ...) reflect the transdisciplinary of the work, reveal the importance of protection strategies. intellectual property and concretize the complementary nature of the laborato

Las interacciones entre los agentes del sistema de innovación son una pieza clave para el fomento del intercambio de conocimiento, los procesos de aprendizaje y el proceso innovador. El análisis de las interacciones entre universidades y organismos públicos de investigación (ciencia) y los agentes del entorno social (sociedad) ha recibido una gran atención en la comunidad científica, entre otras razones, porque los resultados de estas interacciones pueden tener implicaciones en el diseño de las políticas de ciencia e innovación y en la gestión de la organización. En esta tesis se analizan las interacciones entre los investigadores del área de ciencias sociales y humanidades (CCSSHH) y los agentes sociales, dado que es un colectivo que ha sido escasamente estudiado desde esta perspectiva y presenta características específicas respecto a otros ámbitos científicos. Los tres estudios que componen la tesis abordan aspectos diferentes del tema objeto de estudio y se basan en datos empíricos obtenidos mediante encuestas y entrevistas realizadas en el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). El primer estudio pretende averiguar si la utilidad del conocimiento producido en las CCSSHH es menor que en las STEM (acrónimo inglés para ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas), tal como los enfoques de las políticas científicas al uso parecen presuponer al establecer medidas basadas en indicadores difíciles de aplicar a este colectivo (licencias de patentes, contratos de I+D con empresas, creación de spin off). El análisis empírico realizado muestra que los resultados de las investigaciones en CCSSHH no son menos útiles que los de las STEM porque, en ambos casos, hay agentes sociales interesados en ellos. Sin embargo, se aprecia que el tipo de mecanismo de colaboración varía entre áreas del conocimiento, al igual que el tipo de agente social con el cual los investigadores interactúan. Las empresas predominan entre los agentes sociales con los cuales colaboran los investigadores de las STEM mientras que los de CCSSHH colaboran con un grupo más variado de agentes sociales (i.e. administraciones, organizaciones no gubernamentales, etc.). El segundo estudio explora en qué medida los grupos de investigación del área de CCSSHH se relacionan con una variedad de agentes sociales mediante cauces no formalizados. Para ello, se realizan dos análisis complementarios (cuantitativo y cualitativo). Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que la mayoría de las relaciones no se formalizan institucionalmente, lo cual significa que la institución no las identifica, registra o valora. Sin embargo, la participación en este tipo de colaboraciones informales, que no tienen necesariamente una contrapartida económica, resulta atractiva por su coste relativamente bajo (en términos económicos y de tiempo), por la ausencia de condiciones restrictivas (p. ej. derechos de propiedad, confidencialidad) y por la existencia de beneficios intangibles para el investigador. El tercer estudio analiza en qué medida los grupos de investigación de CCSSHH interactúan con su entorno mediante diferentes actividades de transferencia de conocimiento (TC) ¿consultoría, investigación contratada, investigación conjunta, actividades de formación e intercambio de personal¿ e identifica los determinantes de cada una de ellas. Los resultados indican que las actividades de TC más frecuentes son la consultoría y la investigación contratada, mientras que el intercambio de personal representa una actividad marginal entre las analizadas. El estudio de los factores que determinan la participación en estas actividades de TC muestra que considerar el potencial uso social de los resultados desde el principio aumenta la participación de los grupos de investigación en todas las actividades de TC analizadas. En conjunto, los tres estudios permiten concluir que la investigación en CCSSHH produce conocimiento y resultados que son de interés para la sociedad. Sin embargo, se diferencian de otras áreas científicas en los mecanismos de interacción predominantes y en la variedad de agentes sociales con los que interactúan. Estas conclusiones pueden tener utilidad práctica para el diseño de políticas destinadas a fomentar el amplio conjunto de interacciones identificadas, para la mejora de las prácticas de gestión y para tratar de evaluar las citadas interacciones mediante indicadores capaces de recoger el amplio espectro de mecanismos identificados en esta tesis. / Interactions among agents in the innovation system are critical for the promotion of knowledge exchange, learning processes and the innovation process. The analysis of interactions between universities or public research organisations (science) and social agents (society) has received great attention in the scientific community because, among other reasons, the results of these interactions can have implications for the design of science and innovation policies and organisation management. This thesis analyses the interactions between researchers in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) and social agents. The SSH community is a collective that has been little studied from this perspective and presents particular characteristics as compared to other scientific fields. The three studies included in the thesis address different aspects of the topic and are based on empirical data obtained through surveys and interviews conducted in the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC). The first study explores whether the knowledge produced by the SSH is less useful than that produced in STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics), as science policy seems to presume when establishing measures based on indicators (patent licenses, R&D contracts with companies, creating spin off) that are difficult to apply to the SSH community. The empirical analysis shows that SSH research outputs are no less useful than those from STEM because, in both cases, there are social agents interested in them. However, the preferred type of collaborative mechanism varies across fields, as does the type of agent with whom researchers interact. Firms are the prevailing type of agent collaborating with STEM researchers whilst SSH researchers collaborate with a varied group of social agents (i.e. government, NGOs, etc.). The second study explores the extent to which SSH research groups engage with a variety of social agents through non¿formalized collaborations. To do this, two complementary analyses (quantitative and qualitative) are conducted. Results show that most of the collaborations are not institutionally formalized, which means that the research organisation does not identify, record or value them. However, engagement in these informal collaborations, that do not necessarily have an economic counterpart, are attractive due to the relatively low cost (in time and economic terms) of many such activities, the absence of restrictive conditions (e.g. IPR, confidentiality) and other intangible benefits accruing to the researcher. The third study examines the extent to which SSH research groups interact with social agents through different knowledge transfer (KT) activities ¿consultancy, contract research, joint research, training and personnel mobility¿ and identifies the determinants of each. Results show that the most frequent KT activities are consultancy and contract research, while personnel exchange is a marginal activity among those analysed. The study of the factors determining the engagement in these activities shows that consideration of the social uses of the research outputs from the beginning enhances research groups¿ engagement in all the knowledge transfer activities analysed. Overall, the three studies support the conclusion that SSH research produces knowledge and outputs that are of interest to society. However, differences from other scientific fields are found in terms of the prevalent type of interaction mechanisms used and the variety of social agents with whom interactions are established. These findings may have practical utility for the design of policies aimed at encouraging and enhancing the range of interactions, for improving managerial practices and for the assessment of these interactions through indicators able to capture the type of interactions identified in this thesis. / Olmos Peñuela, J. (2013). Science-Society interactions in the social sciences and humanities:empirical studies of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31653 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

A inovação é um dos fenômenos mais importantes na economia e nos negócios nos tempos atuais, e, neste contexto, as instituições de pesquisa são cada vez mais vistas como veículos para a transferência de tecnologia e um canal por meio do qual a troca de conhecimento se torna mais eficaz. No Brasil, um grande marco rumo à inovação foi a publicação da lei de inovação em 2004. No âmbito do Estado de São Paulo, a publicação de lei semelhante aconteceu em 2008. Dentre os benefícios trazidos com essas leis, está a criação dos Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica - NIT. Apesar do interesse crescente no estudo a respeito dos NIT, há poucos estudos que discutem a estrutura desses NIT, e, ainda, no Brasil, não há estudo sobre estruturação e gestão de NIT na administração direta. Assim, este trabalho, através de uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se o estudo de casos múltiplos, discute a estruturação dos NIT na administração direta do estado de São Paulo, de modo que esses NIT possam impactar positivamente nos resultados de inovação do Estado de São Paulo. No que se refere à estrutura dos NIT: compartilhamento, por meio de um escritório central e unidades; estrutura híbrida, ou semicentralizada; utilização das fundações de apoio existentes para fazer a gestão dos recursos financeiros e das atividades dos NIT. As áreas identificadas como prioritárias para os NIT são: propriedade intelectual, transferência de tecnologia ou parceria, e assessoria jurídica. Outros pontos que a autora recomenda que devem ser melhorados para refletir positivamente nos resultados de inovação do Estado de São Paulo são: existência, no âmbito do Estado de São Paulo, de uma Política de Inovação; as Instituições Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo devem fazer o planejamento estratégico da sua instituição, de modo a orientar as pesquisas que serão realizadas na ICTESP; definição dos objetivos a serem alcançados com a pesquisa, e implantação de um modelo estratégico para gerenciamento da Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; a atuação do NIT precisa estar alinhada com esse planejamento estratégico da ICTESP; alinhamento e engajamento das instâncias jurídicas; é desejável que o Estado promova a aproximação dos institutos públicos com a iniciativa privada; e existência de linhas de fomento para inovação. / Innovation is one of the most important phenomena in economics and business today. In this context research institutions are increasingly seen as a vehicle for technology transfer and a channel through which knowledge exchange becomes more effective. In Brazil, a major milestone towards innovation was the publication of the innovation law, in 2004. At the State of Sao Paulo, a similar law was published in 2008. One important benefit brought by these laws is the creation of the Technology Transfer Offices - TTO. Despite the increasing interest in the study about TTO, there is a gap in study about its structure. Moreover, there is no study in Brazil about the implementation and management of TTO in public research institutions. So, this paper, through a qualitative study with multiple cases discuss about structuring TTO in public research institutions in order to these TTO positively impact the innovation results of the State of São Paulo. Regarding the structure of the TTO: sharing the office, through a central office and units; hybrid or semi-centralized structure; using existing research support foundations to manage financial resources and the TTO activities. The main areas identified for the TTO are: intellectual property, technology transfer or partnership, and legal advice. Other recommendations of the author to booster the innovations results of the State of São Paulo are: existence of an Innovation Policy to the State of São Paulo; the scientific institutions must do the strategic planning of their institutions in order to guide the researches that will be conducted at the institution; definition of the objectives to be achieved with the research, and implementation of a strategic management for Research and Development activities; the TTO activities must be aligned with the strategic planning of the research institution; alignment and engagement of legal bodies; it is desirable that the State promote the approximation of public research institutes with private enterprises; and is essential the existence of funding for innovation projects.

This doctoral thesis consists of five self-contained essays on interaction in R&D between university researchers and private firms. Together, these essays explore the conditions under which private firms benefit from spillovers from publicly funded and organised research. From the first essay, which sets out to empirically validate the theoretical arguments about the benefits of university-industry interaction for private firms, the thesis follows a line of pursuit that goes back and forth between exploration of the different benefits that firms enjoy from university interaction and the relationships between these benefits and the conditions of interaction. In essay II, a typology of rationales for establishing cooperative relations is presented. A considerable breadth of interaction rationales is documented, but on closer examination, a “core” set of rationales related to innovation in terms of invented or improved products or processes are found to be the main drivers of interaction. Developing this view, three critical issues previously studied within innovation economics are re-considered from the point of view of firm rationales for interaction; public co-funding of university-firm interaction (essay II), the role of geographic proximity for interaction on R&D (essay III) and the organisation of public sector research (public research institutes and universities) in relation to firm level competences (essay IV). In a fifth essay, four ideal types of strategy for localised interaction between R&D subsidiaries and universities are proposed. Through the framework developed in this essay, the rationales for interaction are related to the overall R&D strategy of multinational firms. Concluding the thesis, it is discussed how the research presented herein opens up for improved theorizing around the roles of academic research for industrial innovation. / QC 20100706

A inovação é um dos fenômenos mais importantes na economia e nos negócios nos tempos atuais, e, neste contexto, as instituições de pesquisa são cada vez mais vistas como veículos para a transferência de tecnologia e um canal por meio do qual a troca de conhecimento se torna mais eficaz. No Brasil, um grande marco rumo à inovação foi a publicação da lei de inovação em 2004. No âmbito do Estado de São Paulo, a publicação de lei semelhante aconteceu em 2008. Dentre os benefícios trazidos com essas leis, está a criação dos Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica - NIT. Apesar do interesse crescente no estudo a respeito dos NIT, há poucos estudos que discutem a estrutura desses NIT, e, ainda, no Brasil, não há estudo sobre estruturação e gestão de NIT na administração direta. Assim, este trabalho, através de uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se o estudo de casos múltiplos, discute a estruturação dos NIT na administração direta do estado de São Paulo, de modo que esses NIT possam impactar positivamente nos resultados de inovação do Estado de São Paulo. No que se refere à estrutura dos NIT: compartilhamento, por meio de um escritório central e unidades; estrutura híbrida, ou semicentralizada; utilização das fundações de apoio existentes para fazer a gestão dos recursos financeiros e das atividades dos NIT. As áreas identificadas como prioritárias para os NIT são: propriedade intelectual, transferência de tecnologia ou parceria, e assessoria jurídica. Outros pontos que a autora recomenda que devem ser melhorados para refletir positivamente nos resultados de inovação do Estado de São Paulo são: existência, no âmbito do Estado de São Paulo, de uma Política de Inovação; as Instituições Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo devem fazer o planejamento estratégico da sua instituição, de modo a orientar as pesquisas que serão realizadas na ICTESP; definição dos objetivos a serem alcançados com a pesquisa, e implantação de um modelo estratégico para gerenciamento da Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; a atuação do NIT precisa estar alinhada com esse planejamento estratégico da ICTESP; alinhamento e engajamento das instâncias jurídicas; é desejável que o Estado promova a aproximação dos institutos públicos com a iniciativa privada; e existência de linhas de fomento para inovação. / Innovation is one of the most important phenomena in economics and business today. In this context research institutions are increasingly seen as a vehicle for technology transfer and a channel through which knowledge exchange becomes more effective. In Brazil, a major milestone towards innovation was the publication of the innovation law, in 2004. At the State of Sao Paulo, a similar law was published in 2008. One important benefit brought by these laws is the creation of the Technology Transfer Offices - TTO. Despite the increasing interest in the study about TTO, there is a gap in study about its structure. Moreover, there is no study in Brazil about the implementation and management of TTO in public research institutions. So, this paper, through a qualitative study with multiple cases discuss about structuring TTO in public research institutions in order to these TTO positively impact the innovation results of the State of São Paulo. Regarding the structure of the TTO: sharing the office, through a central office and units; hybrid or semi-centralized structure; using existing research support foundations to manage financial resources and the TTO activities. The main areas identified for the TTO are: intellectual property, technology transfer or partnership, and legal advice. Other recommendations of the author to booster the innovations results of the State of São Paulo are: existence of an Innovation Policy to the State of São Paulo; the scientific institutions must do the strategic planning of their institutions in order to guide the researches that will be conducted at the institution; definition of the objectives to be achieved with the research, and implementation of a strategic management for Research and Development activities; the TTO activities must be aligned with the strategic planning of the research institution; alignment and engagement of legal bodies; it is desirable that the State promote the approximation of public research institutes with private enterprises; and is essential the existence of funding for innovation projects.

Dans une logique d’innovation ouverte une attention particulière a été accordée à la relation entre le monde académique et l'industrie, en focalisant surtout sur les universités. Mais les "Research and Technology Organizations" (RTOs) sont également une partie importante, quoique peu étudiée, du monde académique. Le but de ce projet est d'étudier le rôle des RTOs dans l'innovation ouverte de service, en prenant en compte une double perspectif; interne et externe. Plus précisément, dans la première partie du projet, nous entreprenons une analyse théorique et des études de cas dans 4 RTOs, afin d'identifier les capacités d'innovation de service uniques des RTOs. Dans la deuxième partie du projet, nous étudions les RTOs du point de vue externe, en comparant les RTOs aux TTOs/universités en termes de leur «offre» à l'industrie. L'analyse est effectuée au niveau conceptuel mais aussi empiriquement basée sur l'analyse statistique des données de l'Enquête Communautaire sur l'innovation (ECI). Nos résultats indiquent que les RTOs sont des types supérieurs d'intermédiaire qui sont en mesure non seulement de faciliter, mais de catalyser le processus d'innovation. / In the current complex and open innovation landscape, researchers have given special attention in the relationship between academia and industry, focusing mainly on the role of universities. But Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) are also an important, yet understudied, part of public research world. The purpose of this PhD project is to study the role of RTOs in the open service innovation landscape, taking a dual perspective. More specifically, in the first part of the project, we undertake a theoretical analysis together with case studies in 4 selected and renowned RTOs, in order to identify the unique service innovation capabilities of RTOs. In the second part of the project we take an external perspective, comparing RTOs to TTOs/ universities in terms of their “offering” to their partners. The analysis is performed on the conceptual level but also empirically based on statistical analysis of the Community Innovation Survey data. Our overall results indicate that RTOs represent a superior type of intermediary in open innovation that are able not only to facilitate but also to catalyse the innovation process.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / O Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, unidade de pesquisa biomédica da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, quer chegar em 2015 como um Instituto de Pesquisa e Tecnologia internacional de excelência, formador de cientistas e técnicos, reconhecido pela qualidade de sua ação de referência de diagnóstico, assistência e vigilância epidemiológica e capaz de responder às demandas na área de saúde com rapidez e confiabilidade. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de estudo prospectivo como ferramenta indispensável de planejamento estratégico para subsidiar a tomada de decisões e a formulação das políticas institucionais que façam o Instituto Oswaldo Cruz alcançar suavisão de futuro. A metodologia utilizada envolveu a realização de revisão da literatura para a construção do referencial teórico, a análise comparativa de três estudos prospectivos realizados no país e um realizado por instituição estrangeira e a identificação dos instrumentos e ferramentas utilizados nesses estudos. O resultado foi a apresentação de uma proposta de estudo prospectivo dividido em três fases: Inicial, de coleta, tratamento e sistematização da informação; Principal, de análise e interpretação da informação e produção do conhecimento; e de Comprometimento, de disseminação dos resultados, que propiciará ao IOC alcançar a excelência descrita em sua visão de futuro. / The Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation's biomedical research unit, is aiming to reach 2015 as "a international Institute of Research and Technology of excelence, former of scientists and technicians, acknowledged by the quality of its actions of reference to diagnosis, assistance and epidemiologic surveillance, and able to respond to the demands in the health area with agility and reliability." This paper represents a proposal of prospective study as an indispensable strategic planning tool to subsidize the decision making and the formulation of institutional policies to make the Oswaldo Cruz Institute reach its vision of the future. The methodology used involved the realisation of a literature review in order to build the theoretical referential, the comparative analysis of three prospective studies made in the country and one made by a foreign institution and the identification of the instruments and tools used in these studies. The result was the presentation of a prospective study proposal divided in three phases: the Inicial one, of collection, treatment and sistematization of the information; the Principal one, of analysis and interpretation of this information and the knowledgement production; and the Commitment one, of dissemination of the results, wich will propiciate the Institute Oswaldo Cruz to reach the excelence described in its vision of the future.

Service-learning, with a longstanding history in American higher education (Burkhardt & Pasque, 2005), includes three key tenets: superior academic learning, meaningful and relevant community service, and persistent civic learning (McGoldrick and Ziegert, 2002). The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has created an elective classification system – Carnegie Community Engagement Classification – for institutions of higher education to demonstrate the breadth and depth of student involvement and learning through partnerships and engagement in the community (Dalton & Crosby, 2011; Hurtado & DeAngelo, 2012; Kuh et al., 2008; Pryor, Hurtado, Saenz, Santos, & Korn, 2007). Community engagement "is in the culture, commonly understood practices and knowledge, and (CCEC helps determine) whether it is really happening – rhetoric versus reality" (J. Saltmarsh, personal communication, August 11, 2014). The study considers the applications of three Carnegie Community Engagement Classification designated institutions to understand the institutionalization of service-learning over time by examining the 2008 designation and 2015 reclassification across institution types – a Private Liberal Arts College, a Private Teaching University, and a Public Research University located in the same metropolitan area. Organizational Change Theory was used as a theoretical model. Case study methodology was used in the present qualitative research to perform document analysis with qualitative interviews conducted to elucidate the data from the 2008 and 2015 CCEC applications from the three institutions. Using intra- and inter-comparative analysis, this study highlights approaches, policies, ethos, and emerging concepts to inform how higher education institutions increase the quality and quantity of service-learning opportunities that benefit higher education practitioners as well as community leaders.